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Phylum Echinodermata
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Baldago De Lima Javier Plurad Topinio
PHYLUM
ECHINODERMATA
I INTRODUCTION
Etymology
Echinos - Greek for spiny
Derma - skin
ECHINODERM BODY PLAN
Larval Development- Bilaterally symmetrical
Secondary Radial Symmetry - adults
Free swimming larva
Pentameral symmetry of a Starfish
SKELETON
interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines
Stereom
Pedicellaria on an Acanthaster planci
FORMATION OF
BODY CAVITIES
LARVAL FORMS
All echinoderms come
from eggs that are
externally fertilized
Follows a general 4-
stage cycle of
development
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
I INTRODUCTION
Etymology
Echinos - Greek for spiny
Derma - skin
ECHINODERM BODY PLAN
Larval Development- Bilaterally symmetrical
Secondary Radial Symmetry - adults
Free swimming larva
Pentameral symmetry of a Starfish
SKELETON
interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines
Stereom
Pedicellaria on an Acanthaster planci
FORMATION OF
BODY CAVITIES
LARVAL FORMS
All echinoderms come
from eggs that are
externally fertilized
Follows a general 4-
stage cycle of
development
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
ECHINODERM BODY PLAN
Larval Development- Bilaterally symmetrical
Secondary Radial Symmetry - adults
Free swimming larva
Pentameral symmetry of a Starfish
SKELETON
interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines
Stereom
Pedicellaria on an Acanthaster planci
FORMATION OF
BODY CAVITIES
LARVAL FORMS
All echinoderms come
from eggs that are
externally fertilized
Follows a general 4-
stage cycle of
development
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
SKELETON
interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines
Stereom
Pedicellaria on an Acanthaster planci
FORMATION OF
BODY CAVITIES
LARVAL FORMS
All echinoderms come
from eggs that are
externally fertilized
Follows a general 4-
stage cycle of
development
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
FORMATION OF
BODY CAVITIES
LARVAL FORMS
All echinoderms come
from eggs that are
externally fertilized
Follows a general 4-
stage cycle of
development
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LARVAL FORMS
All echinoderms come
from eggs that are
externally fertilized
Follows a general 4-
stage cycle of
development
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LARVAL STAGES OF ASTERIAS
Early Bipinnarian (Dipleurula) follows the early
larval stage of all echinoderms
Bipinnaria larva possesses 5 pairs of ciliated arms
which do not have any skeletal support inside
Brachiolaria larva This larva is sedentary and
remains attached to a hard substratum for which it
possesses three brachiolarian arms having adhesive
discs at the tip
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
Photo taken from httpsuniverse-reviewca
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LARVAL STAGES OF HOLOTHUROIDEA
Auricularia larva has
striking resemblance with
bipinnaria of Asteroidea
Doliolaria larva
transformation to barrel -like
body which will develop as
an adult
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LARVAL STAGES OF ECHINOIDEA
Echinopleuteus stage
starts out as bilaterally
symmetric Arms will be added to the
organism as it is
developing
No Transition stage from
young to adult stages
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LARVAL STAGES OF OPHIUROIDEA
Ophiopluteus stage-
first stage of
development that will
go straight to
metamorphosis to reach
organism maturity
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LARVAL STAGES OF CRINOIDEA
Pentactula the basic
larval stage of Crinoidea It resembles doliolaria of
holothuroids but has
an adhesive pit on the ventral
side with which it attaches to
substrate and becomes
sedentary
Pentacrinoid larva
sedentary and attaches
to substratum with an
attachment plate
From httpanimaldiversityorgcollections
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
II MODE OF LIVING
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
HABITAT
Intertidal and subtidal zone
Subtidal and lagoonal sea
bottom
Subtidal sandy bottom
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
LOCOMOTION
1 Active
Free-swimming comatulids(feather star)
Crawling use of tube feet (seastar
echinoids) sea cucumber
2 Attached crinoids
httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgall
eryfeather_starjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechin
odermsgallerysea_lily-KAjpg httpwwwmesaeduauechinodermsgal
leryFeather-star-CPjpg
httpwwwmesaeduauechinoderms
gallerysea_cucumber1-KAjpg
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
FEEDING
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
FEEDING
1 Filter feeders crinoids and blastoids
2 Detritus feeders sand dollars heart
urchin sea cucumbers brittle stars
3 Grazers sea urchins
4 Active predators sea star brittle stars
VIDEO (feeding and locomotion)
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
REPRODUCTION
-sexual and asexual
reproduction
-male and female some
are hermaphrodite
httpsuniverse-reviewcaI10-82-larvae2jpg
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
III IMPORTANT SOFT PARTS
Ambulacrum a narrow tract or groove extending
radially from the mouth of an
echinoderm and bearing the
pores for the tube feet
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xxgeo308FoldersOnServe
r2003Lab7EchinoArthro_filesimage020jpg
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
Theca plates enclosing the
viscera of crinoids
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
Mouth
Large opening in the
center where food enters
Anus
An openeing where waste
is excreted
Madreporite
Sieve-like intake of the
water vascular system
Tube feet Hollow extensions of the water
vascular system Used for
locomotion and for feeding
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
Water Vascular System
a hydraulic system used by echinoderms for locomotion
food and waste transportation and respiration The system is
composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
III IMPORTANT HARD PARTS
Calyx
Head of crinoid
StemStalk
Cirri
Jointed appendages
rootl ike branch at the
distal extremity
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
Arms
Branched portion of a
ray for food gathering
Tegmen
oral surface inside the
arms of a crinoid
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
Echinoid spines Long and sharp protrusion from the body of an echinoid used for
locomotion feeding and for defence
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
IV MAIN GROUPS
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
PELMATOZOANS
bull pelma = stalk
bull Include stalked and
sedentary
echinoderms
bull Classes
bull Crinoids
bull Eocrinoids
bull Paracrinoids
bull Blastoids
bull Rhombifera
bull Stylophora
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS CRINOIDEA
bull Only surviving group of stalked
echinoderms
bull Some crinoid arms bear unbranched
pinnules that increase their surface area
and filtering capability
bull The stalk of the crinoids consists of a
series of doughnut-shaped columnals of
monocrystalline calcite
bull Has 2 major groups at present rare
stalked and stalkless echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwoikonosorgapfieldguidealbumEchinoder
mataCrinoidea20-
20feather20starsPromachocrinus20kerguelens
isslidescrinoid20-
20Promachocrinus20kerguelensis20016jpg
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS PARACRINOIDEA
bull Presence of ambulacrum-bearing
arms similar to crinoids
bull Subphylum Crinozoa with the
crinoids
bull At present it is believed to be a part
of the blastozoans
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician to
Early Silurian
Middle Ordovician Limestones
httpwwwmczharvardeduDepart
mentsInvertPaleoTrentonIntroPal
eoPageTrentonFaunaEchinoderm
ataEchinoImagesAmygdalocystite
sReconstructionjpg
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS EOCRINOIDEA
bull Earliest known group of stalked arm-bearing
echinoderms
bull ldquoexperimentalrdquo paraphyletic group
bull Ancestral to six other classes
bull Rhombifera Diploporita Coronoidea
Blastoidea Parablastoidea and
Paracrinoidea
bull Presence of sutural pores in between plates
for respiration
bull Has a fully developed stalk with columnals
and regular rows of plates
bull Geologic Range Early Cambrian to Late
Silurian
httpwwwtethysfossilscomcrinoidsech1EC56
Bjpg
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS BLASTOIDEA
bull Most common and best known Paleozoic
stalked echinoderm
bull Has a long stalk and symmetrical head
(cone globe or flowerbud)
bull Its brachioles had no coelom extension
and was both fragile and slender
bull Has presence of both hydrospire and
spiracles
bull Geologic Range Middle Ordovician to
Late Permian
Mississippian
httpgo2addcomimagesblastoidsBlastoids--
PictureAjpg
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CYSTOIDS
bull Has the presence of long and flexible
stalk used to attach to a substrate or
to propel them as they crawl
bull CLASS RHOMBIFERA
bull Has the presence of a distinctive
respiratory structure known as
pore rhombs
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Late Devonian
bull CLASS DIPLOPORITA
bull Plates are perforated by a series
of paired pores
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Early Devonian
httpwwwblackwellpublishingcompaleobiologyj
pg300_96dpic15f007jpg
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS STYLOPHORA
bull Also known as Homalozoans or
ldquoCarpoidsrdquo
bull Assymetrical and lacks ambulacral areas
found in most echinoderms
bull Has the presence of an aulacophore
bull Is considered as a calcichordate by some
scientists
bull Are made up of monocrystalline calcite
oriented in the same crystallographic
direction like that of the other
echinoderms
bull Geologic Range Middle Cambrian to
Pennsylvanian
httpwwwgeoarizonaedugeo3xx
geo308FoldersOnServer2003Lab7
EchinoArthro_filesimage002jpg
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
ELEUTHEROZOANS
bull Non-stalked Echinoderms
bull Mobile animals with mouth
directed towards
the substrate
bull They usually have a
madreporite tube feet and
moveable spines
bull Classes
bull Ophiuroidea
bull Asteroidea
bull Holothuroidea
bull Helicoplacoidea
bull Edrioasteroidea
bull Echinoidea
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
bull Also known as the ldquobrittle starsrdquo
bull A coelomic cavity is absent in the
long and slender arms
bull Fastest of all echinoderms
bull They shed parts of their arms
whenever disturbed
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpoceanicacofcedutrch-
echinosweb_brittlestarswb_brit01jpg
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
bull Most familiar echinoderms but
do not fossilize well
bull Small and not tightly sutured
calcite plates
bull Five arms with rows of tube feet
running along the base of each
bull Geologic Range Early Ordovician
to Recent
httpmuseumwagovausitesdefaultfilesimagecach
ewam_v2_article_fullcollectionsasteroidea-linckia-
laevigatajpg
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
bull Elongate-sausage shaped soft
bodied organisms
bull If disturbed they spew their
intestines respiratory apparatus
and other internal organs out
their anus
bull Oldest know holothuroid is
Redoubtia
bull Geologic Range Middle
Cambrian to Recent
httpwwwclovegardencomingredimgsf_edcuke0
2gjpg
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS HELICOPLACOIDEA
bull Oddest body plan among
echinoderms
bull Elongate spindle shaped
bodies covered with rows of
tiny ossicles
bull It bores tube feet to
transport food to mouth
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian
httpuploadwikimediaorg
wikipediacommonsthum
bddeHelicoplacusjpg22
0px-Helicoplacusjpg
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS EDRIOASTEROIDEA
bull Small disk-shaped animals
that attach to hard surfaces
bull Typically found encrusting
the top valve of large
strophomenide
brachiopods
bull Geologic Range Early
Cambrian to Late
Pennsylvanian
httpuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommonsff9
Streptaster_vorticellatus_(13_mm_across)_from_th
e_Bellevue_Formation_(Upper_Ordovician)_at_the_
Maysville_West_roadcut_of_northern_Kentucky_U
SAjpg
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
bull Best fossil record due to easily
fossilized hard tests
bull Most of them are burrowing
forms
bull They have pincer-like claws
known as pedicellaria
bull Has the presence of jaws
known as Aristotlersquos lantern
which are used to graze algae
bull Geologic Range Late
Ordovician to Recent
Google images
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
V EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Image from httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduphyladeuterostomiahtml
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
DEUTEROSTOMES
ldquoSecondary mouthrdquo
Tornaria (Deuterostome) larva
and Trochophore (Proterostome)
larva
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
httpwwwzoutexasedufacultysjasperimagesf2534jpg
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
OLDEST KNOWN ECHINODERMS
Arkarua adami
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
Tribrachidium heraldicum
Vendian Period
Ediacara Hills Australia
httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendianarkaruahtml httpwwwucmpberkeleyeduvendiantribrachhtml
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CAMBRIAN ECHINODERMS
images from echinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
SOMASTEROID
Villebrunaster thorali
Lower Ordovician
Possible ancestor of
sea stars and brittle
stars (Asterozoans)
tolweborgSomasteroidea24272
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CLADOGRAMS OF THE LIVING CLASSES
OF ECHINODERMS
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
EVOLUTIONARY PATTERN OF
MICRASTER
Broader tests
Mouth moved
to front
More
pronounced
lip
Straighter and
lengthened
ambulacra
Punctuated
equilibrium
Prothero (2004) Bringing Fossils to Life
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
STRATIGRAPHIC
DISTRIBUTION
Assembling the
Echinoderm Tree of
Life Scripps Institution
of Oceanography 2011
Total of 33 class-level
clades
httpechinotolorgfossil-record-echinoderms
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
FAMOUS FOSSIL SITES OF ECHINODERMS
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE MISSOURI
AGE LOWER MISSISSIPPIAN
Evactinopora sp
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
EDIACARA HILLS (FLINDERS RANGES)
AUSTRALIA
Fossil Age Precambrian() Vendian Arkarua
Tribrachidium
heraldicum
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS
Fossil Age Jurassic contains
fossil crinoids and sea lilies
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
TOQUIMA RANGE NEVADA
Fossil Age
Ordovician-
Silurian
Pseudocrinites
magnificus
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
SUGAR RIVER FORMATION NEW YORK
Pleurocystites Fossil Age Ordovician
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
HUNSRUCK MOUNTAINS GERMANY
Fossil Age Lower Devonian
Loriolaster
mirabilis
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
CHENJIANG MAOTIANSHAN SHALES
TRANSLATION Fossil Age Lower Cambrian
Cotyledion tylode
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
IMPORTANCE OF ECHINODERMS
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
ECONOMIC PURPOSES
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
MEDICINAL PURPOSES
Echinoderm larva have been widely used for genetic
research Some important biological theories made on echinoderm
experimentation Theodor Boverirsquos characterization of the
chromosomal basis of inheritance and Elie Metchnikoffrsquos
exploration of cellular immunity From httpwwwsciencedirectcomsciencearticlepiiS0960982205014016
Also Echinoderms are now being tested for cancer treatment
studies Sea Cucumber poison are found out to be cancer cell inhibitors
(httpwwwoceanicresearchorgeducationwondersechinodermhtml)
Crown-of-Thorns starfish secrete anti -cancer compounds (Mutee et al (2015
)published in the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
Burrowing echinoderms allows for oxygen circulation in lower
benthic regimes
Prevents algae growth on corals allowing for corals to
become barriers for coastline degradation (also has some
side effects)
Completes the food chain for specific consumers
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
REFERENCES [1 ] Barkhouse C N i les M amp Dav idson L A (2007) A l i terature rev iew of sea star
cont rol methods for bot tom and of f bot tom shel l f ish cu l tures Canadian Industr y
Repor t o f F isher ies and Aquat ic Sc iences 279 Ret r ieved f rom ht tp wwwdfo -
mpogc caLibrar y330342pdf
[2 ] Microscope Imaging Stat ion (n d ) Ins ight f rom the Sea Urchin Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwexplorator iumeduimaging -
stat ionresearchurchinstor y_urchin3php
[3 ] Moore R C La l icker C G amp F ischer A G (1952) Inver tebrate fossi ls New
York NY McGraw -Hi l l
[4 ] Prothero D R (2004) Br inging Foss i ls to L i fe An Int roduct ion to paleobiology
New York NYMcGraw -Hi l l
[5 ] Scr ipps Inst i tut ion of Oceanography (2011) Assembl ing the Echinoderm Tree of
L i fe Ret r ieved Apr i l 21 2015 f rom ht tp echinotol orgfossi l - record -
echinoderms
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
[6 ] The New York T imes (2009 Apr i l 1 ) Sea Cucumbers Threatened by As ian Trade
Retr ieved f rom ht tp dotear th blogsnyt imescom20090401sea -cucumbers -
threatened-by -asian - t rade_php=trueamp_type=blogsamp_r=1
[7 ] Univers i ty o f Mar y land (2014) Pr inc iples of Paleontology Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwgeol umdedu~tholtzG331lectures331echin2html
[8 ] Wi ld S ingapore (2015 Januar y 14) Sea stars (Asteroidea) on the Shores of
S ingapore Ret r ieved f rom
ht tp wwwwildsingaporecomwildfactsechinodermataasteroideaasteroideah
t
[9 ] The V i r tual Foss i l Museum Phy lum Echinodermata Ret r ieved f rom
http wwwfossi lmuseumnetTree_of_Li fePhylum -Echinodermatahtm
[10] Whi tmore Er ic Echinoderms Ecology Habi tats and Reproduct ive B iology New
York NY Nova Publ ish ing
