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高功率鋰電池開發與應用高功率鋰電池開發與應用
Presented by Dr. Mo-Hua Yang (楊模樺) President, TD HiTech Energy Inc.President, TD HiTech Energy Inc.
達振能源股份公司總經理達振能源股份公司總經理
March 10, 2011
2<
From the From the OilOil--Age to the...Age to the...
to the to the ElectricElectric--AgeAge!
電器時代石油時代
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Revolution of TransportationsRevolution of Transportations
ICE Vehicles (燃油車) Electric Vehicles (電動車)
ConvenienceConvenience便利便利
SafetySafety安全安全
Environmental FriendlyEnvironmental Friendly環保環保
Energy SavingEnergy Saving節能節能
Emission廢氣
Noise噪音
Energy Consumption能源的消耗
http://green.autoblog.com/gallery/2009-byd-f3dm-plug-in-hybridhttp://green.autoblog.com/gallery/2008-chevrolet-equinox-fuel-cellhttp://green.autoblog.com/gallery/2010-toyota-prius-7/#32http://www.segway.com/individual/models/i2.php
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Vehicle Revolution Vehicle Revolution
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LEV LEV SegmentationSegmentation
Pedelec E-Bike E-Scooter
Accelerate independent from the muscle power input by twisting the throttle!
accelerates only when you pedal.
Battery Demand
Energy Energy + Power
Personal mobilityPersonal mobility
http://www.autobloggreen.com/photos/ultra-motor-a2b/974069/
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HEV/EV SegmentationHEV/EV Segmentation
Source: TOYOTA Motor Corp.
PureEV Drive
Battery Demand
Power Power + Energy
14V
14-42V
42-144V
>144V
http://www.autobloggreen.com/photos/2010-toyota-prius-2/1285180/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080123/146098/http://green.autoblog.com/2008/10/09/citroen-to-launch-new-micro-hybrid-technology-on-diesel-c3-picas/
7Charger
電池與電池管理系統 Battery & Battery system
電動馬達與控制器Electric motor & Controller
EV SystemEV System
Power
Power
CommunicationCommunication
http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080806/156094/?SS=imgview&FD=1072354853http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/CAR/20090205/165296/?SS=imgview&FD=-1561400831&ad_qhttp://green.autoblog.com/gallery/2009-byd-f3dm-plug-in-hybrid
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key for EV key for EV -- BatteriesBatteries
Now We’re Cooking With … Batteries, Newsweek, Dec., 2008
Electric Vehicle?Battery Vehicle?
Key for EV-Batteries Energy Storage System
電動車? 載電池的車?
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行動電話
筆記型電腦
輕型電動車
電動車
0.25-3kWh
>20kWh
以18650,2.2Ah8Wh標準電池為例
4-44台NB
>280台NB
LIB Product Application SegmentsLIB Product Application Segments
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VehicleVehicle
Driving rang, Weight
BatteryBattery
Charging time
Energy density(Wh/kg)
Power density(W/kg)Starting, Acceleration,
Climbing
High charging rate
energy consumption when vehicle Idling Self-discharge
Energy Efficiency Charge-discharge efficiency
Cost Cost
Operation cost ($/km) Cycle life
Vehicle Vehicle vsvs BatteryBattery
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Design Consideration for Battery SystemDesign Consideration for Battery SystemDesign Consideration for Battery System
放電能力 (Discharge Ability)•
How much energy is available in the storage ?
•
With what power can LEV draw this energy from the storage ?
•
May LEV still perform a certain (critical) function relying on the storage ?
•
How long can LEV still continue drawing a certain power ?
充電能力 (Recharge Ability)•
How much energy can I still store into the storage ?
•
How fast (with what power or current) can I store energy into the storage ?
•
What will be my energy losses under different charging conditions ?
Questions of a System DesignerQuestions of a System Designer
電池系統的設計考量電池系統的設計考量
充放電方式對電池的影響operation conditions influent
battery performance
安全與壽命Safety & Cycle life
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No consumption of strategic materials
High safety
Good environmentalcompatibility
Resistant to abuse
Not sensitive to ambient conditions
No maintenance Low cost
Long cycle/calendar life
Fast recharge
Low self-dischargerate
High efficiency
High power density
High energy density
Battery for EV Use
Battery for EV Use
Required for an Ideal EV Battery Required for an Ideal EV Battery
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From Material to Energy SystemFrom Material to Energy System
EV電動車
Materials材料
Cell電池蕊
Module電池模組
Pack電池系统
Battery Tech.電池技術
Electronic Tech.電路技術
Energy system control Tech.能量系統控制技術
http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080123/146098/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080123/146098/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080123/146098/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080806/156094/?SS=imgview&FD=1072354853http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080806/156094/?SS=imgview&FD=1071431332http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/NEWS/20080519/151934/
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Rechargeable BatteryRechargeable Battery
Mo-Hua Yang 6/20
Pb-acid Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-ion
Commercialization 1890 1956 1990 1991
Working voltage 2.0V 1.2V 1.2V 3.6VEnergy density 100 Wh/l
30Wh/kg150 Wh/l50Wh/kg
250 Wh/l80Wh/kg
350-400 Wh/l150Wh/kg
Cycle life 300 1000 500 500
Self-discharge 20%/month 20%/month 20%/month 5%/month
Memory effect no yes partially noPrice
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Wh / liter
Wh / Kg40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
0
300
250
200
150
100
50NiCd
NiMH Li-ion
Pb-acid
Battery Energy DensityBattery Energy Density
To get 3.6 v, we need , in one pack :3 NiCd cells or3 NiMH cells
1 Li-ion cell
NiCd or NiMH 3.6 volts Li-ion 3.6 volts
2 Pb-acid cell
Pb-acid4.0 volts
Smaller
Lighter
16
Advantages of LiAdvantages of Li--ion batteryion battery
More EnergyMore Energy
More PowerMore Power
Longer LifeLonger Life
Small SizeSmall Size
17
DesignDesign--related Definitionsrelated Definitions--11
Anode (陽極):The electrode at which an oxidation reaction occurs. Usually, a cell’s anode is specified during discharging and hence the name anode is commonly used for the negative electrode. Cathode (陰極):The electrode at which a reduction reaction occurs. Usually, a cell’s cathode is specified during discharging and hence the name anode is commonly used for the positive electrode.
John Frederic Daniell (1790-1845)
Anode Cathode
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DesignDesign--related Definitionsrelated Definitions--22
Electrolyte:The medium that provides the essential ionic conductivity between the positive and negative electrode of a cell.Separator:An ion-permeable, electronically non-conductive material or spacer that prevents short-circuiting of the positive and negative electrodes of a cell.
Gaston Plante(1834-1889)
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LIB Material DevelopmentsLIB Material Developments
Cathode: -LiCoO2-LiCox Aly O2-LiNi1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2-LiMn2 O4-Blending-LiFePO4
Separator: -Ceramic coated separator -Heat resistance separator
Electrolyte: -Non-flammable, -Ionic liquid, -Polymer/Gel type-Additives
Anode:-Si-based -Sn-based-Li4 Ti5 O12
能量
Energy
功率/動力
Power
使用壽命Service life
成本Cost
安全性
Cycle Life
20
Battery Raw Materials Market Battery Raw Materials Market -- 20082008
Cathodearound 37,000 tons
Active materials
Anodearound 22,000 tons
Active materials
LiMPO4
LiCoO2LiMn2 O4
Li[Nix Mny Coz ]O2NMC
Li[Nix Coy MnAl]O2NCA-NCM
Graphite Si, Si/C
Sn, Sn/C
SiO2 -Si
Electrolytearound 12,500 tons
Mitsubishi
CHIEL
UBE
Tomiyama
Separators>265 M m2
Entek
Asahi
Tonen
Celgard
UBE
Data source: THE RECHARGEABLE BATTERY MARKET 2008-2020 , AVICENNE, JUNE 2009
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LiLi--ion Batteriesion Batteries
Cathode: LiCoO2 Li(1-x) CoO2 +xLi+ +xe-
Anode: C6 +xLi ++xe- Lix C6
TotalRxn.: LiCoO2 +C6 Li(1-x) CoO2 +Lix C6Charge
Discharge
Anode: graphite (C) Cathode: lithium cobalt (LiCoO2 ) Electrolyte: non-aqueous organic solvent
22
Cell ConfigurationCell Configuration
CylindricalPrismatic
Laminated type(soft package)
(polymer?)
23
Cathode MaterialsCathode Materials
Requirements for LiRequirements for Li--ion Cathode Materialsion Cathode Materials1) High energy density - Large amounts of Li in the crystal
structure2) Stability - small change in structure during
charge/discharge process3) Crystal structure - Li ion passage 4) Chemical stability against organic solvent5) Good reversibility6) Homogeneous particles - ease of fabrication7) High voltage 8) Low cost
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New Cathode Material CandidateNew Cathode Material Candidatess
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
Avg
. Vol
tage
(V)
0 50 100 150 200 250Discharge Capacity (mAh/g)
LiFePO4
LiMn2 O4 LiNiO2
Li(Mn-M)2 O4
LiCoPO4
Li2 CoMn3 O8
Li(Ni-Mn)O2
Li(Ni-Co-Mn)O2LiCoO2
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Li diffusion
Material system Capacity (mAh/g)
Nominal V. (V)
Safety Cost
OlivineStructure
1D LiFePO4 160 3.4 excellent low
Layered structure
2D LiCoO2Li(Co-Ni)O2Li(Ni-Mn)O2
LiCo1/3 Ni1/3 Mn1/3 O2
160180160190
3.6~3.7 accept high
SpinelStructure
3D LiMn2 O4 110 3.7 good low
layered structure spinel structure olivine structure
Cathode MaterialsCathode Materials
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Charge and Discharge CharacteristicsCharge and Discharge Characteristics
Cathode MaterialsCathode Materials
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Thermal stabilityThermal stability
Cathode MaterialsCathode Materials
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Current level of developmentCurrent level of development
Cathode MaterialsCathode Materials
Data source: Umicore, AABC 2010, Germany
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Current level of developmentCurrent level of development
Cathode MaterialsCathode Materials
Data source: J. Thomas, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Anode MaterialsAnode Materials
Requirements for LiRequirements for Li--ion Anode Materialsion Anode Materials1) Large capability of Li adsorption2) High efficiency of charge/discharge3) Excellent cyclebility4) Low reactivity against electrolyte5) Fast reaction rate6) Low cost8) Environmental -friendly, non-toxic
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AnodeAnode--LithiationLithiation MechanismsMechanisms
32
Graphite AnodesGraphite Anodes
Anode MaterialsAnode Materials
Theoretical capacity 372mAh/g
Li++e-
LiLi
LiLi
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Carbon Classify by the precursor phaseCarbon Classify by the precursor phase
Anode MaterialsAnode Materials
高功率鋰電池開發與應用 投影片編號 2Revolution of Transportations投影片編號 4LEV SegmentationHEV/EV Segmentation投影片編號 7投影片編號 8投影片編號 9投影片編號 10Questions of a System Designer投影片編號 12投影片編號 13Rechargeable Battery投影片編號 15Advantages of Li-ion batteryDesign-related Definitions-1Design-related Definitions-2投影片編號 19投影片編號 20Li-ion BatteriesCell ConfigurationCathode Materials投影片編號 24投影片編號 25Cathode MaterialsCathode MaterialsCathode MaterialsCathode MaterialsAnode Materials投影片編號 31投影片編號 32投影片編號 33