ECE 448: Spring 11Lab 3

Part 2

Finite State Machines

Introduction: What’s new with version 3a?

Part 1: Finite State Machines

Part 2: Debouncing Circuit (FSM Style)

Part 3: Digital Clock Managers

Part 4: User Constraints File

Part 5: Introduction to FPGA Design Flow based on Xilinx ISE

Agenda for today

Introduction

• Purpose – To learn about Finite State Machines and Clock Management.

• FSM – One of the single, most important lessons to be learned this year. FSMs can be found in the following:– Everything!

• DCM – The other, most important lesson to be learned this year. DCMs (and the related clock buffers) are very important for creating, cleaning, and distributing clocks.

• UCF – How the circuit interfaces with the outside world. Also very important.

Part 1

Finite State Machines

Finite State Machines

• Two types– Moore Machine – The state machine outputs are a

function of only the current state– Mealy Machine – The state machine outputs are a

function of the current state and the current inputs

• Every design can be described in either a Moore machine or a Mealy machine. Different designs can be used depending on speed, size, and routing requirements.

Moore FSM - Example 1• Moore FSM that Recognizes Sequence “10”

S0 / 0 S1 / 0 S2 / 1

00

0

1

11

reset

Moore FSM in VHDL (1) TYPE state IS (S0, S1, S2); SIGNAL Moore_state: state;begin U_Moore: PROCESS (clock, reset) BEGIN IF reset = ‘1’ THEN Moore_state <= S0; ELSIF rising_edge(clock) THEN CASE Moore_state IS WHEN S0 => IF input = ‘1’ THEN Moore_state <= S1; ELSE Moore_state <= S0; END IF; WHEN S1 => IF input = ‘0’ THEN Moore_state <= S2; ELSE Moore_state <= S1; END IF; WHEN S2 => IF input = ‘0’ THEN Moore_state <= S0; ELSE Moore_state <= S1; END IF; END CASE; END IF; END PROCESS; Output <= ‘1’ WHEN Moore_state = S2 ELSE ‘0’;

Mealy FSM - Example 1

• Mealy FSM that Recognizes Sequence “10”

S0 S1

0 / 0 1 / 0 1 / 0

0 / 1reset

Mealy FSM in VHDL (1) TYPE state IS (S0, S1); SIGNAL Mealy_state: state;begin U_Mealy: PROCESS(clock, reset) BEGIN IF reset = ‘1’ THEN Mealy_state <= S0; ELSIF rising_edge(clock) THEN CASE Mealy_state IS WHEN S0 => IF input = ‘1’ THEN Mealy_state <= S1; ELSE Mealy_state <= S0; END IF; WHEN S1 => IF input = ‘0’ THEN Mealy_state <= S0; ELSE Mealy_state <= S1; END IF; END CASE; END IF; END PROCESS; Output <= ‘1’ WHEN (Mealy_state = S1 AND input = ‘0’) ELSE ‘0’;

Part 2

Debouncing Circuit

Debounce

Capacitance in the button and contacts “bouncing” causes spurs that cause false positives. A debouncing circuit removes these spurs.

Debounce

When the first change is detected, we ignore all subsequent changes for some period of time, preferably until all of the bouncing would have occurred. This is usually on the order of ms.

Debounce

Debouncer

reset

input

clk

output

Debounce

S0output=0c_rst=1

S2output=1c_rst=1

S3output=0c_rst=0

S1output=1c_rst=0

input==1

input==0

count==DD-1

count==

DD

-1

reset==1

count is the state of the n-bit counter.c_rst is the reset to this counter.

DD is the maximum number of clock cycles required for bouncing to stop. All resets are synchronous.

Part 3

Clock Management

Clock Management

• Clock sources are generated off of the FPGA• Clock source needs to enter the FPGA• Clock needs to be “de-jittered”

– Clock naturally has non-constant duty cycle and period

• Clock needs to reach the rest of the chip

Clock Management

• Ideal clock is 1 frequency.

• Clock jitter is many frequencies around desired frequency.

• We can see the jitter in the yellow clock.

• Blue clock is de-jittered.

Clock Management

• Clock Enters FPGA and enters IBUFG• Output of BUFG goes to the rest of the FPGA• Invert of LOCKED signal is reset for all circuits on domain• To simulate, include the following lines in the library section

– Library UNISIM;– use UNISIM.vcomponents.all;

• Reset can be ORed with other resets (as from buttons)

DCM Primitive

IBUFG BUFGclk_50

locked

clk_ibufg clk0

reset

clkin

clkfb

clk0

resetbutton(2)

Clock Management

• DCM also changes clock frequency

• CLK2X doubles frequency

• CLKDV and CLKFX change the frequency based on the generics (see instantiation)

DCM_SP

Clock Management generic map (

CLKDV_DIVIDE => 2.0, -- Divide by: 1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5

-- 7.0,7.5,8.0,9.0,10.0,11.0,12.0,13.0,14.0,15.0 or 16.0

CLKFX_DIVIDE => 1, -- Can be any integer from 1 to 32

CLKFX_MULTIPLY => 4, -- Can be any integer from 1 to 32

CLKIN_DIVIDE_BY_2 => FALSE, -- TRUE/FALSE to enable CLKIN divide by two feature

CLKIN_PERIOD => 0.0, -- Specify period of input clock

CLKOUT_PHASE_SHIFT => "NONE", -- Specify phase shift of NONE, FIXED or VARIABLE

CLK_FEEDBACK => "1X", -- Specify clock feedback of NONE, 1X or 2X

DESKEW_ADJUST => "SYSTEM_SYNCHRONOUS", -- SOURCE_SYNCHRONOUS, SYSTEM_SYNCHRONOUS or

-- an integer from 0 to 15

DFS_FREQUENCY_MODE => "LOW", -- HIGH or LOW frequency mode for frequency synthesis

DLL_FREQUENCY_MODE => "LOW", -- HIGH or LOW frequency mode for DLL

DUTY_CYCLE_CORRECTION => TRUE, -- Duty cycle correction, TRUE or FALSE

FACTORY_JF => X"C080", -- FACTORY JF Values

PHASE_SHIFT => 0, -- Amount of fixed phase shift from -255 to 255

STARTUP_WAIT => FALSE) -- Delay configuration DONE until DCM LOCK, TRUE/FALSE

Clock Management port map (

CLK0 => CLK0, -- 0 degree DCM CLK ouptput

CLK180 => CLK180, -- 180 degree DCM CLK output

CLK270 => CLK270, -- 270 degree DCM CLK output

CLK2X => CLK2X, -- 2X DCM CLK output

CLK2X180 => CLK2X180, -- 2X, 180 degree DCM CLK out

CLK90 => CLK90, -- 90 degree DCM CLK output

CLKDV => CLKDV, -- Divided DCM CLK out (CLKDV_DIVIDE)

CLKFX => CLKFX, -- DCM CLK synthesis out (M/D)

CLKFX180 => CLKFX180, -- 180 degree CLK synthesis out

LOCKED => LOCKED, -- DCM LOCK status output

PSDONE => PSDONE, -- Dynamic phase adjust done output

STATUS => STATUS, -- 8-bit DCM status bits output

CLKFB => CLKFB, -- DCM clock feedback

CLKIN => CLKIN, -- Clock input (from IBUFG, BUFG or DCM)

PSCLK => PSCLK, -- Dynamic phase adjust clock input

PSEN => PSEN, -- Dynamic phase adjust enable input

PSINCDEC => PSINCDEC, -- Dynamic phase adjust increment/decrement

RST => RST); -- DCM asynchronous reset input

Clock Management

IBUFG_inst : IBUFG

generic map (

IOSTANDARD => "DEFAULT")

port map (

O => O,

I => I);

•Dedicated clock route for reaching a DCM and the rest of the chip•Should be used for all clock ports

BUFG_inst : BUFG

port map (

O => O,

I => I);

•Dedicated clock route for reaching the rest of the chip at the same time•Should be used for all generated clocks

– Output from DCM– Output from clock divider circuits

Part 4

User Constraint File (UCF)

User Constraint File (UCF)

• File contains various constraints for Xilinx– Clock Periods– Clock Boundary Crossings (hard to do! That’s why

we use a CoreGen’ed FIFO)– Circuit Locations– Pin Locations

• Every pin in the top unit needs to have a pin in the UCF

Basys 2 I/O Circuits

User Constraint File (UCF)

Top Level Unit (VHDL)entity top_level is

port(

-- LEDs

led : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

-- Seven Segment Display

seg : out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

an : out std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);

-- Rotary button and switches

sw : in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

btn : in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0));

end entity top_level;

UCF# Pin assignment for LEDs

NET “led<7>" LOC = "G1" ; # Bank = 3, Signal name = LD7

NET “led<6>" LOC = "P4" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD6

NET “led<5>" LOC = "N4" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD5

NET “led<4>" LOC = "N5" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD4

NET “led<3>" LOC = "P6" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD3

NET “led<2>" LOC = "P7" ; # Bank = 3, Signal name = LD2

NET “led<1>" LOC = "M11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD1

NET “led<0>" LOC = "M5" ; # Bank = 2, Signal name = LD0

# Connected to Basys2 onBoard 7seg display

NET "seg<0>" LOC = "L14"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CA

NET "seg<1>" LOC = "H12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CB

NET "seg<2>" LOC = "N14"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CC

NET "seg<3>" LOC = "N11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = CD

NET "seg<4>" LOC = "P12"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = CE

NET "seg<5>" LOC = "L13"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CF

NET "seg<6>" LOC = "M12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = CG

NET “seg<7>" LOC = "N13"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = DP

NET "an<3>" LOC = "K14"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN3

NET "an<2>" LOC = "M13"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN2

NET "an<1>" LOC = "J12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN1

NET "an<0>" LOC = "F12"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = AN0

# Pin assignment for SWs

NET "sw<7>" LOC = "N3"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = SW7

NET "sw<6>" LOC = "E2"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW6

NET "sw<5>" LOC = "F3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW5

NET "sw<4>" LOC = "G3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW4

NET "sw<3>" LOC = "B4"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW3

NET "sw<2>" LOC = "K3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW2

NET "sw<1>" LOC = "L3"; # Bank = 3, Signal name = SW1

NET "sw<0>" LOC = "P11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = SW0

# Pin assignments for the Buttons

NET "btn<3>" LOC = "A7"; # Bank = 1, Signal name = BTN3

NET "btn<2>" LOC = "M4"; # Bank = 0, Signal name = BTN2

NET "btn<1>" LOC = "C11"; # Bank = 2, Signal name = BTN1

NET "btn<0>" LOC = "G12"; # Bank = 0, Signal name = BTN0

Part 5

Introduction to FPGA Design Flow

based on Xilinx ISE