ECE-4-1 syllabus

8/12/2019 ECE-4-1 syllabus

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w.e.f.2010-2011 academic year

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY: KAKINADA

KAKINADA-533003, Andhra Pradesh (India)

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

COURSE STRUCTURE

IV YEAR I SEMESTER

S. No. Subject T P Credits

1 Optical Communication 4 - 4

2 Embedded Systems 4 - 4

3 Digital Image Processing 4 - 4

4 Radar Systems 4 - 4

5 Open Elective 4 - 4

6

Elective I

Telecommunication Switching SystemsAnalog IC DesignObject Oriented Programming

4 - 4

7 Digital Signal Processing Lab - 3 2

8 Microwave and Optical Communications Lab - 3 2

Total 28


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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA

IV Year B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering I Sem.

OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONSUNIT IOverview of optical fiber communication - Historical development, The general system,advantages of optical fiber communications. Optical fiber wave guides- Introduction,Ray theory transmission, Total Internal Reflection, Acceptance angle, Numerical

Aperture, Skew rays. Cylindrical fibers- Modes, Vnumber, Mode coupling, Step Indexfibers, Graded Index fibers.

UNIT IISingle mode fibers- Cut off wavelength, Mode Field Diameter, Effective RefractiveIndex. [2]. Fiber materials Glass, Halide, Active glass, Chalgenide glass, Plastic opticalfibers. Signal distortion in optical fibers- Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering andBending losses, Core and Cladding losses.

UNIT IIIInformation capacity determination, Group delay, Types of Dispersion - Materialdispersion, Wave-guide dispersion, Polarization mode dispersion, Intermodaldispersion. Pulse broadening. Optical fiber Connectors- Connector types, Single modefiber connectors, Connector return loss.

UNIT IVFiber Splicing- Splicing techniques, Splicing single mode fibers. Fiber alignment and

joint loss- Multimode fiber joints, single mode fiber joints,. Optical sources- LEDs,Structures, Materials, Quantum efficiency, Power, Modulation, Power bandwidthproduct. Injection Laser Diodes- Modes, Threshold conditions, External quantumefficiency,Laser diode rate equations,Resonant frequencies. Reliability of LED&ILD.

UNIT VSource to fiber power launching - Output patterns, Power coupling, Power launching,Equilibrium Numerical Aperture, Laser diode to fiber coupling.

UNIT VIOptical detectors- Physical principles of PIN and APD, Detector response time,Temperature effect on Avalanche gain, Comparision of Photodetectors. Optical receiveroperation- Fundamental receiver operation, Digital signal transmission, error sources,Receiver configuration, Digital receiver performance, Probability of error, Quantum limit,

Analog receivers.


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UNIT VIIOptical system design Considerations, Component choice, Multiplexing. Point-to-point links, System considerations, Link power budget with examples. Overall fiberdispersion in Multi mode and Single modefibers, Rise time budget with examples.

UNTI VIIITransmission distance, Line coding in Optical links, WDM, Necessity , Principles, Typesof WDM, Measurement of Attenuation and Dispersion, Eye pattern.

TEXT BOOKS :1. Optical Fiber Communications Gerd Keiser, Mc Graw-Hill International edition,

3rd Edition, 2000.2. Optical Fiber CommunicationsJohn M. Senior, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2002.

RERFERENCES :

1. Fiber Optic Communications D.K. Mynbaev , S.C. Gupta and Lowell L.Scheiner, Pearson Education, 2005.2. Text Book on Optical Fibre Communication and its Applications S.C.Gupta,PHI, 2005.3. Fiber Optic Communication Systems Govind P. Agarwal , John Wiley, 3rdEdiition, 2004.4. Fiber Optic CommunicationsJoseph C. Palais, 4th Edition, Pearson Education,2004.

***


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IV Year B. Tech. Electronics and Communication Engineering

I Sem.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

UNIT- IINTRODUCTION: Embedded System-Definition, Embedded system versus Generalcomputing systems, History of Embedded systems, Classification of Embeddedsystems, Major application areas of embedded systems, purpose of embeddedsystems, The typical embedded system-Core of the embedded system, Memory,Sensors and Actuators, Communication Interface, Embedded firmware, other systemcomponents, PCB and passive components.

UNIT-IIEMBEDDED SYSTEMS-CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES:Characteristics of an embedded system, Quality attributes of embedded systems,

Application-specific embedded system-Washing Machine, Domain-Specific examples ofEmbedded system-Automotive.

UNIT-IIIEMBEDDED HARDWARE DESIGN: Analog and digital electronic components, I/Otypes and examples, Serial communication devices, Parallel device ports, Wirelessdevices, Timer and counting devices, Watchdog timer, Real time clock, VLSI andIntegrated circuit design, EDA Tools, OrCAD EDA tool, The PCB Layout design.

UNIT-IVEMBEDDED FIRMWARE DESIGN: Embedded Firmware design approaches,Embedded Firmware development languages, ISR concept, Interrupt sources, Interruptservicing mechanism, Multiple interrupts, DMA, Device driver programming, Conceptsof C versus Embedded C and Compiler versus Cross-compiler.

UNIT-VREAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system basics, Types of operatingsystems, Tasks, Process and Threads, Multiprocessing and Multitasking, TaskScheduling, Threads, Processes and Scheduling, Task communication, Tasksynchronisation, Device Drivers, How to choose an RTOS.

UNIT-VIHARDWARE SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN: Fundamental Issues in Hardware SoftwareCo-Design, Computational models in embedded design, Hardware software Trade-offs,Integration of Hardware and Firmware, ICE, issues in embedded system design.


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I Sem.

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSINGUnit: 1IntroductionOrigins of Digital Image Processing, Uses Digital Image Processing, Fundamental stepsin Digital Image Processing, Components of an Image Processing System, DigitalImage FundamentalsElements of Visual Perception, Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum, Imaging Sensingand Acquisition, Image Sampling and Quantization, Some Basic Relationships betweenPixels, An Introduction to the Mathematical Tools used in Digital Image Processing

Image Transforms:Need for Image Transforms, Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing, Introduction toFourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform and itsalgorithm, Properties of Fourier transform Sampling Theorem, Parsevals Theorem,Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Sine Transform, Walsh Transform, HadamardTransform, Haar Transform, Slant Transform, SVD and KL Transforms or HotellingTransform

Unit: 2Intensity Transformations and Spatial FilteringBackground, Some Basic Intensity Transformation Functions, Histogram Processing,Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering, Smoothing Spatial Filters, Sharpening Spatial Filters,Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods, using Fuzzy Techniques for IntensityTransformations and Spatial Filtering

Unit: 3Filtering in the Frequency DomainPreliminary Concepts, Sampling and the Fourier Transform of Sampled Functions, TheDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of one Variable, Extension to Functions of TwoVariables, Some Properties of the 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform, The Basic ofFiltering in the Frequency Domain, Image Smoothing using Frequency Domain Filters,Selective Filtering, Implementation

Unit: 4Image Restoration and Reconstruction

A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process, Noise Models, Restoration inthe Presence of Noise Only- Spatial Filtering, Periodic Noise Reduction by FrequencyDomain Filtering, Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations, Estimation the DegradationFunction, Inverse Filtering, Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering, ConstrainedLeast Squares Filtering, Geometric Mean Filter, Image Reconstruction from Projections


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Unit: 5Color Image ProcessingColor Fundamentals, Color Models, Pseudocolor Image Processing, Basic of Full-ColorImage Processing, Color Transformations, Smoothing and Sharpening, ImageSegmentation Based on Color, Noise in Color Images, Color Image Compression

Unit: 6Wavelets and Multi-resolution ProcessingImage Pyramids, Subband Coding & Haar Transform, Multiresolution Expansions,Wavelet Transforms in One Dimension, The Fast Wavelet Transform, WaveletTransforms in Two Dimensions, Wavelet packets

Image CompressionFundamentals, Various Compression methods Coding Techniques, Digital ImagewatermarkingUnit: 7Morphological Image ProcessingPreliminaries, Erosion and Dilation, Opening and Closing, The Hit-or-MissTransformation, Some Basic Morphological Algorithms, Grey- Scale Morphology

Unit: 8Image segmentationFundamentals, Point, Line, and Edge Detection, Thresholding, Region-BasedSegmentation, Segmentation Using Morphological Watersheds, The use of Motion inSegmentation

Text Books:1. Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing Pearson

Education, 20112. S.Sridhar, Digital Image Processing Oxford Publishers, 2011

Reference Books:1) S. Jayaraman, S. Esakkirajan, T. Veerakumar, Digital Image Processing Mc

Graw Hill Publishers, 20092) B.Chanda and D.Dutta Majumder, Digital Image Processing and Analysis

Prentice Hall of India, 2011/2012(Print)3) Anil K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall of India,

20124) Milan Sonka, Hlavac & Boyle Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision,

Cengage Learning Publishers, 2010(Reprinted)***


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I Sem.

RADAR SYSTEMS

UNIT IIntroduction Nature of Radar, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Radar Waveforms,Simple form of Radar Equation, Radar Block Diagram and Operation, RadarFrequencies and Applications. Related Problems.

UNIT IIRadar Equation : Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal,

Receiver Noise and SNR, Integration of Radar Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets(simple targets - sphere, cone-sphere), Transmitter Power, PRF and RangeAmbiguities, System Losses (qualitative treatment). Related Problems.

UNIT IIICW and Frequency Modulated Radar : Doppler Effect, CW Radar Block Diagram,Isolation between Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver BandwidthRequirements, Applications of CW radar.FM-CW Radar, Range and DopplerMeasurement, Block Diagram and Characteristics (Approaching/ Receding Targets),FM-CW altimeter, Measurement Errors, Multiple Frequency CW Radar.

UNIT IVMTI and Pulse Doppler Radar : Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power

Amplifier Transmitter and Power Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers FilterCharacteristics, Blind Speeds, Double Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range GatedDoppler Filters. MTI Radar Parameters, Limitations to MTI Performance. Non-coherentMTI, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar.

UNIT VTracking Radar : Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, MonopulseTracking Radar Amplitude Comparison Monopulse (one- and two- coordinates), PhaseComparison Monopulse. Target Reflection Characteristics and Angular Accuracy.Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns. Comparison of Trackers.

UNIT VIRadar Antennas - Antenna Parameters, Reflector Antennas, Lens Antennas,Cosecant-Squared Antenna Pattern, Radomes, Electronically Steered Phased Array

Antennas, Phase Shifters , Frequency scan Arrays, , Radiators for Phased Arrays,Architectures for Phased Arrays.


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I Sem.

TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS(ELECTIVE I)

UNIT ITELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS : Introduction, Elements of switchingsystems, switching network configuration, principles of cross bar switching.

UNIT IIElectronic space division switching, Time division switching, Combination switching.

UNIT IIITELEPHONE NETWORKS: Subscriber loop systems, switching hierarchy and routing,transmission plan, numbering plan, charging plans.

UNIT IVSIGNALING TECHNIQUES: In channel signaling, common channel signaling. Networktraffic load and parameters, grade of service and blocking probability.

UNIT VDATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKS: Introduction, network architecture, layerednetwork architecture, protocols, data communications hardware, data communicationcircuits.

UNIT VIPublic switched data networks, connection oriented & connection less service, CircuitSwitching, packet switching and virtual circuit switching concepts, OSI reference model,LAN, WAN, MAN & Internet. Repeaters, Bridges, Routers and gate ways.

UNIT VIIINTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) : Introduction, motivation,ISDN architecture, ISDN interfaces, functional grouping, reference points, protocolarchitecture, signaling, numbering, addressing, BISDN.

UNIT VIIIDSL Technology: ADSL, Cable Modem, Traditional Cable Networks, HFC Networks,Sharing, CM & CMTS and DOCSIS. SONET: Devices, Frame, Frame Transmission,Synchronous Transport Signals, STS I, Virtual Tributaries and Higher rate of service.


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TEXT BOOKS :1. Tele communication switching system and networks - Thyagarajan Viswanath,

PHI, 2000.2. Advanced electronic communications systems - Wayne Tomasi, PHI, 2004.

REFERENCES :1. Digital telephony - J. Bellamy, John Wiley, 2nd edition, 2001.2. Data Communications & Networks - Achyut. S.Godbole, TMH, 2004.3. Principles of Communication Systems H. Taub & D. Schilling , TMH, 2nd

Edition, 2003.4. Data Communication & Networking - B.A. Forouzan, TMH, 3rd Edition, 2004.5. Telecommunication switching, Traffic and Networks - J E Flood, Pearson

Education, 2002.

***


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I Sem.

ANALOG IC DESIGN(Elective-I)

UNIT I: BASIC MOS DEVICESMOS structure, I/V characteristics, MOS device models, second order effect, AdvancedMOS Modeling, Spice modeling parameters.

UNIT II: INTEGRATED DEVICES AND CURRENT MIRRORSSingle Stage Amplifiers: Basic concepts, common source stages, Source follower,

Common gate stage, Cascade stage, Differential amplifiers: single ended differentialamplifier, basic differential pair, common mode response, differential pair with MOSloads, Current Mirrors: basic current mirrors, cascade and active current mirrors, bipolarcurrent mirrors and gain stages, advanced current mirrors, Op-amp: Folded cascade,fully differential, current mirror, current feedback.

UNIT III: DESIGN OF OP-AMP AND ITS FREQUENCY RESPONSEOperational Amplifiers: one stage and two stage op-amps, gain boosting, comparison,common mode feedback, input range limitation, slew-rate, power supply rejection, noisein op-amp.Frequency Response: Miller effect, common source stage, source followers, commongate stage, cascade stage, differential pair.

UNIT IV: NOISE AND FEEDBACK ANALYSIS OF OP-AMPSStatistical characteristics of noise, types of noise, representation of noise in circuits,noise in single stage and differential pairs, noise bandwidth, time and frequency domainanalysis of noise models.Feedback: Properties of feedback circuits, types of amplifiers, feedback topologies,effect of loading, effect of feedback on noise.

UNIT V: STABILITY AND FREQUENCY COMPENSATION OF OPAMPCompensation: Two-stage CMOS op-amp, Feedback and op-amp compensation,General considerations of stability, Multipole systems, Phase margin, Frequencycompensation, Slewing in two-stage op-amps, Other compensation techniques.

UNIT VI: SWITCHED CAPACITOR CIRCUITSBasic building blocks, basic operation and analysis, sampling switches, Filters: Firstorder, Bi-quad, charge injection, switched capacitor, amplifiers , gain circuits,integrators, common mode feedback circuits, other circuits.


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UNIT VII: SAMPLE & HOLD AND COMPARATOR CIRCUITSPerformance and basics of sample and hold circuit, examples of CMOS, Bi-Polar,BiCMOS sample and hold Circuits, Band gap voltage reference: basics circuit for bandgap reference , trans-linear gain Cell , trans-linear multiplier using op-amp ascomparator, charge injection error, latched comparator, examples of CMOS, BiCMOS,

Bi-Polar comparators.

UNIT VIII: OSCILLATORS AND DATA CONVERTERSRing oscillator, LC Oscillator, voltage controlled oscillator, Ideal D/A & A/D converters ,Quantization Noise ,Performance Limitation, Nyquist Rate, A/D Converters : Integrating, Successive Approximation ,Cyclic A/D , Two step A/D , Interpolating A/D, Folding AndPipe-Lined , Time Interleaved Converters.

TEXT BOOKS:1. D.A John & Ken Martin: Analog Integrated Circuit Design. John Wiley

Publications, 1997.

2. Behzad Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, Tata -McGraw HillPublications, 2002.

REFERENCES:1. Philip E. Allen & Douglas R. Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design, Oxford

University Press, 2002***


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AWT class hierarchy, user interface components- labels, button, canvas, scrollbars, textcomponents, check box, check box groups, choices, lists panels scrollpane, dialogs,menubar, graphics, layout manager layout manager typesboarder, grid, flow, cardand grib bag.

UNIT VII :AppletsConcepts of Applets, differences between applets and applications, life cycleof an applet, types of applets, creating applets, passing parameters to applets.Swing Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture, components, containers,exploring swing- JApplet, JFrame and JComponent, Icons and Labels, text fields,buttons The JButton class, Check boxes, Radio buttons, Combo boxes, TabbedPanes, Scroll Panes, Trees, and Tables.

UNIT VIII :NetworkingBasics of network programming, addresses, ports, sockets, simple clientserver program, multiple clients, Java .net package ,Packagesjava.util,

TEXT BOOKS :1. Java; the complete reference, 7thedition, Herbert schildt, TMH.2. Understanding OOP with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearson education.

REFERENCES :1. An Introduction to programming and OO design using Java, J.Nino and F.A.

Hosch, John Wiley & sons.2. An Introduction to OOP, second edition, T. Budd, Pearson education.3. Introduction to Java programming 6th edition, Y. Daniel Liang, Pearson

education.4. An introduction to Java programming and object oriented application

development, R.A. Johnson- Thomson.5. Core Java 2, Vol 1, Fundamentals, Cay.S.Horstmann and Gary Cornell, seventh

Edition, Pearson Education.6. Core Java 2, Vol 2, Advanced Features, Cay.S.Horstmann and GaryCornell,

Seventh Edition, Pearson Education7. Object Oriented Programming through Java, P. Radha Krishna, University

Press.

***


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I Sem.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:1. To study the architecture of DSP chipsTMS 320C 5X/6X Instructions.2. To verify linear convolution.3. To verify the circular convolution.4. To design FIR filter (LP/HP) using windowing technique

a) Using rectangular windowb) Using triangular window

c) Using Kaiser window5. To Implement IIR filter (LP/HP) on DSP Processors6. N-point FFT algorithm.7. MATLAB program to generate sum of sinusoidal signals.8. MATLAB program to find frequency response of analog LP/HP filters.9. To compute power density spectrum of a sequence.10. To find the FFT of given 1-D signal and plot.


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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

Minimum Twelve Experiments to be conducted:PartA ( Any 7 Experiments) :

1. Reflex Klystron Characteristics.2. Gunn Diode Characteristics.3. Attenuation Measurement.4. Directional Coupler Characteristics.5. VSWR Measurement.6. Impedance and Frequency Measurement.

7. Waveguide parameters measurement.8. Scattering parameters of Circulator.9. Scattering parameters of Magic Tee.

PartB ( Any 5 Experiments ) :10. Characterization of LED.11. Characterization of Laser Diode.12. Intensity modulation of Laser output through an optical fiber.13. Measurement of Data rate for Digital Optical link.14. Measurement of NA.15. Measurement of losses for Analog Optical link.

Equipment required for Laboratories:1. Regulated Klystron Power Supply2. VSWR Meter -3. Micro Ammeter - 0500 A4. Multi meter5. CRO6. GUNN Power Supply, Pin Modulator7. Reflex Klystron8. Crystal Diodes9. Micro wave components (Attenuation)10. Frequency Meter11. Slotted line carriage12. Probe detector13. wave guide shorts14. Pyramidal Horn Antennas15. Directional Coupler16. E, H, Magic Tees17. Circulators, Isolator


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18. Matched Loads19. Fiber Optic Analog Trainer based LED20. Fiber Optic Analog Trainer based laser21. Fiber Optic Digital Trainer22. Fiber cables - (Plastic, Glass)


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I Sem.

BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING( OPEN ELECTIVE)

1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION: Age of BiomedicalEngineering, Development of Biomedical Instrumentation, Man Instrumentation System,Components of the Man-Instrument System, Physiological System of the Body,Problems Encountered in Measuring a Living System, Sources of Bioelectric Potentials,Muscle, Bioelectric Potentials, Sources of Bioelectric Potentials, Resting and ActionPotentials, Propagation of Action Potential, Bioelectric Potentials-ECG, EEG and EMG,

Envoked Responses.

2. ELECTRODES AND TRANSDUCERS: Introduction, Electrode Theory,Biopotential Electrodes, Examples of Electrodes, Basic Transducer Principles,Biochemical Transducers, The Transducer and Transduction Principles, ActiveTransducers, Passive Transducers, Transducers for Biomedical Applications, PulseSensors, Respiration Sensor, Transducers with Digital Output.

3. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND MEASUREMENTS: The Heart andCardiovascular System, Electro Cardiography, Blood Pressure Measurement,Measurement of Blood Flow and Cardiac Output, Measurement of Heart Sound,Plethysmography.

4. MEASUREMENTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: The Physiology of TheRespiratory System, Tests and Instrumentation for The Mechanics of Breathing,Respiratory Therapy Equipment.

5. PATIENT CARE AND MONITORING: Elements of Intensive-Care Monitoring,Patient Monitoring Displays, Diagnosis, Calibration and Repair ability of Patient-Monitoring Equipment, Other Instrumentation for Monitoring Patients, Organization ofthe Hospital for Patient-Care Monitoring, Pacemakers, Defibrillators, Radio Frequency

Applications of Therapeutic use.

6. THERAPEUTIC AND PROSTHETIC DEVICES:Audiometers and Hearing Aids,Myoelectric Arm, Laparoscope, Ophthalmology Instruments, Anatomy of Vision,Electrophysiological Tests, Ophthalmoscope, Tonometer for Eye PressureMeasurement, Diathermy, Clinical Laboratory Instruments, Biomaterials, Stimulators.

7. DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND BIO-TELEMETRY: Principles of UltrasonicMeasurement, Ultrasonic Imaging, Ultrasonic Applications of Therapeutic Uses,


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Ultrasonic Diagnosis, X-Ray and Radio-Isotope Instrumentations, CAT Scan, EmissionComputerized Tomography, MRI, Introduction to Biotelemetry, PhysiologicalParameters Adaptable to Biotelemetry, The Components of Biotelemetry System,Implantable Units, Telemetry for ECG Measurements during Exercise, Telemetry forEmergency Patient Monitoring

8. MONITORS, RECORDERS AND SHOCK HAZARDS: Biopotential Amplifiers,Monitors, Recorders, Shock Hazards and Prevention, Physiological Effects andElectrical Current, Shock Hazards from Electrical Equipment, Methods of AccidentPrevention, Isolated Power Distribution System.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Bio-Medical Electronics and Instrumentation, Onkar N. Pandey, Rakesh Kumar,Katson Books.

2. Bio-Medical Instrumentation, Cromewell , Wiebell, PfeifferREFERENCES:1. Introduction to Bio-Medical Equipment Technology, 4thEdition, Joseph J. Carr,

John M. Brown, Pearson Publications.2. Hand Book of Bio-Medical Instrumentation, Khandapur. McGrawHill

***


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IMAGE PROCESSING( OPEN ELECTIVE)

Unit: 1Introduction to Image Processing:Overview of Image Processing, Nature of Image Processing, Image ProcessingComputer Graphics, Signal Processing, Machine Vision, video Processing, Optics,Statistics, Digital Image Representation, Types of Images, Digital Image ProcessingOperations, Fundamental steps in Image Processing, Image Processing ApplicationsDigital Imaging System

Digital Imaging System:Physical Aspects of Imaging Acquisition, Biological Aspects of Image Acquisition,Properties of Human Visual System, Review of Digital Camera, Sampling andQuantization, Image Quality Optical Resolution, Image Display Device and DeviceResolution, Digital Halftone Process Random Dithering, Ordered Dithering, Non-Periodic Dithering, Image Storage and File Formats Need for File Format Types ofFile FormatsGIF, JPEG, PNG, DICOM, SVG Structure of TIFF File Format

Unit: 2Digital Image Processing Operations:Basic Relationship and Distance Metrics, Classification of Image ProcessingOperations, Arithmetic and Logical Operations, Geometric Operations, ImageInterpolation Techniques, Set Operations, Statistical Operations, Convolution andCorrelation Operations, Data Structures and Image Processing ApplicationsDevelopmentRelational Structures, Hierarchical Data Structures, Pyramids, Quadtrees, ApplicationDevelopment

Unit: 3Digital Image Transforms:Need for Image Transforms, Spatial Frequencies in Image Processing, Introduction toFourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, Fast Fourier Transform and itsalgorithm, Properties of Fourier transform Sampling Theorem, Parsevals Theorem,Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Sine Transform, Walsh Transform, HadamardTransform, Haar Transform, Slant Transform, SVD and KL Transforms or HotellingTransform


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Unit: 4Image Enhancement:Image Quality and Need for Image Enhancement, Image Quality Metrics, ImageEnhancement Point Operations Linear and Non-linear Functions, Piecewise LinearFunctions, Histogram-based Techniques, Spatial Filtering Concepts, Image Smoothing

Spatial Filters and its design, Image Sharpening Spatial Filters Frequency DomainFiltering

Unit: 5Image Restoration:Image Degradation (Restoration) Model, Categories of Image Degradations, NoiseModeling, Blur and Distortions, Image Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only, MeanFilters, Order-statistics Filters, Image Restoration Techniques, Constrained andUnconstrained MethodsGeometrical Transforms for Image Restoration

Unit: 6

Image Compression:Image Compression Model, Compression Algorithm and its types Entropy Coding,Predictive Coding, Transform Coding, Layered Coding, Types of RedundancyCodingRedundancy, Inter-pixel Redundancy, Psychovisual Redundancy, ChromaticRedundancy,Lossless Compression Algorithms, Run-length Coding, Huffman Coding , ShannonFano Coding, Bit-plane Coding, Arithmetic Coding, Lossless Predictive Coding, LossyCompression Algorithms, Block Transform Coding, Image and Video Compressionstandards, JPEG, Video CompressionMPEG

Unit: 7Image Segmentation:Introduction Classification of Image Segmentation Algorithms, Detection ofDiscontinuities, Edge DetectionStaged in Edge DetectionTypes of Edge Detectors,First-order Edge Detection OperatorsSecond-order Derivative Filters, Edge OperatorPerformanceEdge Linking Algorithms, Principle of Thresholding - Effect of Noise over ThresholdProcess and Peakiness Test - Parametric Methods, Non-parametric Methods, Principleof Region- growingDynamic Segmentation approachesValidation of Segmentation Algorithms

Unit: 8Colour Image Processing:IntroductionColour Fundamentals, Devices for Colour Imaging, Colour Image Storageand ProcessingColour ModelsRGB Colour Model, HIS Colour Model, HSV ColourModel, HLS Colour Model, TV Colour ModelYUV Model, YIQ Model, Y Cb CrColourModel, Printing Colour Models- CMK and CMYK Models, Colour Quantization Popularity Algorithm, Median-cut Algorithm, Octree-based Algorithm, Pseudo ColourImage Processing


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Full Colour Processing Colour Transformation Image Filters for Colour Images Noise in Colour Images, Colour Image Segmentation Thresholding, K-meansClustering Technique, RGB Colour Space Segmentation, Colour Features

Text Books:1) S.Sridhar, Digital Image Processing Oxford Publishers, 20112) S.Jayaraman, S.Esakkirajan, T.Veerakumar, Digital Image Processing Mc

Graw Hill Publishers, 2009Reference Books:1. Rafael C.Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing Pearson

Education, 20112. B.Chanda and D.Dutta Majumder, Digital Image Processing and Analysis

Prentice Hall of India, 2011/2012(Print)3. Anil K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall of India,

20124. Milan Sonka, Hlavac & Boyle Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision,Cengage Learning Publishers, 2010(Reprinted)

***


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I Sem.

PRINCIPLES OF SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMMUNICATIONS(OPEN ELECTIVE)

Unit ISignal Analysis: Introduction, Fourier Series - Trigonometric Fourier Series, ComplexExponential Fourier Series; Complex Fourier Spectrum Time Domain and FrequencyDomain Representation of a Signal; Fourier Transform - Analysis of a Non PeriodicFunction over entire interval; Fourier Transform Involving Impulse Function; Propertiesof Fourier Transform and Significance- Convolution Integral, Fourier Transform of

Periodic Functions.

Unit IILinear Systems: Introduction; System FunctionRepresentation of a function f(t) andits response r(t), Definition of System Function; Distortionless Transmission Bandwidth of a system, Rise Time and System Band Width; Energy Signals and PowerSignals, Energy and Power Spectral Densities; Correlation Cross and AutoCorrelation and their properties.

Unit IIIAmplitude Modulation: Introduction to Communication System, Need for Modulation,Types of Amplitude Modulations, AM-SC- DSB-SC & SSB-SC, AM- DSB, SSB & VSB,Power and BW requirements, Generation of AM, DSB-SC, SSB-SC; Demodulation of

AM-: Diode detectors.

Unit IVAngle Modulation: Frequency & Phase Modulations, Advantages of FM over AM,Bandwidth consideration, Narrow band and Wide band FM, Comparison of FM & PM,FM Modulators Direct Method and Indirect or Armstrong method of generations; FMDemodulators- Slope Detection, Balanced Slope, Foster Seeley and Ratio Detectors.

Unit VPulse Modulations: Sampling Theorem Nyquist Interval, Aliasing, Signal recoveryfrom its sampled version; Flat Top and Natural Sampling, PAM- PAM Modulation andDemodulation, PWM and PPM, Time Division Multiplexing, Frequency DivisionMultiplexing and Comparison between TDM and FDM.


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Unit VIPulse Code Modulations: Digital Representation of Analog Signal- Quantization ofSignals, Quantization Error, Pulse Code Modulation- PCM System, Line Codes andtheir properties, Delta Modulation, Adaptive DM and comparisons.

Unit

VIIDigital Modulation: ASK, FSK, PSK and DPSK, QPSK demodulation, Coherent andNon-coherent Reception, Comparison of Binary and Quaternary Modulation Schemes,M-ary modulation techniques.

Unit VIIIAdvanced Communication Systems: Telephone Switching, ComputerCommunication, Optical Communications, Mobile Telephone Communication TheCellular Concept, Satellite Communications, RADAR Systems.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Communication Systems Analog and Digital R.P. Singh and SD Sapre, TMH,2ndEdition, 20082. Principles of Communication Systems- H. Taub and D. Schilling, TMH, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS:1. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems B.P. Lathi, Oxford 3rdEdition2. Communication SystemsSimon Haykin, John Wiley, 3rdEdition3. Digital and Analog Communication SystemsK Sam Shanmugam, WSE, 20064. Electronic & Communication Systems Kennedy and Davis, TMH, 4 th Edition,2004.

***


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Documents

ECE-4-1 syllabus