ECE 333 Renewable Energy Systems

Lecture 1:Introduction

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

overbye@illinois.edu

ECE 333 Teaching Staff

• Professor Tom Overbye• TA Shamina Hossain• Office hours are as given in the syllabus• Hourly exams will be in-class; final exam is as per

the university schedule

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About Prof. Tom Overbye

• Professional– Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University

of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)– Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility

(Madison Gas & Electric)– Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing

research in the area of electric power systems; fifth time teaching ECE 333

– Developed commercial power system analysis package, known now as PowerWorld Simulator.

– DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout– Elected to National Academy of Engineering in 2013

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About Prof. Tom Overbye

• Nonprofessional– Married to Jo– Have three children

Tim age 20 Hannah age 17 Amanda age 15

– Live in country by Homer onthe Salt Fork River

– We’ve homeschooled our kids all the way through, with Tim now starting his fourth semester at UIUC in mechanical eng.

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My Kids

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About Shamina

Professional:• Undergrad: Washington State University• Grad: UIUC (started Fall 2012)

– Working on power systems research with Prof. Overbye

Non-professional:• Loves cooking and all things food• Hobbies include reading, running, and…

researching (had to go with the ‘r’ theme!)• Drove from IL to WA last summer and back• Engaged and getting married this summer!

Fiancé

Food

Currently reading

Yellowstone visit during roadtrip to WA

IL Half Marathon!

M.S.E.E. ‘14

B.S.E.E. ‘12

Green Electric Energy Systems

• Focus of course is on electric energy sources that are sustainable (won’t diminish over time) excluding large-scale hydro – Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the

sources– These resources may be large-scale or may be

distributed– Courses does not cover nuclear– Course does not cover biological resources (at least not

in-depth)– Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly

be covering the ethical, policy and current events as well.

• Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

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With Energy, What Do We Want?

• To feel green? • To use less energy?• To have a higher standard of living?• To decrease our carbon dioxide

emissions now? In the future?• To have more renewable energy?• To have less expensive energy?• To have jobs?• To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

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Engineers Have Long Been “Green”

• With lighting over the last 150 years we’ve increased efficiencies by about a factor of 1000. From 0.05 lumens/watt for a candle, to 15 for an incandescent bulb, to > 130 for an LED.

Source: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/cmsinn/talks/3_kung.pdf 9

ECE 333 Syllabus

• Introduction, fundamentals of electric power • Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation • Wind Power Systems• Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow• The Solar Resource• Photovoltaic Materials and Systems• Smart Grid Integration Issues• Distributed Generation Technologies (e.g., fuel cells)

• Economics of Distributed Resources• Energy Storage including Electric/Hybrid Cars 10

Notation - Power

• Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy• Power Units

Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)

kW – 1 x 103 Watt

MW – 1 x 106 Watt

GW – 1 x 109 Watt• Installed U.S. generation capacity is about

1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)• Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300

MW

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Notation - Energy

• Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system

• Energy Units– Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)– kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)– Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh;

1MWh=3.4MBtu– One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one

gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)

• U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

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North America Interconnections

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Electric Systems in Energy Context

• Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system

• Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually

converted into another form of energy when used• Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and

fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

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Looking at the 2013 Energy Pie: Where the USA Got Its Energy

About 82% Fossil Fuels

1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

About 40% of our energy is consumed in the form of electricity, a percentagethat is gradually increasing.The vast majority on the non-fossil fuel energy is electric!

In 2013 we got about 1.6% of our energy from wind and 0.3% from solar (PV and solar thermal), 0.2% from geothermal

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Petroleum, 36

Coal, 18.5

Natural Gas, 27.4

Nuclear, 8.5

Hydro, 2.6

Biomass, 4.7 Wind, 1.6

Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption

Energyin

Quads

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014 16

Renewable Energy Consumption

2013 Data (Quad)Total: 9.3

Hydro: 2.6

Wood: 2.1Bio: 2.0Wind: 1.6Waste: 0.5

Solar: 0.3Geo: 0.2

17Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

Growth in US Wind Power Capacity

Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 3 Qtr, 2014

The quickdevelopmenttime for windof 6 monthsto a year means thatchanges infederal tax incentivescan have an almostimmediateimpact onconstruction

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The World

Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012 19

The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2013 Data

• China – 110.6• USA – 95.0• Europe – 81.4• Russia – 31.5• India – 23.9• Japan – 20.3• Africa – 17.3• Canada – 13.3• Brazil – 12.0

World total was about 529 Quad in 2012; Average per 100 Million people is about 7. If world used US averagetotal consumption would be about 2150 quad!

Source: US DOE EIA 20

Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2011 data)

• Iceland: 688.3 Norway: 386.8• Kuwait: 577.2 Canada: 393.7 • USA: 312.7 Australia: 276.9• Russia: 213.3 France: 165.9• Japan:164.0 Germany: 165.4• UK: 134.5 S. Africa: 115.3• China: 77.5 Brazil: 60.1• Indonesia: 25.6 India: 19.7• Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 5.0• Malawi: 1.9 Chad: 0.3

Source http://www.eia.doe.gov 21

World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %

Japan 127.5 126.9 123.3 -3.3

Germany 82.4 80.8 79.2 -3.9

Indonesia 220.2 256.0 276.725.6

USA 295.7 321.3 351.318.8

China 1306 1361 1394 6.7

India 1094 1251 139627.6

World 6474 7253 798623.3

Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values inmillions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

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USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions are Down to mid 1990’s levels

Part of the reason for the decrease is due to lownatural gas prices, which has caused greatly increasednatural gas generation and less coal generation.

23Source: US DOE EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013

Worldwide CO2 Emissions

• Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to climb, from 23,700 billion metric tons in 2000 to 32,700 in 2012

• Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010(billion metric tons)

Country 2000 2012

USA 5861 5270

China 2850 8547

India 1002 1831

Russia 1499 1781

Japan 1201 1259

Europe 4459 4263

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Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising

Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

Valuewas about

280 ppmin 1800,

399 in 2014

Rate ofincreaseis about2 ppm

per year

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As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years

Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean; value for first 11 monthsof 2014 is about 0.558 (about tied for highest) 26

Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate

27http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/map-blended-mntp/201409-201411.gif

Annual Temperatures for Illinois

Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate-change/iltren-temp.png 28

But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends

Estimated surface temperature in Sargasso Sea (located in North Atlantic) Europe

was clearly

warmerin 1000AD;worldwidetemperaturesare moredebated

Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 200729

Going Back a Few More Years

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png 30

And a Few More – Mostly Very Cold!

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png 31

Millions and Tens of Millions

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And Where Might Temps Go?

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html#Temperature

Note that the modelsshow rate of increase valuesof between0.2 to 0.5 C per decade.The rate from1975 to 2005was about 0.2 C per decade.

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Energy Economics

• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs

(though cost of solar has decreased substantially recently)• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher

operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)• Coal, wind, hydro are in between

• Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity

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