Ec2 Intro to Comm4

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UWB 10202

Mdm. Iza NurhidayahIsmail

FSTPI


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Definition of Communication

Types of Communication

- Intrapersonal

- Interpersonal

- Group

Communication Process

Verbal and Non-Verbal signals


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any act by which one person gives to or

receives from another person information

about that person's needs, desires,

perceptions, knowledge, or affective states.

Communication may be intentional or

unintentional, may involve conventional or

unconventional signals, may take linguistic ornon-linguistic forms, and may occur through

spoken or other modes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication


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communication occurs when one person or

more sends and receives messages that are

distorted by noise, occur within a context,

have some effect, and provide opportunityfor feedback.


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the terms Communication which is interact

with others to share information and beliefs,

exchange ideas and feelings, make plans and

solve problems.

Sometimes this interaction is done

interpersonally, in a team or small group, in

a conference and sometimes through themedia or via computer.


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communication is a systemic process in

which individuals interact with and through

symbols to create and interpret meanings.

1. Communication is a process, which means

it is ongoing and always changing.

2. Communication is systemic; that is it occurswithin systems of interrelated and

interacting parts.


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3. Communication is symbolic. Symbols are the

basis of language, much nonverbal behavior,

and human thought. They can be arbitrary,

ambiguous, abstract representations of otherphenomena.

4. Communication involves meanings, which

are the significance humans bestow onphenomena.


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all communication definition explains the

process of transmitting information, the form

and structure of the information, the

function and effects of the information.


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Types of communication based on the

communication channelsused are:

1. Verbal Communication2. Nonverbal Communication


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refers to the form of communication in which

message is transmitted verbally;

communication is done by word of mouth and

a piece of writing.

Objective of every communication is to have

people understand what we are trying to

convey. In verbal communication remember the

acronym KISS(keep it short and simple).


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When we talk, we assume others understand

what we are saying because we know what we

are saying.

Usually people bring their own attitude,

perception, emotions and thoughts about the

topic. Hence, create barrier in delivering the

right meaning.

To deliver the right message, think from you

receivers point of view.


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Spoken words are used.

face-to-face conversations, speech,

telephonic conversation, video, radio,

television, voice over internet. oral communication, communication is

influenced by pitch, volume, speed and

clarity of speaking.


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It brings quick feedback.

In a face-to-face conversation, by reading

facial expression and body language one canguess whether he/she should trust whats

being said or not.


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In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to

deeply think about what he is delivering.

This can be counted as a noise.


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written signs or symbols are used to

communicate.

It can be printed or written.

message can be transmitted via email, letter,

report, memo etc.


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Message, in written communication, is

influenced by the vocabulary & grammar

used, writing style, precision and clarity of

the language used.

Written Communication is most common

form of communication being used in

business. (e.g: letters, proposal, faxes, advertisement,

brochures, contracts, etc)


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Messages can be edited and revised many

time before it is actually sent.

Written communication provide record forevery message sent and can be saved for

later study.

A written message enables receiver to fullyunderstand it and send appropriate

feedback.


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sending or receiving of wordless messages.

E.g: gesture, body language, posture, tone

of voiceor facial expressions.

Nonverbal comm = ALL ABOUT BODY

LANGUAGE OF SPEAKER.


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nonverbal signals reflects the situation more

accurately than verbal messages.

Sometimes nonverbal response contradicts

verbal communicationand hence affect the

effectiveness of message.


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Appearance

- Speaker: clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of

cosmetics

- Surrounding: room size, lighting,decorations, furnishings

Body Language

- facial expressions, gestures, postures

Sounds

- Voice Tone, Volume, Speech rate


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Formal Communication

Informal Communication


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certain rules, conventions and principles are

followed while communicating message.

Formal communication occurs in formaland official style.

Usually professional settings, corporate

meetings, conferences undergoes in formalpattern.


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In formal communication, use of slang and

foul language is avoided and correct

pronunciation is required.

Authority lines are needed to be followed in

formal communication.


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Its just a casual talk.

established for societal affiliations of

members in an organization and face-to-facediscussions.

In informal communication use of slang

words, foul language is not restricted.


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Informal communication doesnt follow

authority lines people express more using

informal communication.

Informal communication helps in building

relationships.


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visual display of information, like

topography, photography, signs, symbols and

designs.

Television and video clips are the electronic

form of visual communication.


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Intercultural communication: The branch of

communication field that studies

communication among people from different

cultures, including distinct cultures within a

single country.

Interpersonal communication:

Communication between people.Interpersonal communication exists on a

continuum ranging from impersonal (between

social roles) to highly personal.


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Intrapersonal communication:

Communication with oneself, including self

talk, planning, and reflections.

Group communicationrefers to

communication between 3 or moreindividuals. Small group communication

includes numbers from 3 to about 20 people,

and large group


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Mass Communicationis communicating with

the masses from radio and television news

to social media feeds and blog posts; from

personalized advertising messages to

branded content sponsored by a specific

company.

It is the study of how individuals and entities

relay information through mass media to

large segments of the population at the sametime.


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A Model of the Basic Communication Process


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This is expanded from the Liner Model of communication


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by adding feedback to this model.

These components are interactive.

it describes each components movement and

interdependence with other components


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1. Sender & ReceiversHybels & Weaver : each people are both a sender

and receiver.

this sharing is not a one-way process, when oneperson sends ideas to the other people ;the

process is reversed.


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Sender translates the ideas or feelings into

words or sounds and sent the message to the

receiver that process called encoding.

receiver to interpret the messages from the

sender, that process called decoding.


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2.Messages

Pearson, Nelson, Titsworth & Harter:communication messages take many forms which

can communicate verbally and nonverbally.

The message is a content of the interaction;

it includes the symbols for us to use to

communicate our ideas, as well as facialexpressions, bodily movements etc.


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Some experts believe that communication

stem only from messages that have a

purpose.

Each message is unique, even if the same

message were to be created over and over

again


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3. Noise

noise interferes with people receiving a message

someone is sending or receiving message.

Noise can have both internal and external causes.

Internal noise is attributed to the psychological

makeup, intellectual ability, or physical condition

of communicators.

External noise is attributed to the environment.

Thus, noise includes distractions such as a loud

siren, a disturbing odor, and a hot room;


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4. Channels

Refer to Eunson :Channel is the route by which

messages flow between sender and receivers.

The communication channels allow us to seepeoples facial expression and hear voices via

radio or television.


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5 F db k


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5. Feedback

Devito :the response to a message that a receiver

sends back to a sender.

Feedback enables a sender to determine whether

the communication has been received and

understood as intended.

Receivers have the responsibility of attending to,

decoding and determining a messages intended

meaning.

sender has the ability to understand the

feedback and to adjust messages on the basis of

that feedback.


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Historical contextis the background

provided by previous communication event

between the participants.

Psychological contextincludes the moods

and ideas of each people bring to the

interpersonal experience.

Each context will affect the degree of

formality in the communication.


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Hybels & Waeaver everyone :needs good

communication skills.

effective communication help us to enhances

our relationships and allows us to make

connections with people from differentcultures.

Each of the communication process can

improve our effectiveness as communicatorsby applying the guidelines and principles.


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1. FacialExpression:While nonverbal communication and behavior

can vary dramatically between cultures, the

facial expressions for happiness, sadness,

anger and fear are similar throughout theworld.

2. Gestures:

Deliberate movements and signals. Common

gestures include waving, pointing, and using

fingers to indicate numeric amounts.


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3. Paralinguistics:

refers to vocal communication that is

separate from actual language. This includesfactors such as tone of voice, loudness,

inflection and pitch.

4. Body Language and Posture: Research on body language has grown

significantly since the 1970's, but popular

media have focused on the over-

interpretation of defensive postures, arm-crossing, and leg-crossing, especially after

the publication of Julius Fast's book Body

Language.


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5. Proxemics:

"personal space,

influenced by a number of factors includingsocial norms, situational factors, personality

characteristics and level of familiarity.

6. Eye Gaze:

Looking at another person can indicate a

range of emotions, including hostility,

interest and attraction.


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7. Haptics:

Communicating through touch.

There has been a substantial amount ofresearch on the importance of touch in

infancy and early childhood.Touch can be

used to communicate affection, familiarity,

sympathy and other emotions.

8. Appearance:

Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and

other factors affecting appearance.

first impressions are important, job seekers

dress appropriately for interviews
http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/p/harlow_love.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/p/harlow_love.htm


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Ec2 Intro to Comm4