TheuseofEcosystem-basedAdaptationinBiosphereReserves

Apreliminarysurveyoffivebiospherereserves

LietteVasseur1andChelseyBryson2

1UNESCOChaironCommunitySustainability:formLocaltoGlobal,BrockUniversityandGroupLeaderofClimateChangeAdaptationoftheCEMofIUCN

2GlobalEnvironmentalPolicy,AmericanUniversity

ReportcompletedonbehalfoftheCommissionforEcosystemManagementofIUCN

2016

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Contents

1. Ecosystem-basedAdaptationandtheIUCN 2. UNESCOBiosphereReserves 3. ClimateChangeandBiosphereReserves 4. SurveyedBiosphereReserves 5. SurveyMethodology 6. Results

a. Awareness i. OrganizationalCommunicationii. PopulationUnderstandingiii. IUCNPrinciplesandAdaptationApproaches

b. RecognizedImpacts11c. Risks&AffectedZonesd. Internal&ExternalInitiativese. SupportandResources

7. ConclusionsandActionRecommendations

Abbreviations

UNESCO–UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationIUCN–InternationalUnionfortheConservationofNatureCEM–CommissiononEcosystemManagementIPCC–IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeUNFCCC–UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeMAB–ManandtheBiosphereProgrammeSDG–SustainableDevelopmentGoalEPIC–EcosystemsProtectingInfrastructureandCommunitiesEBA–Ecosystem-BasedAdaptationBR–BiosphereReserveTZ–TransitionZoneBZ–BufferZoneKPI–KeyPerformanceIndicator

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Ecosystem-BasedAdaptationandtheIUCN

Adaptation has been identified as playing a key role in increasing resilience toclimate change innatural andmanagedecosystems. It hasbeen recognizedat theinternational level under the UNFCCC, IPCC, and many other organizations andgovernmentsasaneedforallpeopleasclimatechangeisalreadymakingchangestowhich theymust adjust. EBA is an adaptation approach that focuses on reducingvulnerabilitytoclimatechangethroughstrengtheningnaturalecosystemsthroughawide range of management activities including conservation, restoration, andsustainable ecosystem management. It also places importance on the crucialconnection between livelihoods and societies in food, water, and energy securitythroughecosystemservicesandresourcemanagement(Perezetal.2010).

The IUCN has promoted the adoption of EBA and the IUCN Commission onEcosystemManagement(CEM)hascompiledcasestudiesonEBAaroundtheworldin order to better understand its uses and implementation (Andrade et al. 2010).TheIUCNhasworkedintandemwithUNEP,UNDPandotherbranchestopreparethesestudies. Inaddition, the IUCNhasput forthasetofguidelines tobeusedbydecisionmakers,listedbelow:

1.EBApromotesmulti-sectoralapproaches2.EBAoperatesatmultiplegeographicalscales3.EBAintegratesflexiblemanagementstructuresthatenableadaptivemanagement4.EBAminimizestrade-offsandmaximizesbenefitswithdevelopmentandconservationgoalstoavoidunintendednegativesocialandenvironmentalimpacts5.EBAisbasedonthebestavailablescienceandlocalknowledge,andshouldfosterknowledgegenerationanddiffusion6.EBAisaboutpromotingresilientecosystemsandusingnature-basedsolutionstoprovidebenefitstopeople,especiallythemostvulnerable7.EBAmustbeparticipatory,transparent,accountable,andculturallyappropriate,whileactivelyembracingequityandgenderissues.

However, in relation to other adaptation approaches, there are little datasurrounding how EBA is being implemented and the challenges and successesassociatedwith it (Munroe et al. 2012). This study aims to better understand thecurrent state of awareness and knowledge within BRs. This report examines thecomponents of successful EBA practices, and ends with policy recommendationsbased on the findings. With this study and more studies of a similar nature,increasedknowledgeofEBAeffectivenessandgoodgovernancewillhelptranslatethetheoreticalframeworkofEBAtorealchangeontheground.

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UNESCOBiosphereReserves

TheWorldNetworkofBiosphereReserves(WNBR)ispartof theUNManandtheBiosphere Programme (MAB), aims at studying and improving the relationshipbetweenhumansandthenaturalenvironment.Nominatedbynationalgovernmentsbut internationally recognized, UNESCO Biological Reserves (BRs) are speciallydesignated areas that promote conservation of biodiversity and sustainabledevelopment through an interdisciplinary, multi-stakeholder approach tomanagement,withanemphasisontheinvolvementoflocalcommunities.Therearecurrently 669 BRs dispersed across 120 countries, 16 of which include trans-boundary areas (UNESCO 2016). Each BR is comprised of three distinct yetcomplementary zones. Inorder from the center to theboundary, they include thecorearea,thebufferzone,andthetransitionarea.

BRsareexposedtoawiderangeofenvironmentalchangeswitheachzonehavingtodeal with impacts at different levels. Climate change can bring significantmodificationsoftheecosystemsaswellasthesustainabilityactivitiesofthereserve.Understanding how BRs are working in order to adapt to climate change is animportant step to determine their adaptive capacity anddefine thenext steps fortheminordertomoveahead.

ClimateChangeandBiosphereReserves

Global climate change presents one of the largest environmental, social, andeconomicchallengesinhumanhistory.Sincetheindustrialrevolution,theincreaseingreenhousegases,mostnotablycarbondioxide(CO2),hascausedaverageglobaltemperatures to rise by more than 1° Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels(Pachauri and Meyer 2014). This increase in global temperature has wide andvaried effects on natural and human systems that are felt disproportionately indevelopingcountries.

The IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report predicts these effects to become increasinglysevere in the coming century if drastic and urgent action is not taken to reduceglobal emissions (Pachauri and Meyer 2014). The UN’s 13th SustainableDevelopment Goal (SDG), to ‘take urgent action to combat climate change and itsimpacts’wasadoptedin2015byworldleadersinordertoaddressthisglobalneed.The Paris Agreement adopted by the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change (UNFCCC COP21) further acknowledges the seriousness of thisglobalcrisisandhascatalyzedglobalactioninresponse.However,therearemanyareaswhere policy has not caught up to the available science orwhere there arelittledata.

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UNESCOBiosphereReservescanbeusedasaplace tomodelandmonitorclimatechange adaptation and mitigation efforts, primarily by supporting ecosystemservicesandenhancing resilience throughnatural solutions.Theyalsoactaspilotsites forcountries to implement theConventiononBiologicalDiversity (CBD)andSDGs.However,itseemsthatclimatechangeismarkedlyabsentinthemanagementofmanyBRsanditisunclearhowmanyBRshaveaclimateplan,onconceptualorpracticallevels.

ThecurrentscopingexerciseaimstounderstandthecurrentstateofclimatechangeadaptationinBRs.ThefollowingsectionbrieflydescribestheBRssurveyedinthisexercise.Itisfollowedbythemethodologyusedinthisscopingexercise,theresults,andsomeconclusionsandrecommendations.

SurveyedBiosphereReserves

The following fiveBRsweresurveyed in thisstudy,andspan twocontinents, fourcountries, and vary largely in size, age, organization, and ecosystem type. Table 1describesthebasiccharacteristicsofthefiveBRs.

Table1.SurveyedBRs.*total/core:buffer:trasition(100,000ha)**Dataunavailable.

BR Area* Ecosystem Date PopulationNoosa 150/50:50:50 TemperateForest 2007 80,000BosqueSeco 501/83:266:152 Dryforest,shrub 2014 106,000Sumaco 931/205:179:547 TropicalForest 2000 100,000NorthDevon 380/0:0:377 RiverCatchment 1976 150,000LagunadelLaja 566/** TemperateForest 2011 **

Noosa Biosphere Reserve in Queensland, Australiawasdesignated as aBR in2007, though it has been an active site in conservation efforts for decades. Itincludes the former Noosa Shire area and the coastal waters four kilometersoffshore.ItisnowmanagedbyaFoundationformedbytheNoosaCouncil,andhasmanyprojects in tandemwith theUniversityof theSunshineCoast aswell as thestateandfederalgovernment.Themaineconomicactivityintheareaistourism,andpopulation driven industry. In addition to numerous scientific studies, a primarygoal for 2016 is to engage with community groups to develop Key PerformanceIndicators(KPIs).

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Photoretrievedfrom:noosabiosphere.org.au

Bosque Seco, or Dry Forest, Biosphere Reserve in Southwest Ecuador is theyoungest BR in this survey and the 6th in Ecuador. The reserve is predominantlyrural,soagricultureandlivestockdrivethelocaleconomyandthelocalpopulationusesthefloraandfaunaforfood,income,andmedicine.Aninter-institutionalteammanages the BR and is composed of local municipalities, the Ministry ofEnvironmentofEcuador(MAE),NGOs,andtheTechnicalUniversityofLoja.EcuadorandPeruarenowcomingtogethertocreateabi-nationalBR,linkingBosqueSecotoPeru’sAmotapesBR,creatinganimportantbiologicalcorridor.

Photoretrievedfrom:natureandculture.org

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SumacoBiosphereReserveintheNapoprovinceofEcuadorishometoAndeanhighlands,Amazonianplains,aswellastheSumacovolcanoarea,andcoversawidevariety of ecosystems and socio-cultural diversity. It is also home to a largepopulationof predominantlyQuichuapeople,who receivehelp touse thenaturalresources in a sustainable way. Economic activities include tourism, agriculture,agro-forestry,andfisheries.

Photoretrievedfrom:redlegagenda.comNorthDevonBiosphereReserveinEnglandwasthefirstamongthesixBRstobedesignated in England. It is also twinnedwith theMalindi-Watamu BR in Kenya,sharingexperiencesand learningaboutadaptation fromeachother.EarthReport:Rising Tides is a TV documentary about this relationship and climate changeadaptation. This BR is inter-disciplinary in its approach, as it has foci inconservation, culture, green economy, and education. Tourism is the biggestcontributortothelocaleconomyastheBRattractslargenumbersofvisitorseveryyear.

Photoretrievedfrom:northdevonbiospere.org.uk

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LagunadelLajaBiosphereReserveislocatedinthePatagonianregionofChile,aknownbiodiversityhotspot.Itactsasabiologicalcorridorandconnectsthreecoreconservation areas. It is managed by the National Forest Corporation, which isoverseen and fundedby theMinistry ofAgriculture of Chile. The IUCN’s five-yearinitiative,EcosystemsProtectingInfrastructureandCommunities(EPIC)hasapilotproject in this BR, focusing specifically on EBA and forest use for avalanche riskmitigation.

Photoretrievedfrom:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lagunadellajaSurveyMethodologyThrough2015-16,fiveBRsweregivenaquestionnairetobecompletedvoluntarilyontheirowntime,consistingof12questions(Annex1).Participantsweregivenabriefintroductiontothepurposeofthestudyandbackgroundbutwereotherwisenotspecificallydirectedandwereaskedtoreturnthequestionnaireswhenthetimewasavailabletothem.Table2.FiveBRssurveyedforthisstudy.

BiologicalReserve

Country Representatives Organizations

LagunadelLaja Chile AlbertoSchwarze NationalForestryCorporationPabloSaavedra BioBioRegionalGovernmentRoxanaCruz BioBioRegionalGovernmentMaríaUrrutia MinisterialRegionalSecretaryforthe

EnvironmentBosqueSeco Ecuador VicenteSolórzano BosqueSecoBiosphereReserveSumaco Ecuador JaimeShiguango CocoaRoundTable

FelipeRosero NaranjillaRoundTablePabloArechúa SumacoNationalPark

Noosa* Australia TimVercoe NoosaBiosphereEducation,Research,andDevelopment

NorthDevon* England AndrewBell UNESCOWorldBiosphereReserveCoordinator

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*Attachments

SomeBRsalsosentfurtherbackgroundinformationoncurrentprojects:

Sumaco:TraditionalAgroforestryandClimateChangeAdaptationNoosaBiosphereReserveClimateActionPlan2011:DraftNCAPEBAGuidance:PrinciplestoPractice2012:WorkingDocumentNorthernDevonNatureImprovementAreaReport2015:NorthDevonNIAReportResultsBelow are the results of the five surveys organized by theme and sub-theme,correlatingtosurveyquestions.TheyarenotinclusiveofeveryresponsebutinsteadhighlightthemaintrendsfoundthroughoutandconcernsexpressedbythevariousBRs.

a.Awareness

i.OrganizationalCommunication.AlthoughallBRs showedrecognitionofclimate change and resulting impacts to varying degrees, only BRs in developedcountries (Australia and England) had an organized framework for discussingimpacts. There was no organized discussion seen in surveys from developingcountries (Ecuador and Chile). Bosque Seco was in the process of forming amanagement round table and mentioned environmental, social, and economicimpacts.Sumacohadvirtuallynodiscussionofclimatechangeadaptationwiththeexceptionof a cocoa round table.Agricultural impactwas theonly concern listed,suggesting this was the main management concern. However, Sumaco alsoemployedatraditionalagroforestrysystem,theChakrasystem,andsaidsustainablemanagementofcocoawasverysocially,economically,andecologicallyimportant.

• 2/5BRshavehadastructureddiscussionofclimatechangeimpactsNorthDevon,Noosa

• 3/5BRshavehadageneraldiscussionofclimatechangeimpacts BosqueSeco,Sumaco,LagunadelLaja

ii. Population Understanding. There was a wide spectrum of populationawareness to climate change impacts across BRs. BR populations in developedcountries had a basic understanding and knowledge of climate change impacts.Howeverthisunderstandingwasnotdevelopedtothedegreeofknowingscientificorpolicydiscourse, suchasdifferentiatingadaptation frommitigation.LagunadelLajaandBosqueSecopopulationsweresaid to feel the impactsof climatechangewithoutunderstanding itassuch.HowevertheSumacopopulationwasthoughtto

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becompletelyunawareofit.NoosawastheonlyBRthatmentionedclimatedeniersbutwasalsotheonlyBRthatmentionedoutreachevents.

• 2/5BRpopulationsarewellawareofclimatechangeimpactsNorthDevon,Noosa

• 1/5BRpopulationsarecompletelyunawareofclimatechangeimpactsSumaco

iii. IUCNPrinciplesandAdaptationApproaches.MostsurveysansweredthatmostifnotallprincipleswouldapplytotheirBR,howevertheprincipleswerenot favored equally nor were they all practiced. Aside from Noosa, no BRdifferentiatedthevariousadaptationapproachesintheirBRmanagement.

• 5/5BRsawareofIUCNEBAprinciplessaidsome,ifnotall,wouldapply• Principle6wasleastcited.Principles1,2,5,7weremostcited• 2/5BRswerecompletelyunawareofdifferentadaptationapproachesSumaco,BosqueSeco

• 2/5BRsonlyusetheEBAapproachLagunadelLaja,NorthDevon

• 1/5BRsuseacombinationofadaptationapproachesNoosa

b.RecognizedImpacts

All BRs stated that there were impacts in addition to those discussed at theorganizationallevel.Noosaspecifiedthatimpactswerelargeandvariable.Changeinthe hydrological cycle was the most cited impact, including rainfall patterns,flooding, and drought. Secondary effects from changes to thewater cycle such asimpacts to agriculture and livestock capacity were also listed. Environmentalimpacts fromclimate change suchashabitat fragmentationand change in speciescomposition/rangewerecited inaddition tosocialandeconomic impacts, suchaspopulation health.Tourism, agriculture, and food securitywere the biggest directeconomic impacts listed, particularly in developing countries. Sumaco also citeddisaster riskwithout earlywarning as an impact. Finally, though bothNoosa andBosqueSeco recognizedmany climate change impacts, bothBRSalso reported anincompleteunderstandingofallimpactsduetoalackofmonitoringandassessment.

• 4/5BRscitedchangestowaterresourcesasaclimateimpactBosqueSeco,Sumaco,LagunadelLaja,NorthDevon

• 2/5BRscitedchangestoagricultureasaclimateimpactSumaco,BosqueSeco

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• 2/5BRscitedalackofsufficientavailabledatatoanswerinentiretyNoosa,BosqueSeco

c.RisksandAffectedZones

All BRs cited complexity or range in the risks associated with climate change.BosqueSecoandSumacobothcited transitionandbufferzonesasmostat risk toimpacts to climate change, though the two BRs are composed of very differentecosystems;dryversustropicalforests.

• 2/5BRssaidtransitionandbufferzonesmostatriskBosqueSeco,Sumaco

• 2/5BRssaidallzonesaffectedLagunadelLaja,NorthDevon

d.InternalandExternalInitiatives

Climate change initiatives were varied in scale, scope, and timeline. Bosque Secocitedmultiple small-scaleprojectsbut itwasnotclearwhatstageofdevelopmenttheywerein.Someexamplesofspecificprojecttargetswerewaterstorage,disasterriskreduction,biologicalcorridors,wastemanagement,andrecycling.NorthDevonhad the largest project network, with many different partner organizations (30+organizations,3governmentdepartments,and3localauthorities).

• 1/5BRscurrentlyhavenoclimatechangeimpactsinitiativeSumaco

• 1/5BRshaveaClimateActionPlan(CAP)Noosa

o EBAwasnotexplicitlymentionedintheCAP,however;emphasiswasplacedontheimportanceofcommunity-basedadaptationandecologicalservices

• 4/5BRshaveaninternalinitiativeatsomestageBosqueSeco,LagunadelLaja,NorthDevon,Noosa

• 3/5BRscitedanexternalinitiativeNoosa,BosqueSeco,LagunadelLaja

o NoosahadseveralDRRstrategiesimplementedbytheNoosaCouncil.o LagunadelLajawasdevelopingawaterstorageprojectintheBT

undertheMinistryofPublicConstructionthataimedtoensureirrigationinagriculturalarea

o NorthDevonhadmanyprojectswithpublicandprivatepartners

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e.SupportandResources

The level of support and resources needed varied widely among all BRs. NorthDevon claimed £100 million and community advocacy was needed for acomprehensive adaptation plan. Noosa cited institutional arrangements as themajor constraint; including interest groups, sectoral bias, private property rights,and financial incentives. Laguna del Laja was unsure if an adaptation plan wasneeded at this time, but asked for more information. Both BRs in Ecuador citedlimitedhumancapacityasthebiggestchallengetoadaptation.Specifically,Sumaco’slimited human capacity included a lack of information, technical capacity, andfunding,butcitedorganizationalcapacityasmostimportant,specificallyatthelevelof community leaders. Bosque Seco listed the following areas of limited capacity:Technical (staff with expertise), Technological (generating information forplanning),Logistical(workandtransportationfacilities),Economic,andLegal.

AllBRsagreed to theproposalofbeingpartofpilotproject tovaryingdegreesasthis would help better integrate EbA in their work and enhance knowledge andawarenessamongthepopulationslivingwithintheBRs.LagunadelLajaandNorthDevon listed environmental priorities; Sumaco andBosque Seco emphasized datacollection,tools,andcapacitybuildingasprojectpriorities.

• 4/5BRscitedgovernmentcollaborationBosqueSeco,Noosa,LagunadelLaja,NorthDevon

o NorthDevonprovidedgovernmentwithdata• 3/5BRscitedgovernmentsupportBosqueSeco,Noosa,LagunadelLaja

o Noosareceivedgovernmentsupportthroughfunding

ConclusionsandActionRecommendations

TheaimofthisstudywastoassessthelevelofawarenessofEBAasatooltobuildresilientBRsandreducetheimpactsofclimatechange.Thoughtherewasrelativelylittle implementation of EBA and awarenesswas generally low, all BRs expressedinterest in further information and help in developing adaptation strategies andinitiatives. For example, Sumaco said the indigenous Kichwa population hasexpressed the need and want for information and knowledge related to climatechange adaptation. Furthermore, the BRs that were aware of the IUCN EBAprinciplessaidthattheyserveasausefultoolinguidingplans.

The policy recommendations for different BRs vary considerably as they havedifferent capacities, populations, and ecosystems. However, the first step inincreasing climate change adaptation in BRs, specifically EBA, is increasing

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awareness and circulating information, especially to those BRs thatmay havelimitedaccesstosuchmaterials.

In addition to circulating information and increasing awareness among bothpopulations and decision-makers, vulnerability assessments are a necessarystartingpointforanyBRinordertobetterunderstandthecase-specificneed.Afteraninitialvulnerabilityassessmentiscompletedandpolicyistailoredtowardsthoseneeds, including regular monitoring and reporting. It is important that andadaptation plans and policies be data-driven and science-informed, includinglocal and traditional ecological knowledge. In order to facilitate change anduncertainty, policies should also aim to employ flexible and adaptivemanagement.

FundingisneededinallBRs,butthosewithmultiplepartnersacrosssectorshadthemost diversity of funds and projects. This can become difficult and requiresincreased institutional organization and communication. In developingcountries,however,humancapitalistheelementthatismostlackingandneeded.Inordertobuildcapacityintheseareas,technicalstaffwithexpertiseandon-groundsupportisneededtoimplementthesestrategies.Multi-stakeholdercollaborationand participation in the decision-making process have also been recognizedthroughout this study. Sumaco, though limited in technical expertise andorganization,hasacocoaroundtablethatiscomprisedofover70%Kichwasothelocalandindigenouspopulationisamajorpartofthedecision-makingprocess.Thiscommunity-led approach is increasingly important in creating sustainable andequitablepolicies.

ManyoftheabovefindingsandcomponentsofgoodpolicycanbefoundhighlightedintheIUCNEBAprinciples.TheseprinciplesserveasaguidingframeworkforBRstocreatemanagementplansfrom.UpuntilnowtheyhavenotbeenwidelyreceivedorrecognizedhoweverIUCNandotherorganizationscanplayanimportantroleincapacity-building in this way, and help to catalyze action across geographic andsectoralscales.

Acknowledgements

This working document is in preparation for an IUCN-CEM report addressingecosystem-basedadaptationtoclimatechangeinbiospherereserves.Includedisananalysis of a scoping study on the awareness of the impacts of climate change aswellasEBAinfivebiospherereserves:Noosa,Australia;Sumaco,Ecuador;BosqueSeco,Ecuador;LagunadelLaja,Chile;andNorthDevon,England.Wewouldliketothanks all the participants as well as the CEM for their support. The study wasapprovedbyBrockUniversityResearchEthicsBoard.

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References

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PachauriRK,MeyerLA(2014)FifthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.IPCCGeneva,Switzerland

MunroeR,RoeD,DoswaldN,SpencerT,MollerI,ViraB,ReidH,KontoleonA,GiulianiA,CastelliI,StephensJ(2012)Reviewoftheevidencebaseforecosystem-basedapproachesforadaptationtoclimatechange.EnvironmentalEvidence1:13

UNESCO-MABBiosphereReservesDirectory.TheMABProgram.Retrievedfrom:http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/database.asp.Dateaccessed:August2016.

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Annex1.

SurveyQuestions1.HasyourBiosphereReservediscussedinthepasttheimpactsofclimatechange?Ifso,whataretheresourcesoreconomicactivitiesthatmightbethemostaffectedbyclimatechange?2.Doyoubelievethattheremightbeotherimpactsofclimatechangeinyourreservethatmayhaveyettobediscussed?3.Whatadditionalriskscomingfromclimatechangedoyoubelievecanaffectyourreserve?Canyouspecifyifthiswouldbeintheconservationcoreorintheotherzones?4.Foranyofthesepotentialorcurrentimpactsduetoclimatechange,haveyouinitiatedanyactionsordevelopstrategies?Fortheconservationcore?Fortheotherzones?Wasavulnerabilityassessmentcompletedforyourreserve?5.Foranyofthesepotentialorcurrentimpactsduetoclimatechange,haveyouknowifothergroupshavestartedtoinitiateanyactionsordevelopstrategies?Fortheconservationcore?Fortheotherzones?(Unlesspubliclyknown,pleaseonlymentionthegeneralgroupssuchasprotectionagencyorbusinesses,nonameplease).6.Fortheactionsorinitiatives,doyouhavesupportofyournationalgovernment?Havetheyprovidedresourcessuchasfundsordata?7.Doyoubelievethatthepopulationlivinginyourbiospherereserveiswellawareofclimatechangeandtheimpacts?Fortheconservationcoreortheotherzones?Doyoubelievethatpeopleingeneralknowwhatisadaptationtoclimatechange?8.Haveyoubeendiscussingthepossibilityofadaptationorhaveyoualreadydevelopedanadaptationstrategicplanforyourbiospherereserve?9.Thereareseveraltypesofadaptationapproachesincludingcommunity-based,engineering-based,andecosystem-basedadaptation?Areyouawareofthesevariousapproaches?Consideringthecurrentactionsthatyouhavebeendoing(ifany),whichontheseapproacheswouldbettermatchwhatyouhavebeendoing?

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10.Theprinciplesofecosystem-basedadaptationdevelopedbyIUCNwereprovidedtoyou(refertothefilecalledEcosystemBasedApproachestoAdaptation.pdf;youmayalsowanttoconsulthttp://EBAflagship.org/).Canyoutelliftheseprincipleswouldapplytoyouandwhichones?Doyoubelievethatsomeofthemarealreadybeingworkedon?11.Ifyouweretoimplementecosystem-basedadaptationforyourreserve,doyouthinkyouwouldhavetheresources(monetary,human,tools),theknowledgeandskills?Explainwhatwouldbeyourneedsandwhatcapacityalreadyexistsinyourreserveforthisapproach.12.Wouldyoubeinterestedtobeasiteforapilotprojectonecosystem-basedadaptationatthebiospherereserve?Ifso,whatwouldbethethreemainprioritiesthatyoubelievewouldbethefocus?