Eastern Mediterranean Societies: Monotheism, Trade, and Writing SSWH1: The student will analyze the...
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Eastern Mediterranean Societies: Monotheism, Trade, and Writing SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies
Eastern Mediterranean Societies: Monotheism, Trade, and Writing
SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and
interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern
Mediterranean from 3500 BC to 500 BCE.
Slide 2
Monotheism SSWH1 c: Explain the development of monotheism,
include the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews, and
Zoroastrianism.
Slide 3
The Development of Monotheism The oldest monotheistic religion
was created by the Hebrew people. Its foundation lies in the
original covenant made between Abraham and God, ~1900 BCE Abrahams
Sons Ishmael by Hagar would be the ancestor of the Arab people
Isaac by Sarah would be the ancestor of the Israelites (Jews) and
eventually Christians
Slide 4
The Development of Monotheism
Slide 5
Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers
(jealousy) His gift in dream interpretation made pharaoh give him
position of vizier He was in a position to bring his whole family
to Egypt during the famine. Israelites stay in Egypt for 400
years
Slide 6
The Development of Monotheism The second and chief covenant of
Judaism was made when Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt. God
gave Moses the 10 Commandants and other rules to live by (contained
in the Torah) marking the beginning of Judaism as a structured
monotheistic religion. Dates are unknown anywhere from 1600- 1200
BCE.
Slide 7
Hebrew Monotheism Main Beliefs of Judaism There is one God,
Yahweh created and ruled the world. determined right and wrong
(what is sin) expected people to deal justly with each other and
accept moral responsibility for their actions. Role of Humanity:
All people were Yahwehs servants, not just a certain tribe or
nation.
Slide 8
Hebrew Monotheism 3 important aspects of the Hebrew religion
Covenant was the agreement between God and his people. Law of God
stated in the 10 Commandments Holy messengers called prophets were
sent by God. Unjust actions brings punishment New element concern
for all humanity hope that someday all people would follow the law
of the God of Israel in a time of peace.
Slide 9
Hebrew Monotheism The religion of Israel was unique among the
religions of western Asia and Egypt. Its most distinctive feature
was its monotheism. Ideas of Judaism were written down would not
accept the gods/goddesses of neighbors.
Slide 10
Hebrew Monotheism Main Beliefs of Judaism Afterlife: Primary
focus of Judaism is here and now, not afterlife. Called Olam Ha-Ba
(The World to Come) They believe in an afterlife but there is no
official dogma. Open to personal opinion. Paradise, temporary
punishment to purge soul, reincarnation, resurrection Role of
Humanity: All people were Yahwehs servants, not just a certain
tribe or nation.
Slide 11
Hebrew Monotheism Main Beliefs of Judaism Role of Humanity:
Created to be companions for God. All people were Yahwehs servants
and companions Jews are chosen people in that they live their lives
fully in accordance with Gods will as an example to others Books of
Judaism: Torah (Old Testament), particularly the Pentateuch Talmud
rabbinic teachings
Slide 12
Persia Persia is the name used to describe the people who moved
into the Iran area of the Assyrian Empire as it was in decline. It
rose in influence under great leaders like Cyrus the Great and
Darius the Great and created a great empire as it conquered
territories in the region. Would come to interact with the Greeks
later on.
Slide 13
Persian Monotheism Zoroastrianism Beginning uncertain, possibly
as early as 1200 BCE. Existing frameworks were formalized through
the work of prophet Zoroaster. Was dominant religion in Persia
until the Muslims came through in 700s CE. Zoroastrian refugees
from Persia brought the religion into India, where most of the
modern practioners live today.
Slide 14
Zoroastrianism Main Beliefs of Zoroastrianism One Supreme and
Universal God, called Ahuramazda, who created the world Duality of
Existence: good versus evil (morally and cosmically) Ongoing battle
between good (Ahuramazda) and evil (Ahriman). Good will win with
rewards, evil will lose and suffer punishment. Ethics of Good
Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds Sacredness of creation
ecological concern
Slide 15
Zoroastrianism Main Beliefs of Zoroastrianism Afterlife: soul
remains near body 3 days then goes to 1 st judgment, which gives
temporary residence in heaven or hell. Last Judgment comes at end
of time when Ahuramazda judges for permanent place. Role of
Humanity: to stay away from evil and enhance the good amongst us
through religious practice and following teachings of Zoroaster.
Holy book: Zend Avesta, the teachings of Zoroaster
Slide 16
Trading Networks SSWH1 d. Identify early trading networks and
writing systems existent in the Eastern Mediterranean, including
those of the Phoenicians.
Slide 17
Trade Network Mesopotamian trade: Foot (local) Donkey (most
common, long distance) Gulf boat (from southern Mesopotamia to
Gulf) Raft (local river trade) Coracle (up & down river) River
boat (down river trade; had to be towed back) cart Egyptians traded
primarily by way of the Nile River, but also using some overland
trade along the Mediterranean coast.
Slide 18
Slide 19
Trade Networks Egyptian trade: cheapest and fastest way was by
ship (river, canal, and sea coast) departure and return journeys
dictated by seasons due to sails Overland caravan possible using
horse and oxen Trade went north and east through Sinai into
Mesopotamia.
Slide 20
Trade Networks Other civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and
their trade contributions: Aramaeans Nomadic people who eventually
settled along trade routes in Mesopotamia. Largest center was
Damascus, Syria Came to dominate overland trade between Egypt and
Mesopotamia their language, Aramaic, became widespread
Slide 21
Slide 22
Trade Networks Phoenicians They settled in Canaan (modern day
Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan) They began to sail the seas because
they did not have good farmland for crops Could plot voyages using
the sun and stars. reached southern Spain, Western Africa and maybe
even the British Isles. Controlled Mediterranean shipping and
trade. Created an alphabetic writing system and introduced bills of
sale (receipts) and contracts.
Slide 23
Slide 24
Trade Routes Lydians Introduced a money system so that the
barter system (trading goods for goods) was no longer needed.
Slide 25
Writing Systems SSWH1 e. Explain the development and importance
of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician
alphabet.
Slide 26
Cuneiform dates to 3100 BC and was developed by the Sumerians
wedge-shaped markings on clay tablets Over # symbols Pictograms
that eventually developed into symbols representing complex ideas.
scribes studied at schools called Eddubas. Scribes rose to high
position in society produced business records, listed historical
dates and some literary works were written.
Slide 27
Cuneiform Uses of Cuneiform originally developed to keep
accounts and trade documents. business records listed historical
dates some literary works most famous literary work in cuneiform
was Epic of Gilgamesh Oldest story in the world: 1850 BC It is
based on an actual king in the city-state of Uruk.
Slide 28
Slide 29
Hieroglyphics Egypts earliest writing system picture symbols
into slate. Over 2000 symbols at its height The picture symbols
stood for objects, ideas and sounds Also had a class of scribes to
record things No modern man understood hieroglyphics until AD 1799.
Jean-Franois Champollion deciphered the hieroglyphics using the
Greek on the Rosetta Stone.
Slide 30
Hieroglyphics Uses of Hieroglphics Original hieroglyphics was
used for sacred writing, inscribing monuments and recording
religious texts and rituals. hieratic script was a cursive script
used for sacred writing on papyrus Demotic text used for
administrative, legal and commercial texts Best Known Example of
Literature : The Book of the Dead It contained more than 200
prayers and magic formulas.
Slide 31
Hieroglypics Horizontal Vertical
Slide 32
Hieratic Script
Slide 33
Demotic Egyptian
Slide 34
Phoenician Alphabet a series of symbols that represent sounds
It was developed around 1000 BC It had 22 characters and each
represented a consonant sound the reader mentally supplied the
vowels in the proper places It later became the foundation of
several alphabets including Greek, which in turn became the basis
of all western alphabets including ours. Because the alphabet was
easy to learn the merchants no longer needed scribes to keep
records.