Eastern EmpiresEastern Empires

By Chris AndersonBy Chris Anderson

Randolph-Henry High SchoolRandolph-Henry High School

Muslim EmpiresMuslim Empires

Three powerful Muslim Empires emerged Three powerful Muslim Empires emerged in the world between 1400 & 1800in the world between 1400 & 1800– 1.) Ottoman Empire—Eastern Europe1.) Ottoman Empire—Eastern Europe– 2.) Persian Empire—Central Asia2.) Persian Empire—Central Asia– 3.) Mogul Empire—India 3.) Mogul Empire—India

These Muslim Empires used their strong These Muslim Empires used their strong militaries to acquire lots of landmilitaries to acquire lots of landThis conquest of land also led to their This conquest of land also led to their spreading of the Muslim faithspreading of the Muslim faith

1.) Ottoman Empire1.) Ottoman Empire

Late 13Late 13thth century (1200s), the Ottoman Turks century (1200s), the Ottoman Turks settle in Asia Minor (Turkey)settle in Asia Minor (Turkey)The Ottomans quickly took over the Byzantine The Ottomans quickly took over the Byzantine EmpireEmpireThe Ottomans turned Constantinople into the The Ottomans turned Constantinople into the Ottoman capital in 1453Ottoman capital in 1453By the 16By the 16thth Century (1500s) the Ottomans had Century (1500s) the Ottomans had taken over the taken over the BalkanBalkan PeninsulaPeninsula—Greece—and —Greece—and parts of Eastern Europeparts of Eastern EuropeThey then took over parts of the Middle East, They then took over parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and RussiaNorth Africa, and Russia

The Ottomans had a very powerful navyThe Ottomans had a very powerful navy

The navy was used to protect their The navy was used to protect their Mediterranean tradeMediterranean trade

Philip II of Spain did not want the Philip II of Spain did not want the Ottomans or Islam in EuropeOttomans or Islam in Europe

15711571: Philip II attacked the Ottomans and : Philip II attacked the Ottomans and defeated them at the defeated them at the Battle of LepantoBattle of Lepanto

Navies at the Battle of Lepanto

Suleiman I (1520-1566)Suleiman I (1520-1566) was one of the was one of the most powerful Ottoman leadersmost powerful Ottoman leadersHe made the military even strongerHe made the military even strongerSuleiman was:Suleiman was:– A military commanderA military commander– A skillful administratorA skillful administrator– A patron of the artsA patron of the arts– Sultan—religious leaderSultan—religious leader

He was given the nickname of He was given the nickname of “lawgiver”“lawgiver” because he reorganized Ottoman lawbecause he reorganized Ottoman lawSuleiman had absolute power in his Suleiman had absolute power in his empireempire

Suleiman I as a young man

The Ottoman Empire was very large and The Ottoman Empire was very large and included many different peoples and included many different peoples and religionsreligions

The Empire was divided into different The Empire was divided into different classes of people:classes of people:– 1.) Ruling class—Sultan and his family1.) Ruling class—Sultan and his family– 2.) Nobility—these people administered the 2.) Nobility—these people administered the

agricultural estatesagricultural estates– 3.) peasants—largest and lowest class; they 3.) peasants—largest and lowest class; they

worked on the estatesworked on the estates

Map of the Ottoman Empire

To deal with the different cultures in the To deal with the different cultures in the empire, the Ottomans came up with empire, the Ottomans came up with special lawsspecial laws– Non-Muslims could worship if they paid a tax Non-Muslims could worship if they paid a tax

to the governmentto the government– Different religious communities could choose Different religious communities could choose

their own local leaderstheir own local leaders

The Ottomans then changed the The Ottomans then changed the Christianity city of Constantinople into the Christianity city of Constantinople into the Muslim city of Muslim city of IstanbulIstanbul

The Ottoman Empire did not last foreverThe Ottoman Empire did not last forever

16001600: the Empire reached its peak, then : the Empire reached its peak, then began to declinebegan to decline

The Ottomans were surrounded by The Ottomans were surrounded by enemies—Persians and Europeansenemies—Persians and Europeans

16831683: The Polish King, : The Polish King, Jan II SobjeskiJan II Sobjeski, , led forces against the Ottomans, defeating led forces against the Ottomans, defeating the Ottomans at Viennathe Ottomans at Vienna– This defeat proved the Ottoman Empire was This defeat proved the Ottoman Empire was

weakeningweakening

1800s1800s: The Ottomans tried to bring Western : The Ottomans tried to bring Western ideas into the empireideas into the empire

They also attempted to reform the economy and They also attempted to reform the economy and social problems in the empiresocial problems in the empire– They passed the They passed the Hatt-I Humayun DecreeHatt-I Humayun Decree– This law allowed people from all cultures and religions This law allowed people from all cultures and religions

to hold public officeto hold public office

The government tired to make tax reforms and The government tired to make tax reforms and military reformsmilitary reforms

Parts of the empire began to slowly break awayParts of the empire began to slowly break away

The empire will hold on until after World War I The empire will hold on until after World War I (1918)(1918)

2.) Safavid Persia2.) Safavid Persia

The Persian Empire was east of the The Persian Empire was east of the Ottoman empireOttoman empire

The Safavid Persians were The Safavid Persians were Shiite Shiite MuslimsMuslims

The Safavid Persians settled in modern The Safavid Persians settled in modern day Iranday Iran

The Shiite Muslims were enemies of the The Shiite Muslims were enemies of the Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks

The leader of the Shiite Muslims was The leader of the Shiite Muslims was IsmailIsmail

Ismail unified the people of IranIsmail unified the people of Iran

He also created a new dynasty called the He also created a new dynasty called the Safavid DynastySafavid Dynasty

Ismail and later Safavid Emperors forced Ismail and later Safavid Emperors forced their people to accept the Shiite form of their people to accept the Shiite form of IslamIslam

This belief in Shiite Islam separated the This belief in Shiite Islam separated the Persians for the rest of the Muslim peoplesPersians for the rest of the Muslim peoples

15871587: : Shah Abbas (1587-1629) Shah Abbas (1587-1629) took the took the throne in Persiathrone in Persia

Abbas used his strong army to take land Abbas used his strong army to take land away from the Ottomansaway from the Ottomans

He also made alliances with England He also made alliances with England against the Ottomans against the Ottomans

Shah Abbas made his capital at Shah Abbas made his capital at IsfahanIsfahan– Isfahan was one of the most impressive cities Isfahan was one of the most impressive cities

in the Muslim worldin the Muslim world– The The Royal Mosque—known for its large Royal Mosque—known for its large

blue dome—blue dome—was built in the citywas built in the city

Shah Abbas

Royal Mosque

Shah Abbas helped spread the Muslim Shah Abbas helped spread the Muslim faith and culture, the Persian language, faith and culture, the Persian language, and trade throughout the worldand trade throughout the world

16291629: Shah Abbas died: Shah Abbas died

The leaders after Abbas were weak, The leaders after Abbas were weak, causing the empire to declinecausing the empire to decline

17361736: : Nader ShahNader Shah came to power came to power– He wanted to help Persian regained its powerHe wanted to help Persian regained its power– In 1747, Nader Shah was assassinatedIn 1747, Nader Shah was assassinated– After his murder, the Persian empire began to After his murder, the Persian empire began to

break apartbreak apart

Nader Shah

3.) Mogul Empire3.) Mogul Empire

The Mogul empire traces its roots back to the The Mogul empire traces its roots back to the 1100s1100s1100s1100s: Muslim invaders conquered Northern : Muslim invaders conquered Northern IndiaIndia12061206: these Muslims created a kingdom in : these Muslims created a kingdom in Northern IndiaNorthern India– The kingdom was centered around the city of The kingdom was centered around the city of DelhiDelhi

The Muslim rulers were very cruel to the native The Muslim rulers were very cruel to the native Indian HindusIndian Hindus– Hindus were force to pay heavy taxesHindus were force to pay heavy taxes– Hindu temples were destroyedHindu temples were destroyed

In the 14In the 14thth century (1300s) a Muslim man century (1300s) a Muslim man took over most of Central India (Asia)—took over most of Central India (Asia)—TamerlaneTamerlane– Tamerlane claimed to be descendant of Tamerlane claimed to be descendant of

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

Tamerlane made the city of Tamerlane made the city of SamarkandSamarkand his capitalhis capitalTamerlane was ruthless and cruelTamerlane was ruthless and cruel13981398: his forces attacked Delhi, : his forces attacked Delhi, destroying the citydestroying the cityAfter his death, his empire fell apartAfter his death, his empire fell apart

Tamerlane

1616thth Century (1500s) Muslims again Century (1500s) Muslims again attacked northern Indiaattacked northern India

These Muslims were led by These Muslims were led by BaburBabur—a —a descendant of Tamerlanedescendant of Tamerlane

15261526: : Battle of PanipatBattle of Panipat—Babur took —Babur took over the city of Delhiover the city of Delhi

Babur then created the Babur then created the Mogul DynastyMogul Dynasty——a dynasty that lasted 300 years in Indiaa dynasty that lasted 300 years in India

Babur

AkbarAkbar took the throne when his took the throne when his grandfather, Babur, diedgrandfather, Babur, died

Akbar brought peace and order to northern Akbar brought peace and order to northern IndiaIndia

He allowed religious tolerance—free He allowed religious tolerance—free worship for al religionsworship for al religions

He invited religious scholars from many He invited religious scholars from many different religions to his court to educate different religions to his court to educate himhim

Akbar allowed the arts to flourish in IndiaAkbar allowed the arts to flourish in India

Akbar

Shah JahanShah Jahan was the Mogul ruler who built was the Mogul ruler who built the the Taj MahalTaj Mahal

1717thth Century (1600s)—the Mogul dynasty Century (1600s)—the Mogul dynasty began to weakenbegan to weakenA new religion was spreading in India—A new religion was spreading in India—SikhismSikhism– Blend of Hinduism and IslamBlend of Hinduism and Islam

Later Mogul rulers did not tolerate this new Later Mogul rulers did not tolerate this new religionreligionShah AurangzebShah Aurangzeb began to attack the began to attack the Hindu peopleHindu peopleThe Hindus revoltedThe Hindus revolted18581858: The Moguls completely lost power: The Moguls completely lost power

Chinese Chinese DynastiesDynasties

Ming DynastyMing Dynasty

Qing DynastyQing Dynasty

13681368: the Yuan Dynasty ended in China: the Yuan Dynasty ended in China Two new dynasties will eventually take Two new dynasties will eventually take

control of China—control of China—MingMing and and QingQing Both dynasties will have strong central Both dynasties will have strong central

governments, improved agricultural governments, improved agricultural advances, initiate public works projectsadvances, initiate public works projects

China’s population began to increase China’s population began to increase under both dynasties as trade and food under both dynasties as trade and food production increasedproduction increased

The later emperors will begin to isolate The later emperors will begin to isolate themselves—leading to corruption in themselves—leading to corruption in ChinaChina

Ming DynastyMing Dynasty 13681368: the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by : the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by

a military officer named a military officer named Zhu YuanzhangZhu Yuanzhang Yuanzhang lead a rebellion to overthrow Yuanzhang lead a rebellion to overthrow

the Yuan Dynastythe Yuan Dynasty Yuanzhang was born into a poor peasant Yuanzhang was born into a poor peasant

familyfamily Before entering the military, he was a Before entering the military, he was a

Buddhist monkBuddhist monk After his victory over the Yuan, he made After his victory over the Yuan, he made

himself emperor of China—himself emperor of China—thethe 11stst time time that a peasant had risen to power in that a peasant had risen to power in ChinaChina

After becoming emperor, Yuanzhang After becoming emperor, Yuanzhang changed his name to changed his name to Hong WuHong Wu

He then made his capital at He then made his capital at NanjingNanjing Hong Wu named his dynasty the Hong Wu named his dynasty the

Ming Dynasty, meaning “Brilliant Ming Dynasty, meaning “Brilliant Dynasty”Dynasty”

The Ming Dynasty would rule over The Ming Dynasty would rule over China for 300 yearsChina for 300 years

Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Hong Wu)

The Ming Dynasty brought peace, The Ming Dynasty brought peace, prosperity, and stability to Chinaprosperity, and stability to China

The Ming Emperors improved tax The Ming Emperors improved tax codes, laws, and reformed the codes, laws, and reformed the governmentgovernment

The new laws were harshThe new laws were harsh ConfucianismConfucianism became the empire’s became the empire’s

official doctrineofficial doctrine Most government positions were civil Most government positions were civil

service positions—people had to pass service positions—people had to pass tests to get the jobstests to get the jobs

The Ming enforced peace in the empireThe Ming enforced peace in the empire China’s economy grew under this peaceChina’s economy grew under this peace Northern China had been destroyed by Northern China had been destroyed by

invading barbariansinvading barbarians To get people to move into Northern To get people to move into Northern

China to protect the region and to China to protect the region and to rebuild the region, the Ming government rebuild the region, the Ming government offered people offered people free land, tools, free land, tools, animals, and seedanimals, and seed Thousands of Chinese took the deal and Thousands of Chinese took the deal and

moved to Northern China, making the region moved to Northern China, making the region very productivevery productive

With more people farming, artisans With more people farming, artisans could concentrate on creating their fine could concentrate on creating their fine works:works: Silk clothSilk cloth TeaTea PorcelainPorcelain Cotton clothCotton cloth

The artisan’s crafts could be traded for The artisan’s crafts could be traded for food or other goodsfood or other goods

This trade made the merchants and This trade made the merchants and artisans very wealthyartisans very wealthy

As the people gained wealth, they As the people gained wealth, they demanded more entertainment and demanded more entertainment and educationeducation

The Ming spent lots of money on The Ming spent lots of money on constructing a navyconstructing a navy

The navy would sail to different ports and The navy would sail to different ports and collect tribute (taxes) from the different collect tribute (taxes) from the different places in the empireplaces in the empire

1405-14331405-1433: the emperor : the emperor Yong LeYong Le sent out 7 sent out 7 sea expeditionssea expeditions These expeditions were designed to show off These expeditions were designed to show off

China’s naval powerChina’s naval power The expeditions were led by The expeditions were led by Zheng HeZheng He Zheng He sailed to India, Persian Gulf, and parts Zheng He sailed to India, Persian Gulf, and parts

of Africaof Africa The voyages proved to be very costly and The voyages proved to be very costly and

were abandoned in the late 1400s.were abandoned in the late 1400s.

Yong Le Zheng He

Zheng He’s route

Zheng He’s Ship in relation to a

European ship

Yong Le will move the Chinese capital Yong Le will move the Chinese capital from Nanjing to from Nanjing to BeijingBeijing

Beijing was completely rebuilt from Beijing was completely rebuilt from 1404-14201404-1420

14211421: the Chinese government moved : the Chinese government moved into the city of Beijinginto the city of Beijing

Within Beijing was the personal “city” Within Beijing was the personal “city” of the emperor—the of the emperor—the Forbidden CityForbidden City

To enter the Forbidden City, one would To enter the Forbidden City, one would pass through the Gate of Heavenly pass through the Gate of Heavenly PeacePeace

The emperor and his family lived in the The emperor and his family lived in the Forbidden CityForbidden City

The Forbidden City had 2 main sections:The Forbidden City had 2 main sections: 1.) an area for the emperor’s own personal use1.) an area for the emperor’s own personal use 2.) an area for state occasions2.) an area for state occasions

The main courtyard of the Forbidden City The main courtyard of the Forbidden City could hold 90,000 peoplecould hold 90,000 people

Later Ming emperors isolated themselves in Later Ming emperors isolated themselves in the Forbidden Citythe Forbidden City This isolation allowed the government to become This isolation allowed the government to become

very corruptvery corrupt As the empire began to fall apart, invaders from As the empire began to fall apart, invaders from

Manchuria attacked, eventually taking the Ming Manchuria attacked, eventually taking the Ming EmpireEmpire

Gate of Heavenly Peace

Moat around Forbidden City

View of Forbidden City inside Beijing

Qing DynastyQing Dynasty The The ManchuriansManchurians (Manchus) created a (Manchus) created a

new dynasty in China in 1644new dynasty in China in 1644 They called their new dynasty the Qing They called their new dynasty the Qing

DynastyDynasty The Manchurians were The Manchurians were NOTNOT Chinese Chinese The Qing Emperors expanded China into:The Qing Emperors expanded China into:

ManchuriaManchuria MongoliaMongolia XinjiangXinjiang TibetTibet Taiwan (1683)Taiwan (1683)

The Qing Dynasty lasted nearly 300 yearsThe Qing Dynasty lasted nearly 300 years

The Qing Dynasty held onto Confucian The Qing Dynasty held onto Confucian values, just like the Mingvalues, just like the Ming

The Manchu leaders were The Manchu leaders were outnumbered by their Chinese subjectsoutnumbered by their Chinese subjects

The Manchus tried to adopt a lot of The Manchus tried to adopt a lot of Chinese culture to help them fit in Chinese culture to help them fit in betterbetter

The Manchus gave most of the military The Manchus gave most of the military and government jobs to other Manchusand government jobs to other Manchus

16451645: The Manchu leaders handed : The Manchu leaders handed down an order that all Chinese men down an order that all Chinese men had to shave their heads and wear a had to shave their heads and wear a queuequeue—a long braid—a long braid

Chinese men that refused to wear Chinese men that refused to wear the queue were executedthe queue were executed

The queue was a way to distinguish The queue was a way to distinguish between Chinese subjects and the between Chinese subjects and the ruling Manchus of the Qing Dynastyruling Manchus of the Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty did help out the Chinese The Qing Dynasty did help out the Chinese peoplepeople Taxes were reducedTaxes were reduced Peace was kept, causing the economy to growPeace was kept, causing the economy to grow Food production increased, causing population Food production increased, causing population

to increaseto increase In 1600, China’s population was 150 In 1600, China’s population was 150

millionmillion In 1800, China’s population was 350 In 1800, China’s population was 350

millionmillion Most of China’s population lived in rural Most of China’s population lived in rural

(country) areas(country) areas

Northern and Southern China were Northern and Southern China were also differentalso different North—farmers owned and worked their North—farmers owned and worked their

own landown land South—farmers worked for a landlordSouth—farmers worked for a landlord

With the population increasing, nearly With the population increasing, nearly all arable land was used for farmingall arable land was used for farming

In hilly areas, terrace farming was In hilly areas, terrace farming was usedused

Rice and wheat were grown on most Rice and wheat were grown on most of the farmsof the farms

Some farmers grew cash crops—crops Some farmers grew cash crops—crops raised for trade: cottonraised for trade: cotton

Other farmers raised silk worms and Other farmers raised silk worms and produced silk for extra moneyproduced silk for extra money These silk farmers would grow mulberry These silk farmers would grow mulberry

trees—the only food that silkworms will eattrees—the only food that silkworms will eat Trade within the empire also increased Trade within the empire also increased

under the Qing rulersunder the Qing rulers Many people in Europe began Many people in Europe began

demanding Chinese goods—silk, demanding Chinese goods—silk, porcelain, tea, etc.porcelain, tea, etc.

The 1The 1stst Europeans to arrive in China Europeans to arrive in China came during the Ming Dynastycame during the Ming Dynasty

PortuguesePortuguese traders were the 1 traders were the 1stst Europeans in China in 1514Europeans in China in 1514

The Chinese did not like the The Chinese did not like the Portuguese—called them devils and Portuguese—called them devils and refused to trade with the Portuguese refused to trade with the Portuguese devilsdevils

By 1557, the Portuguese had By 1557, the Portuguese had established a trade colony in Chinaestablished a trade colony in China

As soon as Portugal had established trade As soon as Portugal had established trade with the Chinese, Jesuit missionaries saw with the Chinese, Jesuit missionaries saw an opportunity to Christianize the Chinesean opportunity to Christianize the Chinese

The Chinese were not interested in The Chinese were not interested in ChristianityChristianity

The Chinese were interested in the The Chinese were interested in the scientific ideas brought by the Jesuits—scientific ideas brought by the Jesuits—astronomy, physics, etc.astronomy, physics, etc.

The Qing emperors worried that the The Qing emperors worried that the Jesuits were becoming too involvedJesuits were becoming too involved

The Qing government forced the Jesuits to The Qing government forced the Jesuits to leaveleave

The Jesuits were unable to make China The Jesuits were unable to make China into a Christian nationinto a Christian nation

1700s1700s: the Qing Dynasty began to decline : the Qing Dynasty began to decline because of government corruption and because of government corruption and rebellion against the governmentrebellion against the government

China’s population was steadily growing, China’s population was steadily growing, causing the government to raise taxes to causing the government to raise taxes to support the growing populationsupport the growing population The taxes raised never reached the The taxes raised never reached the

governmentgovernment Tax collectors would keep the $Tax collectors would keep the $ The peasants began to revolt against the The peasants began to revolt against the

government b/c the government did nothing government b/c the government did nothing to stop the corrupt tax collectorsto stop the corrupt tax collectors

18501850: : Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion occurredoccurred The leader of the Taiping rebellion--The leader of the Taiping rebellion--

Hong XiuquanHong Xiuquan--had adopted some --had adopted some Christian values and created his own Christian values and created his own version of Christianityversion of Christianity

Xiuquan tried to create a new dynasty Xiuquan tried to create a new dynasty in China, replacing the Qing Dynastyin China, replacing the Qing Dynasty

The rebellion lasted 14 years and The rebellion lasted 14 years and destroyed much of Southern Chinadestroyed much of Southern China

The government of China was left The government of China was left weakweak

Hong Xiuquan