942.7201M33e1786327

REYNOLDS HISTORICALGENEALOGY COLLECTION

I. '

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

, 3 1833 00727 7392

EAST LANCASHIRE ^nq, 4

NOMENCLATUREA N ! I

ROCHDALE N AM E S

!5Y

H. C. MARCH, M.]).. LoMi

A while 1 stood coJisiderirg

The plaguy Oddness of the thing.— Ti»i F'olbin.

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THE PRINCIPAL ABPiRFAaATIOXS.

^..9.

IX r RoDucro r v.

1 ri

^X ascertaiiiing the imijort of a name, one is

-^j greatly guided by ancient spellings. On the

other hand, they are often decei^tive : for by reason of

the mixing of races tliere \va^ nuich confu-^'on ()f

tongues, and our forefathers, wlio spelt as they chose,

were apt to be deluded by faiiciful analogies and

curious misunderstandings.

The Roman, when he entered Britain, instead of

naming afresh the places he occupied, ivsually took the

Celtic- words he found, and T.atinised tliem after liis

own fasliion ; so that Caer ("iwent, or \\'inchester. for

instance, was changed into W-nta I'elgarum.

Long afterwards this became W'in-ceaster, so called

l)y the Saxons, who, for their ijart. were for less ready to

accei)t the topical nomenclature of a preceding ])eo|)le.

In most cases they imposed on the country names

of their own, and wlien an original aj>pellation was

retained, it was often i^ecause its meaning wa> mis-

conceivf d. Thus the solitary pinnacles of rock which

tlie Celts called Alt Maon, or tall stone, were yclept !'

Old Man ; as the Old Man ot lloy, and the Old Man i

ofConiston.

In Doomsday Book itself, the sj)elling of the places

mentioned is tar from accurate. The Norman surveyor,

who met with sounds to which his ear was unaccus-

tomed and liis tongue untutored, never succeeded in

putting upon parchment the English ///, and nnturall}-

failed altogether in rendering the remarkable |>ecu-

liarities of the Welsh language. Thus for Dudworth, is

given Budewrde ; tor Thornton, which appears twice

in this district, Torentun and Torintone; for Rhuddlan,

Roclent ; and for Llewerlydd, T.averladon.

]^>ven as laie as a.d. 1655, in the "Survey of the Lands

of Chester," recently edited by Colonel L'ishwick, an

attempt to reduce Dunkenhalgh to writing ends in the

unhappy production of Dunghall

A name may have its significance on the surface, as

Eccleston (Churchtown). More often what seems to

be its natural interpretation is a snare. At Bridgewater,

for example, there is water, and there is a bridge ; and

this might appear sufficient, but the word is a corruj)-

tion of Burgh Walter. So, also, in Cornvrall there is a

hill called Brown \\'illy. No doubt, to some persons,

in some lights and at some seasons, this appears of a

brown colour. There hapjiens, however, to be an old

tin-mine within it, and the word is the Celtic Bryn

• uiel, the hill of the wheal or mine.

These instances illuslrntc the rule that when a npuK-'s

intrinsic meaning is lost, and its sound resenib'es that

of a name whose meaning is tamiHar. the two l)e((>nie

fused into one.

Having ol^tained, then, the oldest spellings of :i

name, we must compare it with similar names in

diverse places, in order to see if the assunied meaning

is ap])licable to each case. This procedure is es])eciall)-

iK^edful and useful in dealing with Teutonic sirnames.

Thus fAicas, instead of being derived from the evange-

list, has been shown to be formed irom O.H.d. //>//,

people, and ^i^vrj, Crotii, by briiiging together the Sth.

century (lerman lAiitgoz and Tuikoz, the modern

German Luttkus, and the French Lucas.

At the same time, a joersonal name which seems

to come from a single source, ma) result from tlie

coalescence or assimilation of a numl)er of nances having

different derivations.

Brown, for example, has no doubt arisen in several

ways ; from browfu the coloui- of what is burned^ from

krou a hill, bran a chieftain, bjorn a bear, beorn a hero,

and from brfni the brow, one of the titles of Odiri. So

that what were once half a dozen separate names, each

with a different sound, may come at last to be spelt and

pronounced as one.

It is obvious then, and should be very clearly

understood, that to assert any partictilar etymon is

not thereby to deny the ]K)ssibility of any other.

TI-ic ft)lio\vin^ essay is based upon a paper read to

the Literary and Scientific Society of tins town. 'Hiecontents are to be regarded, not as oracular utterances,

though the need for conciseness has imposed u]jon theni

a dogmatic form, but as giving to the words explainedthe best meaning I am able either to gather or to

suggest.

'I'here are other men in our midst who could far

better perform the task J have attempted ; but then byothers it has not been done. .Meanwhile I make a

ijeginning, and trust to a generous pardon of blunders1 would fiin avoid.

Xot much, indeed, of this essay is original, but the

information' it contains is brought to a focus from a

number of widely-scattered and trusty sources.

'J'his will be convenient to all who take an interest in

the subject, while to an)- who may traverse the state-

ments made, it will be advantageous to hold in a handyf(jrm the errors they are ready to refute.

The personal names referred to, with the exceptionui tliose required for elucidation, are taken only fromthe town; but the topical names are selected both fromour own jjarish and from the jiarishes that lie around

PART ],

1)f:aling u'l'iH Local Names, and thk People

WHO BESTOWED (HEM.

00/

THE FLEMINGS.

a number of Flemish dothmakcv^

settled at Bolton. It is believed that about

the same time a similar settlement was made in Roch-

dale, which was followed by a second immigration, in

ronse(iuence of the persecution of the Duke of Alva,

in T576.

It is doubtless to the Flemings that we owe the

names Dunkirk and Mardyke, at the top of Holland

Street, as well as in Yorkshire Street the Baum or

orchard on nne side, and tht' Acker or field on the

other. Our Voss is a Dutrh personal name, and the

Hollands have dropped the de which once denoted

their )riein.

THY. NORMANS

have made few marks in this lucaHt)-. We ha^e no

castles or abbeys ; neither nests nor rooks. After the

Conquest, doc-uments were drawn in a gi-otcsque

Norman-Latin, and Norman-French was tlie kinL;uaLic

of the Court. The Uinguage of the iJeople could not

remain iminfluenced. Normaii prepositions (•re])t into

common use, as Bolton-le-Moors and Jolm dc Copi^en-

huU, 1329. Radcliffe for a time was called Rugemont

;

and good old Bradshaw, near Pembertoii, passed

through the stages of Beausha and Beawse\- into

tlic modern Bewsey. On the otlier hand, Norman names

themselves were not unaffected : and tlieir fre(iuent

termination vi7/e was apt to corrupt into y/V/^/ and 7:r//,

so that Scardeville has l)ecome Skarheld, and Bc^sscville

Boswell.

That Radcliffe, just mentioned, and formerly s])elt

Radeclive, means red cliff or declivity, is evident from

its proximity to Red f^ane, from its situation in the

district of Redvales, and from the fact that it is close

to a red clifl' on the south side of the Irwell. But the

men who lived t'aere were named after the ]>lace, and

if one of them had settled in a distant ]\ivt his farm

might have come to be known as Ratclifife, without any

local reason for the designation. 'I'he difficulty thus

indicated, of sej)arating topical appellations from per-

sotud, is sometimes insuperable. Many of the holdings

ill this vicinity arc doubtless called after some /onner

occupant, as Wilherts (see p. 106), Passnionds (see p. 88),

and Beigbtons (see p. 87).

THE ANC.LO-SAXONS.

The names of ].)laces show that among th.e Saxons

the dwelling-place—the house and homestead—was

enclosed. In some cases, outside this were small

enclosures for cattle. 'I'he cultivated portions of the

country were fenced in only at seed time, and at tlie

end of harvest reverted to common [pasturage.' A large

surplus of land, not only marshes and forests, hut a

vast extent of good pasture, remained in undivided

lx.)ssession as commons.

Domestic Names.

A.S. ham, is that which is hemmed in, as Hem pshaw

Barn, Topham, and Emecot, now called Ancoats.

A.S. Jicim, sometimes spelt holm, and cognate witli

our "home," signifies first a dwelling, and afterwards a

village. Hamlet, and the old form hamell, are its

diminutives. Familiar instances are Oldham, old spelling

Aldholm, Thornham, and Racedham the ancient name

of Rochdale.

Altham is a corrui3tion ©f Elvetham, Abram of

Aburgham, and Irlam of Irwelham.

A.S. hus, a iiouse ; O.G. hilfen, and* A.S. hydan, to

cove' or protect, the origin of hut: with, further, A.S.

lO

hedeni and /leder, a house, were indiscrimin/itolv used

in old names. The Cel. hitddo is to cover ; nnd liood

is a covering for the head. ^Ve find Dyas (for dye-house)

Meadow, and Duffus (for dove-house). The following

are all names of houses or farm buildings :—Bent

House, Bent Head, Croft House, Croft Head, Moor

House, Moor Head, Scholey Head, Merrell Head,

Fearn Head, Heyhead, Foldhead, Meadow Head,

Micklehead, little vSwineshead, Hensheads, Colthouse,

and Wenshead ; a wennel being a weaned calf Huttock

End, Huttock To)3, Hud Hey, Hud Clougli, and HudLee also come in here. An old spelling, Swaynesheved,

T442, seems to disclose an early confusion of Cel. hafod,

a booth, and A.S. heafod^ a head ; but, of course, heafod

is often applied to rising ground, and this is a meaning

that may easily intermix.

A.S. tun, toil, or lon'u, is an enclosure, from Coth.

tains a twig, and A.S. tynaii to fence. "' Hedging and

tining" used to be a common phrase. A tineman M'as

a hayward or hedger. A.S. gccrstuu is a grass enclosure

or meadow ; kadun is an herb c^arden ; and tini-ccers is

garden cress. '' He sente him into his toicn to feed

swyn" ( WicJdiff'). Town House is an enclosed house.

Town House, Littleborough, was the seat of Michael de

la Ton, in 1222. We have also Townhead, Tonacliffe,

and Tunshill. Barton is a rick yard, protecting the

bear or crop ; Barcroft, a rick meadow ; Barham, the

ri. k villaiic. We hrve also Old Bear Hev.

1 r

]*:iton is a corruption of Elnodcstune, the town ofElnod.

A.S. stiec, a stake, gives our stock or stoke, a stockadedjjkice. Toxtetli was formerly Stocliestede.

A.S. stede, statio, is a fixed place, as in steadfast,

homestead, farmstead, Stid, Stidfold, Newstead, Tun-stead, and Stead Hey, Stacksteads was formerly Stag-stead

;stag sometimes meant an ox. A cognate term

IS A.S. stud, a post; as in Stoodley and Stoodley Pike.

A.S. geard, a yard or -garden, tVom A.S. gird, a rod;is a warded place, surrounded with yerdes or stakes.

The word survives in the "yards" of a ship, [n thes.une way the Roman vallum is from the valll ox stakesof which it was made, and gives origin to the Saxona'call, a wall. Wardle is ward-hill, perhaps meaningfortified. AVe find Hugh de Wordhull in n 80, Nicholasde Werdhyl in 1292, and a plural form. Andrew deWardhulls, in 1302. Wuerdle, the hamlet, is nearerthan Wardle to the original pronunciation, and m.-ty

have been Wardle Lane End. A\\arburton is AVeard-burh-ton, and we have a place called Wardley.

A.S. worth, is a cognate term, and means a fencedfield or farm. Thus we find Ashworth, Rushworth,Duckworth, Hawksworth, and Mouldsworth. Mold is

a mole. Molesworth, however, may be the farm ofthe mill. We have also Eongworth, Broadorth, andRumworth, which is from ruvi, spacious. Waithlandsis lore often written Worthlands.

1 2

A.S. 7wer is a fence, or liedge. The word surxives \n

the weir of a river. '' On Frean waere," in the Lord's

keeping. We ha\e Warley Moor, Warland, W'arcoekle

Hclph, Warlow, Wirhiw, Wareing, and Lower Weir.

A.S. /e/d or field, is a place where trees have been

felled, and A.S. fn/ff, is an enclosure made of fell'd

trees.

Caulfield is a field by a caul or weir. Wakefield is a

field, and Wagfold is a fold b)- the wayside ; .\.S. 7t'vri^.

Pinfold is from A.S. pyiidaji, lo im))0imd. Pingot is

a small croft.

Pennock and Peanock are diminutive form-.

A.S. pearroc, shortened into park, and corrupted into

])addock, is an enclosed ground. " Environed wit'i

]jarks, paddocks, and plantations" {Evelyn). Wc have

a Paddock on the Bury Road, a farm of the name of

!\arrock. and Park Lane.

A.S. haga., a hedge, is found in hey, hay, haw, and

haigh. Heywood is the enclosed wood: Heybrook the

stream that was once hedged over with bushes, ^^'c

have also New Hey, Heyworth, Haighfield, Hage Fold,

Hawcoat, Hay Meadow, Mean Hey, Cow Heys, and

Dullhaghe. Stanedge was formerly spelt Stanheyes and

Stanheges, and means stonefence. Heythorn or Iiaw-

thorn, is quickset, the bush us'ed for making hedges.

In 1329 we read of permission to ])rocure "all

Housebote and Ha\bote for l)uilding, burning or

ench.iing, of greenwood or of old wood, in nil the

(oiiimoii woods of Stancdisch and J>ongetree." A.SI'ot is a vestoring, and Haybotc is wood required formaking and mending fences. It appears from Doomsday!5ook that, probably in order to i^revent the waste oftimber, lieys were forl)idden to be made of great height;excepting the hey for roes, ''haia capreolorum" becauseof their power of leaping. Such perliaps were Doe HeyAVood, Mickle lie)', and Mitchell He)-, or the greatHey. Hayle I take to be Hey Hill.

-V.S. bvtl, Nvith the variations bodel, bottle, bolt, andbold, is that which is built, an abode. " He wende tose there the fayre hall and other bold "

{R. Glouccsin).Xcwbold wns New \-illage in the da\s of John de

Newbolde, Hen. iii. Hootle was written Bodel, Boltonis Bodelton. We still have a I'odelford.

Harbottic is the abode or quarters of the arm)'. Barmeans army and gn^f is a trench, so that Hargreave.sIS the entrenchment of the ami)- ; and I have suggestedsomewhat doubtfully that Leavengreave* is thrabaw.doned dike or fortification. A.S. lifan to leave, /./.lifcn. The word greave has jjassed through many

*f' ? explanation of this word. IJ.uterworth, in his History of Roclidafequ.tes the follow.ng .tory from Dr. Whitaker :-" It is recorded i„ The „ar/.'.ve of I ,wlph„s the Sa..ou, Dean of Wh...!ley. that he acquired the name of

h,",W^ 7"^ i'''"'"^ T\ ^'^ '''" '^'^ °''^'" ^""'"''^' °^ ^h--^^ -^r'^^-ies while lu.ntinsf.1 the forest of Ros^cndale, at a place called Lednie.greave" Of this in ofhe sa.d

:ist, that Ledmesgreave could T.ot very well corn.pt into Levengreave

3-.d,at the .ncdcnt related is a little ri.licdot.s

; and 3rd. that it is ohvio.Jv...dustonc.i,because us .ntenlio,, is to account for the meaning of Cutwulph'

-.vM.ch ,s taken to he an unusual name ; wherea.. in*the form of Cuihuulf it is-nenf the commonest .S.-..vonperson.".l n..m.-s. occurring manv times in liber

changes of meaning. A.S. f^m/nji, was first to dig with

a s])adc, foderc, and secondarily to engrave, sculpere.

'•There's more gold; do you damn others, and let this

damn you, and ditches grave you all" {Timon ofAthens.)

A.S. gnv:f is a grave, and gnef-sccx an engraving tool,

(iroovers are miners ; a groove is what is hollowed out;

gravel is what is dug up. \\\ Lincolnshire a grove is

a drain.

(ireave became, later, a path in a forest cleared I))-

the axe.

" Vel when slie fled intf> ihal cuvcrt greave. ''— /"'. Qitccn.

Tn this sense are the words IJoarsgieave. Ha!grea\e,

Congreave, the grove of the rabbit, the hare, and the

boar (a third meaning of Hargreave is giveit on page

29). Gravett is a little grove. Withengreave is Willow

grove.

The word also signified the tree itself:

" Fast closed in some hollow greavL-."— /•'. ijnecn. »

And even a tree's branches— :

"To niaken him a i^erlond of ihe greves.

Were it of wooilbine or of haulhornc Icves. ''

—

Caul. Tiiics.

This curious tendency of the meaning of names to

become, as it v/ere. smallc. when they refer to the

forest, will be noticed a2;ain.

15

Topograp/iical Aanu's.

Leaving now the liomes and hamlets of our Saxonforefathers, we must travel over the undulations of a

country which they well knew and fitlv named, init

which, we,, engrossed by the business (jf life, scarce)

v

name and hardly know.

Of the words wliich the Saxons borrowed from th,e

Celts, two of the most important are dim and dc;/e.

Tliev are often confused in spelling. Like dike andditch, they are masculine and feminine co: relatives.

Dun is a down or hill, but sometimes designates a

hill-fortress. Dunliill is a reduplication. Dutton in,

I )oomsday Book was spelt Duntune. Hameklon and

Hambledon Hill are the hill or fortress of Hamall. a

name which re-appears in Ambleside. Crif)den. or

Cridden IMoor, is the Celtic kcini don, or hill of stags.

Dunscar is a rocky hill, and Dunster a mountain seat.

Perhaps vi'e should place here the diminuti\es, DunnockShaw and Dunnish Booth. For IJalladen, see page 64.

Dene, a valley, is sufficient!)- familiar. Naden and

Naden Dean 1 take to be nwdrc-den, or Snake-dene.

'J'hey are ai)parently an anterior form of. and perhaps

gave origin to, Norden. Sudden, often explained as

South-dene, is named from the Sudley Brook. .Meadows

are said to be "sudded" when the)- are covered with

the drift of a ilood. Sti])erden is steep. dene ; the r is

often intruded, as in Steaner for Ston)-. Stiper Stones

i6

in Shropsliire inc massive ro-ks jutting out ui^jn a loftx-

moorland ridgo.

A.S /ij'//a and /////, Ice. //o/, a lull ; nnd A.S. //<:7/ and

//a/, Ice. /lo/a, a hole, are also correlaiives. 'v: the

converse of each otiier.

In Sussex, the places lourghill and Burghole are close

together. Hylewood is a hill(K-k in Pendleton. "Onerood of land in ' le iTos holys,'" 1350. We have Calf

Hole, Mankin Holes, Cat Holes, Swallow Hole, Croft

Hole, and Rag Hole, or rugged hole. The word is

corrupted into IioyJe ; "certain lands called the Hoyles.""

1705. A.S. Jioh'-doic is a ca\-ernous \-allev, r.nd is the

snme as our places, Holdeii and Hoyle 1 )cne. Holgatc

is the wn)' through the hollow. With these, the following

Saxon words are liable to m\\: Tlelait^ to cover:

hcelan^ to preserve or cure ; and hihiii^ to conceal.

EortJi-Jule is a heap. The roots of trees are said to be

hilled when earth is hea])ed over them. A bed-healing

is a coverlid. A wound covered with skin is healecL

"Nicholas del Helwal,"' ^343> shows that Halliwell is

the covered well. Perhaps here may come Hell Beck.

Helpet Edge, and Hellyplatt. Healey sometimes means

high ley, as in the case of Heeley on Blackstone Edge.

Another Healey, however, is placed here, on account

of its local pronunciation,-" Helly," and of Hely, its

early s])elling; (Henricus Helhagh, 14th Cent., J.iber

Yitce). A.S. //j// and hcUho\\\ signify a covered place,

th. under-world, where Ileh the (.pieen i>f the dead.

17

extends hersliadowy sceptre. Our own hell is Nastnjnd,

the ])lace of torment.

A.S. }iUcu\ and /i/cok', are probably correlatives.

I'l/iew (Lat. clivus), a hill, is lamiliar as "law"' and

''low," which, in some instances, have corrui)ted into

ley. There is reason for thinkin- that IJlakelev, Buckley,

and Rooley were originally Blakelow, (jr bleak hill, and

]5ochelow and Roelow the liill of the buck and roe.

Sometimes the wtjrd was ajjplied to a tumulus, as

Ceapan Jihm\ the l)urial ])lace of Ceai)a ; Lowes and

AVhite Lowes haw ])r()i)ably the meaning of gra\es.

Hleoic, a shelter, survives in nautical u>e. as the lee-

side o\ a ship. Any slicllered ^pot might be termed a

lee, like Thorny Lee, when the word would be liable to

mix with lea or ley, a ])asture.

A.S. hliiic is a hilly ridge. This is what the namesignifies with us. \w Saxon writings it is fotmd coupled

with the word lihc-iU—hkrAvas and hliiicas. On the sur-

rounding hills are places called Lenches : the ordnance

contour-ma]j shows them to be ridges with dee];

intervening furrows. We also have Higher Lench,

Lench Holes, and Slences. In other districts the word

is sonietimes used diminutively to signify "a balk of

land left unploughed.''

A.S. timga, the tongue, givi;s a descriptive name to

several long hills, such as 'J ong p:nd and Tonge Moor.

A.S. oicEp is the smoothed summit of rising ground,

as in Bulsna])e, Snubsnape, Fairsnape, and Snai)e Hill,

L

iS

nol far tVoin Kcd Luml). Tlie name involves the idea

of snipping or rounding off the top of a tiring. In the

[>ancashire dialect, "to sneap" children is to sniil.)

them, to keep them in check. A similar meaning is

found in (Chaucer :

—

" l!ul ii were any jKTson obstinci.

What so lie were of highc or low csiat,

I lini woMc he snibhen sliarply for the nones."

The Scotch sa)- to snib a candle, as we s])eaking of

snuffing one.

Cnab, or Nabh, a hillock, is another form of the same

word, as in Nabrode, Nabb, and Nabend.

A.S. cnoil, a hill ioi\ or knoll, is familiar in Knoll

Hill, Bentknowl, and Knoules.

A.S. copp, Lat. c-aput, is a head or hill-top. The latter

is always the meaning of Cope, in Doomsda}- .Book.

The word survives in "coping-stone.'" Its converse or

correlative is cuppa, a cu]) or hollow. AVe have Coj)

Road, and Copi)le, or Cop hill. 15acup, formerly syelt

Bacope, is explained in Baines' Lancashire as meaning

Bay-co]), the hill of the Red deer. This is very unsatis-

factory ; the place is not on a summit, but in a depres-

sion. The word is the A.S. hcec-copp, and indicates a

place beneath or behind a Co]). It is eciuivalent to the

(ommon name Underbill, and belongs to the same class

as our Back o' tlv jSfoss, P>ack o' th' Low, Back of

Behind, and Backhouse, which last Iras taken the classical

f( rm of Bacchus.

'9

Copt iiic-aiis convex, as in C!oi)t Hill, Coftrod, and

Coptrod Hcvid.

A.S. pic is of course a ]jeak. or pointed hill. Wchave numerous exam])les, as Pike Hill, Pike Brow, and

Pike [.ow, close to which is Pickup Bank. Pickuj) was

formerly spelt Piccope. Rivington Pike I take tc> be

Raven-dun Pike ; and Thieveley Pike is probably froni

.\.S. t/iyfi'I, a shrub ; t/iyfc-tJior/i is a bramble, and riscc-

tJiyfel, a bed of rushes. Scout, a high hill, is found in

'Thievely Scout, Riddle Scout, Black Scout, and Scout

Moor,

A.S. slu'c^ slack or loose, is a p(>rtion cf a hill or

mountain, where it becomes less sleep ; a ga]). a sort of

pass. We have Slack o' tlV Moor, Heyslacks, Warm

Slack. Slacks, f.ythe, or easy, Slack, and Prickshaw

Slack.

A.S. suu'd. a slice, from besnu'dan. to lo'p off, is a

separated piece of land ; a hill that appears cut off, as

it were, from others. We have Snydale (late, Sniddle^

and Snoddle Hill near Summit,

Smcdlandes is a portion of land taken from a manor.

Jn the Lancashire dialect, that which has been made

smooth is called snod. Snod-grass is trimmed grass.

A snaed is the handle of a scythe. Snoddorth, or

Snodworth, is near Blackbur+i.

A.S. sl(Ed^ from A.S. slida7i, to slide, means a plain

ojjen country,, though together with the Teutonic slief, it

involves the idea of a declivity. We have Greenslade.

20

Bagslate, formerly spelt Bagsladc, and Sladen, or the

dene in the slade. Sladen is found written Slaveden.

The ;• seems to be //, and might indicate only a broad

pronunciation. Slattocks is a diminutive form.

A.S. /<7//^ gave us first laund, and since lawn, with a

sense of open, untilled, grassy land, involving the idea

of a vista. The word laiie is cognate. " For through

this laund anon the deere will come.''

—

Heti. VI. In

.Rossendale are several {places of this name, as I.aund

Booth, New Laund, and Laund Banks.

A.S. leah^ or hgh, locus, from A.S. /iegan, to lie down,

is originally a glade or naturally open place in a forest,

where cattle would gather for repose ; and subsetjuently

a pasture. The word exists in the varied forms of

leigh, lea, and ley. It should be noted that when Icy

occurs as a suffix it is often only diminutive, especially

in the case of personal names.

Brierley, Thornley, Fearnley, are the puisture amid

the fern, the thorn, and the briar. Dearnley is generally

derived from A.S. deni, secret, and so would mean the

secluded pasture. Yeardley and Townley are the

enclosed ley. Morley is the lea on the moor, and

Kirtley is that by the kirk, 1271. Cowlaghton is the

enclosed cow pasture. That Worsley is the worked ley

is shoNs-n by the old^'spellings, " Geoffrey'de Workedley,"

I i94,and"John deWorkesley," 1 292. We may attribute

a similar meaning to Tyldesley, Kuerden, and Cuerdley,

which was spelt Curedley in 15 16. Staley was formerly

written Stavelcy. Lydgnte in Doomsday Book is Leiatc,

or I,eagate. 'I'll ere are other places of this name, as

l.idget, which v.ould come from A.S. /ilidgcaf, a postern

gate, or from A.S. lytgeaf, htt'e gate.

Here sliould be distinguished A.S. hcsn, a pasture,

and the corresponding verb lies7vlan^ to feed cattle.

"A flock of many swyn lesewynge " ( /r7f/^///f*). In

some parts of England leasow still means a pasture.

A.S. genuere-hcs is a common ])asture. So that the

frecjuent word lees or leece is not necessarily ])lural.

Leasowe Side and Leasowe Castle are in Cheshire.

C)pposed to the ley or pasture is the land set apart

for grass-cutting or hay-making. A.S. nia:c'an, O.H.C..

Niaitan, Scan. ))ieja. to mow, give us the farms of lAnver

Maw and Maw (irane.

A.S. DHcd is what is mown, a mead or meadow.

Mced-ino7iat}i was the month of July, wlien, the ha)-

having been got, the rattle were turned into the

meadows. Brightmet is bright mead. Some of the

])laces called Maiden, such as Maden Fold and Rig-

maiden, mean meadow ; as well as Green Middens

Farm, near Burnle)-. The be. inata is food : and the

Fat. word to mow or reap is metere.

^I'he acre, A.S. cpcer, signified corn-land ; while, as a

measure, it was as much as might be ploughed in a day.

We ha\e such words as Barnacre. Whit^aker, and Cliviger.

formerly Clivacher, or rocky field.

From lK.':>.feal/!,fi'a/g, fallow, An&fc-algi?/.g, a harrow,

Lat. vcllen-^ to tcr.r up, wc get these other indicatiojis of

arable land that are found in the i)laces Falin<^e Foldand Failing Earth, with, i)rokihly, Falledge, The HalfKail, and Failswortli or l-allsworth. (t should henoticed, however, as a i.)Ossible derivation, that sueha place may he named from '.xfalluh^ox sloping su'-face.

Strictly speaking, soil is fallow when it has been ])re-

j)ared by the plough, but. has not I)een sown. It has

the secondary meaning of land that has gone (xit of

cultivation; as Fallowfield and Follyfield. L.G. falU;^-

la)id means stubble (3r grass land, once ploughed.

Fallow, the colour-name, as in fallow deer, is derived

Irom the ap})earance of freshly-turned earth.

A.S. i?i^ is a meadow on low ground ; a nook.

"Meadowe ground lyeing in the Inge."-- 1655.We find Ingham or Ingholm, Ing Head, Ing Hey,

Oak Ing Clough, AVillowinge Coates, Round Ing andBroading. Ac.crington was formerly s])elt Akerington.

It is extremely difficult, in many cases, to separate

this word from the patronymic -ing: the rule isr to

take It in the latter sense whenever it is attached to a

IJersonal name; as Kield, Fielding; Piatt, Platting ; and•- eel, Pilling. Focally, peel means a fortress or moatedhouse, as Peel Hall ; and Plat a marsh, as Green Plats.

JSent is a local name feu; the coarse grass of tlie fens,

and for the place where this abounds; as Townbent,Chequer Bent, Broad Bent, Pent Meadow, Bent Heath,Pent Knf)wl. Bentley, Bentley Moss, and IVmch Carr.

Speke Bent imjjlics the presence of osiers : A.S. sptcc.

We have, also, Speak l^dge.

A.S, botni^ is Icnv-lying Umd : as Hamev Ijottoms,

IJrook Bottom, Longbottom, and Sidehottom, meaning

Jspacious. Shufflebottom is a corruption of Shaw-field-

bottom. An old Lancashire family name is Shipwel-

botham, suggesting a meadow with a watering-i)lace for

sheep. Higginbotham is said, I think erroneously, to

to be a corru))tion of the Clerman Eichenbaum, an oak

tree; it is more likely a corru|)tion of the neighbouring

Oaken Bottoms. We find, also, Ashen Bottom, Ha/.el

Bottom, and Steaner, or stony. Bottom. Canon Raines

thought Rasbottom to be a contraction of rasj), or

rough, bottom. In Chaucer a sparth is a double axe

or spear : it may have been the finding of such weapons

in Sparth Bottoms that gave origin to the fable of Kill-

danes.

A.S. ceosel^ is gravel, pebbles, or sand ; and ceoslstan

is sandstone. In the south of England are the well-

known places Chiswick, or sandy-bay, and Chesil-ridge,

which is composed of large j^ebbles. Here we have

Chisley Stones and C'heesden, or pebbly dene. In

Lancashire ''green chisles"' are a small hard kind of

])ears, like green pebbles.

Our local names sujDply furHier indications of the

character of the soil. Lumb is from the A.S. lam,

loam. It intermixes with lint, which means clay,

mortar, lime, aiivthiniz which causes adhesion. 'I'be

limb of a tree or of a man is a ])arl wl-iirli is joined to

the trunk. A.S. liniit/ige means joining. At Red Lumh

is to be found a red sort of clay. Limy 'Water s]jeaks

for itself. Here ma)- come L-ammack and Lomas, or

Lomax. In 1650 the latter was written "the I.omaxe.''

It is within a short distance of i)laces called Lumb,

Limefield, and CinderhiHs. and so would seem to be

lime-ashes ; .V.S. a/ise and axe, ashes.

The A.S. fncox, dirt, involves the idea of moisture.

We find Alidgeden, jNIidge Hole, Muckfield, Madge

Road, Reed Mysies, near Hulton, and Mizzy, on

Cronkeyshaw. Midge, the gnat, A.S. mycg, has here an

*afhnity. For Midgeley, the ])ersonal name, see page 103.

The A.S. scearji, is of similar import, and survives in

the local term, sham-beetle. Sliarne)ford may have

been a road in a miry ])lace, or through "• quantities

()f excellent manure.'"

Coky7' has like associations ;" cokyrmete " is given as

meaning clay. We have Cocker Hills and Cocke\

Moor.

A.S. Jiwoin, is a corner, a nook, and hence some-

times a boggy place. We Hnd AVham, I.ong AMiam.

^^'ham Hill, Brown House Wham, Old Wham, Dirt)

LeaclT Wham, and AVam Stone. A.S. Ji-iVom-stan is a

corner-stone.

Woniack is a diminutive form.

A.S. lac is a lake or pool, formerly written lache, but

now spelt leach, as Latchford ?Ieath, Higher Leaches,

and Cockleach, or clayey pool. The old writing of

Deeplish was Dee])lear.h, and of Hcvcrley, l'>c\erlace.

Fan- is a fen or marsh, and we have a place of this

name.

Foot is a pool : as Foot Hall, and Pout Clough.

A.S. ea, water, or stream (as in ailand, an island),

occurs in the following names of places, which are

adjacent to a river or brook :—Eafield. on tlie Roche :

Karcroft Fold, by the Darwen: Ealees, Ives, Eaton,Eyton. Vea Bridge, Eyebridge, l^agley P.ank, andEwood 1 bridge. Emmott is eamot, or waters-meet : see

also ])age 87. ^Ir. Kerr tells me that clon' means a

sluice in a mill dam, and that at Clowes there areseveral dams or lodges, one aljove anotlier. It is

probably from the A.S. disiuN, to shut or close.

A.S. sic/i, Lat. siccum, from A..S. siga?i, to subside, is

a summer-dried waterfurrow, and sometimes the rivulet

itself. \Vq have several places called Syke, and a SykeMoor; Sykes, and perhaps Soyland Moor, both onKlack.stone Edge ; and Sikesbeck, near Ripon.

A.S. tro/i, a trough, is a term generally applied to

deep gullies. We find Trows near Castleton. Trawden,or hollow dene, Troghden Chase, 'I'roughton, andTrougli Syke. Trough Edge is the ridge from whichrun downwards a number of remarkable furrows.

At the source of the Roche is a fountain called

Cheibourne. The first syllable of this name we recog-

nise in the terms chill, cool, gelid : in the A.S. cyi.

coolness, and cy/t\ a well ; in ilic N. Kel, a spring ;

and, perhaps, in the word 7C'eIl itself, the (German <///<'//d'.

Wheeton was formerly spelt Quelton, and is near the

jjlace called Whelcroft.

Wells are sufficiently plentiful in this district. Wal-

shaw is a wood, and Walsden a valley abounding

with si)rings. A cant is the corner of a field, and

Cant Hill is at a corner of Broadfield. Cantle Well

is a well on Cant Hill. In the Lancashire dialect,

cantle is a c.anful ; and it may be noticed that

Cantle Well was not a spout or slioot, like the one

in Packer Street, but was a dipping well. Cold Wall

l^row is Cold Well Hrow, formerly written Cold \Vall

Shutte, and Cold Shutte, or Si^out. Near Facit is Long

Shut. Shuttlewortli looks like shoot-hill-worth.

From A.S. spmnin, p. spaiv^ pp. spiiveii, to jDour forth

(the "spawn" of a fish), we derive the names S])aw

Farm and Spaw Lane, where was formerly a cold

chalybeate spring ; as well as Spew Spout, Spa W'ell,

Spa Wood, Red Spa Moor, Spenn, and Spen Lt^ach.

This last may be compared with Flow Moss. A.S.

spafia is a teat. In the South of England, spinet,

spinney, or spen, means a thicket ; Lat. spinetum.

Traces of an old religious rite called "well dressing"

are found in all parts of J;he country. In the north of

England the youth were accustomed, on some Sunday

in spring, to assemble at various fountains and drink the

waters, which latterly were sweetened with sugar. In

27

Rochdale, "Spaw Sunday-' was celebrated on the Jlrst

that tell in May, when the devout, ])rovided with whatwere called " spawen-bottles,'' betook themselves torthe most part to a well on Brown VVardle, that hasrecently ceased to exist.

Tlie stream now named Lautburn. that runs through.1 part of Rochdale, was formerly spelt I.othborne. ^It

seems natural to derive the word from A.S. hleothor,noise, and lilud, loud; a brasvling brook.

Old mining terms have given us a few names. Thuslobs are steps cut by the miner, and this may accountfor J.obden and Love Clough. Another such term is

'al^e; -and wea])ons bear u]) the mine or rake"

{Rhymed Chron). The word is the A.S. hraca, the throator jaws, and could be applied not only to a pit or deljjh,but to any narrow pass. We have Raikes', Foulrakes,Rakebridge, Maden Rake, Rake Wood, Rakehead,Rakefoot, Butterworth Rake, Moss Rake, and WVn'Rake.

Something should be said here of roads and ways. ,

A.S. geat is a door, a ga]j, a way. In the latter senseAve have Cut (rate, (;reen Gate, Casson Gate, Trough(rate, and St. Mar>^'s Gate.

A.S. gangm to go, survives in gangway. The (.;ank

IS a narrow passage from owe place to another.

A.S. stig is a jxath or ascent, Ger. steig, and A.S.A7/V^Aasteep path with steps, like Wall Style, ChurchStile. Tor Stile, and Style in .Stansfield. Clapgate

28

is "a small horse-gate,'' or doubtless a liatch which

was stretched across any i)lace lo keep cattle or deer

within bounds. Hence Hatchford, and the mysterious-

looking Thatch Latch, the hatch leach, a leach or marsh

crossed by a hatch, like Leach Gate Field.

Ford and forth, from A.S. fara//, to go, Ce\Uc ffordd,

a j)ath, do not necessarily mean a passage through

water. vShawforth, Catforth, and Eamford signify the

wa)' through a wood. The structure of the Anglo-Snxon

language makes it impossible that Shawforth should

mean the further wood. We find also Hollowforth

and Middleforth Hill. Sharneyford has already been

noticed.

Boundaries have always been matters of importaiice.

Twistle is a division hetivixt contiguous farms. Such

are Extwistle and Birtwistle, the oak and birch boundary

;

Oswaldtwistle, the boundary of Oswald, and Ehtwistle,

that of Endr, a name found in Enderby, and in Endrod,

King of Norway in 784 ; as well as Twiss Green,

Twisse Barn, and Lower Twistfield {Radulfits de

Twisil, I4tli Cent., Lib. I'if.) Tintwistle is a fenced

boundary, from A.S. fyua?i, to hedge : Ha/.eltine is

hazel hedge.

Bounds of a wider sort, as those of a township, were

called meres, or meyres, A..S. ge??ice?-e. As such bounds

would naturally often run along swamp) places, it is

easy to understand the double meaning of this term.

An allied, but much mo'\- important word i'^ the

29

mark, march, or marsli, still indicated by such a place

as March Hill, the territorial boundary of tribes.

'J'hese boundaries consisted of extensive common-lands,

in whicli no one could hold private right or estate.

Their delimitation was accom])anied by religious cere-

monies, and Woden was the tutelary god. Their

definition was often marked by carvings ui)on trees.

Their charge was entrusted to a special officer—A.S.

i^erefa, Ger. graf, a reeve, who was called /fi(c?' gerefa,

the warden of the marches, the margrave, or marquis

;

just as Waldegrave is the steward of the forest ; Pals-

grave, ox p(iliint-gerefa,\.\\Q. reeve of the ])alace ; Sheriff,

or scin'-gcfrfa, the reeve of the shire ; and Hargrave, the

provider of the army.

In some ])arts of Lancashire grave still means a

constable, and constables' rates are called grave-leys.

Marshaw was formerly Mereshey ; Marsden is a cor-

ruption of Merchesdene ; and Marland, Markham, and

Marklew find their place here.

One of the Sagas, written in j^raise of Waldhere, whyo

sometimes extended his frontier, says, " Thu feohtan

sohtest, mael ofer mearce^' thou soughtest to tight by

removing the landmark beyond the boundary.

Relative Navies.

The relations of colour, shajie, number, and position,

are sure to appear in our local names.-

Hlack Earth, Moss, Leach. C'ough, and Water need

no remark,; hut the word also means hleak, as in tiit-

Treciuent Black HilL Bkacklcy is pronounced Bkikele)-;

Much of the present colour of the stones of BkackstoneEdge is due to our cherished smoke. Their distinguish-ing character, however, is that the\- contain a\irgeciuantity of brilHant wliite (luartz. wliich in former da^^s.

when hghted by the western sun, must have i)resented a

striking appearance. This ahnost tempts one to surmisethat the name may be from A.S. blicaii, to sliine, or bloc

(Norse, blakka), pale, or bleached. ''As blake as apaigle," is an old saying, which signifies "as pale as aprimrose." The meaning of Hoof-Stones Height is sug-

gested b>- A.S. hof. a rave. For (Irey-stones, see ])age 57.Other names are Radcliffe, Redvales, Red Moss,

Redmires, Redwatcr-foot, Reddy Shore, Red Lees, andRoddlesworth. Red Sha^- is Reed Shaw.

Whitfield, White Rees, and Whittle Hill, or AVhythulland Witul, temp. Hy. I.

Green Gate, (h-een T5ooth, Greenhcys, Green Head,Greens, and (iriudle, or (ireen-hill, End. In Doom^^dayBook, Carnforth was Chreneforde.

A\'e have two places called Vellow Hill, one in

Pleasington, and one near Rittleborough.

It is difficult to sa)- how man)- of the browns arereally colour-names, as they readily intermix with theCeltic brun, to be mentioned farther on. AVe ma)-doubtfully take here IJrownfield, Brown Stones, Brown-hiii. and Brown Moor.

3«

Indicating shajK-. u-e find Round 'I'horne. RoundHill, Ringlows, and Ringle>-. And from A.S. crymbio,crooked, we. may get Crimble Brow, Crumbleholmt-.Crompton, and Crumpsall. ^Ve liavc places,- too.called Crook, Croke, and Crook Ha}-.

Implying number, we find Two Studs, 'I\vo Birches;.Three Gates, and Three I.owes, or graves.

In Tatham parish is a farm called Fourstones, froma rocky pile yclein "the (ireat Stone of Fourstones."Featherstall is the place of four stalls, as \.^. fyther-fotis four-footed, ^Ti<^fytJier-scyt is four-cornered. Feather-stonehaugh is the funeral mound of four stones : it hassometimes been explained as meaning the hill of theman Frithestan, a name, however, which more naturall>-corrupts into the modern Freestone.

Seneca Lane is a contraction of seven-acre.

Instances of the names of relative position arenumerous.

From A.S. lum, p. heng, pp. hangen (as in Stonehenge,the hanging stones), we get A.S. henge-dif^ hanging-clWour Hinchcliffe. ^Ve have also Hendene, or^brTngincrhollow, Hen Moss, Henthorn, Hanging Lees, andHanging Bridge. Hanging Chadder, Hanging Shaw,and Henshaw, all three mean tJie hanging wood. Ahinge is that on which a door it hung.

Nether House, Netherley, Up Holland, Over Houses,and Over Darwen, are clear enough.

We ^ jrther find Middle Scars, Middle Creave, Middle

Hill, Middleton ; the larms called Metal Cote and

Mettel Hole; and Middop and Mytho)), hoth meaning

midhope. The fundamental meaning of mid is a

meeting-point. Maiden Cross is the cross midway

between Burnley and Todmorden. Here, ])robably,

come Medcalf and Medlicote, surviving witli us as

jjersonal names, and comparing with our jjlaces called

Calf Cote and Higlier Calf Cote. It may be noticed,

in passing, that a cot or cote is the sim])lest form of

covering or shelter. Gadding Cote is a shed which \

cattle can enter or leave at pleasure. Bunkers Hill and

the places called Bong, seem to mean a sleeping-lnit, or

i)unk ; A.S. bone; Dan. by?ike. Bunkliouse, iiowever,

is bankhouse ; ' stod uppen ane bonke,"' 1205.

In addition, we hnd Furbarn, Farside, Farpasture,

Farlathe Farm, Farfield, and, perhaps, if formerly spelt

Fafield, as asserted, Fafflety and Fafflety Brow. For-

fteld is a mining term, and signifies the farthest place a

man has wrought. In old writings occur "the further

field," 1679, and '' the^part fowtherwest," ^300.

Feather Moor is the further moor.

We also have Near Moor Bank.!

From A.S. ///, ute^ extra, without, beyond, as in\

uthealfj the outer half, and iit-land, land hired out, we

get such compounds as TJttley, Utleach Croft, Out

Wood, Oatshaw, Out Lane Head, and "as far as to

'le utlone,'" 1300.

Similarly, A.S. bufa/i^ without, the converse oi bhman,

33

within. The ''but and ben" are the outer and inner rooms

of a dwelling. Butt also means an outhouse, and some-

times a field or yard adjoining a house. Midgehall Butte,

Barn Buts, Winterbutt Lee, Rumbuts, Farbuts, Middle

Buttes, Acliinbutt, Goosebutts, and Shearebutts, Per-

haps the converse is seen in Spotbins.

Willbutts I take to be a corruption of Wilberts. See

page 109.

Relative height is shown in names from A.S. Jieali^

Jio/i (Dut. hoo and hoogh), high, and the comparative

form /iyr7'a (Ger. hoher), higher ; the difference being

the addition of the letter r. Hooley, or high ley

;

1 loolc)' barn, Iiridge, wood, cloug.li, brow, and Hooley

Hill, near Denton; AVho-stones, Hooden, Hough vStone,

Wholaw, Wholaw Nook, Higgfield, Higginshaw,

Highen Moor, Hoglow, Hoglow Clough ; Vggshutte,

now corrupted into Hogshead, the farm of the high

spout, still to be seen ; Heaton and Hoghton ; Hogwic.

mentioned in 1230, was, there is reason to think, in

Hoghton township : and, lastly, if not a personal^

name, perhaps Whewells is high hills. The .com])ara-

tive forms are Hore, or higher, ^Vithins, Hoar Stone.s,

Whor-low, Horwick, on the sloping sides of Rivington

Pike, Hordern, or higher pool ; Ireland, a field, near

Facit ; Arlees ; Hursted, the higher, or, as formerly

written, Husted, the high stead ; Horbury, Horrocks,

Horrocks Moor, and Horrocks Scout. ('Wilhelmus de

Horok. Lib. Vif.)

c

Floral Names.

And now, having gone through this multitude of

local names, it might seem that the face of our countrv

is little changed since the day the Saxon first saw it.

But, in truth, it was far fairer then than now. For

the stately spreading trees and groves of gladness are

gone, and all the forest flowers are withered away.

" jNIerry was ii then in ihe good green %voocl,

When the mavis and merle were singing,

When the deer swept by, and the hounds were in cry,

And the hunter's horn was ringing.'"

At the time of the Conquest, the silvre or woodlands

held by Gamel of Rochdale were about 240 acres in

extent. The woods of Horwick were 16 miles in cir-

cumference, and had their aeries of eagles, herons, and

hawks. A grant of pasture to Saddleworth Chapel, in

the time of Edward III., made special exception of

"venison and birds." The district of Rossendale,

which was not disforested till 1500, had an^area of

30J square miles. Game laws for the protection of

deer were of the most stringent kind, and death was

the penalty on any common person for causing a king's

stag to run till he became short of breath. " Merrie

was it then !

"

The steady thinning of the woods, to procure timber

for building and firing, received a sudden impulse, as

well shown by Mr, Kerr of Crawshawbooth, from the

35

use of charcoal for fuel in the bloomeries or iron-

smelting works that were established in this neighbour-

hood after those that had so widely consumed the

forests of Furness had been extinguished by legal

enactment. Cinderland, Cinder Hill, Saunder Height,

and Saunder Clough, near Bacup, are so called from

the scoriae or cinders about the old bloomeries tliat

aforetime were numerous both in Rossendale and in

Saddleworth. The name is from the A.S. d/o2fia, a

mass or lump (of smelted metal).

Our topical nomenclature furnishes abundant addi-

tional evidence, not only of the many woods, but of

the various trees, shrubs, and flowers that once adorned

the country.

Shaw is the A.S. samui, a shady place :" I woll abide

under the shawe " (Gower). We have Smallshaw and

Meanwood, Bradshaw and Broadwood, Caldershaw,

Goldshaw, and Blackshaw, or bleak wood; Aushaw,

old wood ; Hayshaws, enclosed wood ; Turnshaw,

secluded wood ; Bickershaw and Prickshaw, the woodby the brook; John Bruckshaw, 17 17. Bemshaw is a

corruption of Beaconshaw, and Kershaw of Kirkshaw,

or Kyrkshagh in 13th cent.

Shade walk is shed walk.

Holt is a copse or grove. ^

" An liuntynge wenle Sir Lamfal

To chafy in holtes hore.""

36

We have Old Holts, Bleak Holt, Alder Holt, Birchen

Holts.

Hurst, from A.S. hyrst, an ornament (Ger. ho7'st, a

clump of trees), is what is now called a plantation.

" From each rising hurst,

Where many a goodly oak had carefully been nurst."

—

Drayton.

We have Micklehurst, and Smethurst and Smehurst.

the great and small plantation.

Alder Forest is a corruption of Alder Ford Hurst.

With, as in Copwith, is from A.S. wiidu, O.N. ev'^r, a

wood.

The place on the hills called Busk is from bosc,

bushy.

As might be surmised, we find ample indication of

the various kinds of trees.

The Owler, A.S. aler, Lat. alnus, the alder; as Upper

Green Owlers, Owler Lane, AUerscholes, Ollerton Fold,

and Light Owlers, of which the old spellings are

Liht Olres, Light Oilers, and Light Ollershaw. It seems

that here also should come WycoUer, formerly spelt

\\'ykeoller. Light or lite means little or few :

" Sin thilke day that they were children lite."

—

Cant. Tales.

" Theah the wintra lyt" (though winters few).

—

Beo'.vu!/,

Alder is a later form, the Shaving intruded ; as Alder

Bank and Oulder Hill. -

The Elder-tree, totally different from the Aldei",

A.S. ellen, or ellarn, as Pollen Brook, Ellen Royd,

37

Allenden Slack, Ellibank in Spotland, and the Eller-

beck which flows into the Douglas.

The Black Alder-tree, A.S. fulan-beam :\x\Afiile-tre(nv

;

as Fulwood, Fulshaw, Fulthorpe, Fulton, and FuUedge.

These have sometimes, incorrectly as I think, been

derived from A.S.////, dirty. Foulridge, formerly spelt

Folerigg, and Foul Clough, probably refer to the fowl

;

" with all fowling and taking of fowl in and upon the

cliffs," 1625.

The Birch, A.S, hirce, Lat. betula; as Birchen Head,

Birchen Lee, Light Birks, Bircle or birch-hill, and

Burchy.

The Hazel, A.S. hccsl ; as Hazle Edge, Haysill Farm,

Small Hazels, Light Azzle Edge, Light Hazles, and

Haslingden or hazel dene.

A Nut-tree, A.S. Jumtii-bea?}! ; as Nutshaw, Nuthurst,

Nuttley, Nuttbank, and Nuttall, Nuthall, and Notogh,

corruptions of Nuthalgh. For the personal names, see

page T04.

The Ash, A.S. cesc ; as Ashenhurst, Ashes, Ashmore,

Ashby, Ashworth, Ashclough, Ashton, Ashbrucke Hay,

and probably Isherwood and AspuU or Ashpool.

The Mountain Ash, A.S. wice^ called also cwic-beam^

from its rapid growth ; as AVicken Low, Wicken Llill,

VVicken Bank, Wicken Hall, and Wickenberry ; as well

as Quick Mere and Saddleworth cum Quick. In

Westmorland the Mountain Ash is still called Wiggin;

giving us a suitable derivation of Wigshaw, near

33

Warrington, Wigland in Malpas, and Wigan. -As regards

the last name something further is said on page 64.

The Oak, A.S. ac, Lat. quercus ; as Oken holt,

Acornley, and Light Oaks, " the Tynden-Oke (or oak-

fence) of Norden," and " Oakenheade Wood," a vaccary

of Rossendale. Ogden is Oak dene. The oldest

spelling is Okeden. Adam de Hogdene spelt like him

who in the time of Henry III. wrote his name Matthew

de Hormerode. Ogden used to be famous for its large

oaks, and the adjacent doughs are still full of small

ones.- The crests of the two Ogden families both

contain an oak-branch, fructed. It may be noticed

here that hog was a term used originally for young

sheep up to the first shearing, and afterwards for young

swine ; both requiring the care of a hogwarden, a word

preserved in our Hoggard. Hogs were so called from

being fed in a hok or pen.

The Willow, A.S. withig ; as Green AVithins, WarmWithins, and Within Greave. In the Lancashire dialect

a '' withen kipple ''is a thick willow stick.

Another Willow, the A.S. salh, Lat. salix ; as Sale,

Sales, Saltonstall, Salwick, Saltridge or salh-ridge,

Sollom or salh-ham;probably Saughton and Saighton,

and certainly Salford and Sawley or Salley Abbey.

Salesbury was originally Salewel.

The Linden, or Lime-tree, A.S. Itnd ; in Linsgreave,

Linthwaite, Lindrod, Linswithins, Lineham, Lyne Edge,

eynes Clough, Linnyshaw, Lennyshaw Moss, and

39

Lenny Barn. With the last may be compared Sloe

Thorn Barn in Rawtenstall. Shakespeare has ^' In the

line grove."

The Yew-tree gives its name to many places, simply.

Dfewsnop is probably t'yew snape.

Tlic Cherr)', introduced by the Romans, A.S. ctris-

beaui, and cirse^ is found in Cherry Clough, and perhaps

in Old Sirs.

It is interesting to notice that certain trees are absent

from our nomenclature.

The Beech, also introduced by the Romans, A.S. boc,

does not appear. It requires, or at least loves, a lime-

stone soil, buxion means the town of beeches.

'I'he Elm is an indigenous tree. Five miles to the

east Of Rochdale is a place called Yl\\\ ; near Hasling-

den is Helm Shore, and The Three Elms is by War-

rington. ^Vith these exceptions, it does not occur in

the names of places, nor, as far as I know, has it been

dug out of the peat. The mosses of Lancashire are

altogether 20,000 acres in extent.

Ccesar expressly mentions that the Fir was not found

in Britain ; and in no ancient writing or name have we

any indication of its presence. But we liave ample

proof that trees of this species were once very plentiful

in our neighbourhood. In Qhatmoss, and in the mosses

of Ashton, Tarleton, Holmes Wood, and Twiston, near

Pendle, firs in great abundance are found buried in the

])eal ; together with oak, ash, birch, and ha/els bearing

nut-;.

40

A few plants and flowers still have at leas^ a nominal

existence ; but it should be noticed that many of the

Saxon names that are now specific, as briar and broom,

formerly meant bushes in general, and were derived

from words meaning waste jDlaces,

We find the Holly, A.S. holi and holegn; as in

numerous places called HoUins. One bears the nameof Gilded HoUins, or the dipt hollies ; and another

that'of Booth Hollins.

The Broom, A.S. bro)u ; as Bromley, Brimicroft, and

Broom Hill.

The Gorse, A.S. gcrst ; as Crorsey Lea and Gorsey

Clough.

The Raspberry, A.S. Jdnd-hene; one of our truly

indigenous fruits ; as Hindle, or hind-hill, Hindeburn,

a stream near Accrington, and Hindley, or Hyndelehe,

1300. As this plant was fancifully named after the

hind, the next took its designation from the hart.

The Whortleberry, A.S. heorot-berie, called also Whin-

berry, or Cranberry; as Whinny Clough, Whinney Edge,

Whinberry Naze, Whimsy Hill, Cranberry Moss, Cron-

shaw, and Crumberry Lee. Aldenshaw is a corruption

of Ald-win-shaw, old Whinberry wood ; or, as some will

have it, the possession of the man Aldwin. A.S.

winberie, originally meant the grape. Whin, wliich

generally signifies gorse, is of Celtic origin. All these

names are much intermixed.

The Heather, A.S. /udli, Ger. heide : as Top-of-

4'

Heather, Hathershelf, Hathershaw .Moor (Hatfield, andHadley).

The Bramble, A.S. brcBr; as Brearley, Brierley, andBrere-ridings.

The Hip, or Briar-rose, A.S. hiop, heop, or heap; as

Heap Clough, Heap Hey, Heap Fold, Heptonstall,

Hipping Holm, Hippings, and the district called Hea]j.

"Thomas de Heppiscotes," 14th cent. For the personal

name see page 98.

The Garlic, A.S hrovisa (allium sylvestre, Somner,

1701), a.s Ramsgreave, Ramsbottom, and Ramsden.The old spellings are Romsgreave, Romsbottom, 1 604,

and Romsdcn, 1626. Rhoms are the wild onions

which, it is said, abound in these places, and are

found nowhere else. They are certainly ijlentiful in

Ramsden.

Tlie Sword-grass (or, perhaps, the bulrush, scirpea,

Somner, 1701), A.S. loifer ; as Nether Leavers, Little

Lefra, Great Lever,' Liver Hill, Lever Edge (and

Liversedge. Levers Water is near Coniston).

Lastly, the Rye-grass, A.S. rige, Dan. rug; as Rigley,

Royshaw, Rye Croft, Rye Head and Top of Rye.

Roylance and Rylance, personal names, are corruptions

ofRylands. Ryall .seems to be Rye-halgh; "ThomasRyhale," 15th cent. Perhaps Royle is Rye-hill; it has

been found spelt as Ryle and Role. Royley or Riley,

and Royton or Ryton, are on the stream called Roy(see ,-age 65).

42

Faiinal Nafiies.

The early animals of the neighbourhood are also

found in its names. But a certain difticulty is encoun-

tered in the ancient totemic customs of mankind,

whereby men called themselves after an animal wliich

they eitlier worshipped, or witli whose (jualities they

believed themselves endowed, and whose image they

bore as an emblem or crest ; so that in some cases the

name of a place may be, not that of an animal which

formerly infested it, but that of a man to whom it once

belonged. Wulf and Eofer, the sons of Wonred, were

Saxon chiefs, and Ottar was a Norse hero.

At the time of the Conquest the animals found in

Lancashire were chiefly those of the chase, as the land

was largely forestal. Moreover, it is certain that the

surrounding country, in consequence of frequent war-

fare, had become poor and depopulated. The Norman

survey was ordered to be made " ne quidem bos aut

vacca, aut porcus praetermitteretur," that neither bull,

cow, nor swine should be omitted. Many of the

hamlets and farms are described as desolate. Of

Amounderness it is said, " sixteen of the villages in this

hinidred have few inhabitants, and the rest are waste."

Oxen and " pecuniae," ox cattle, are spoken of twice or

thrice ; and swine, as implied by the word pannage, are

indicated only once in South Lancashire. Frequent

mention is made of the roe or chevril, and of the

43 .

martern, a kind of weasel, valuable for its j^kin. Beyond

this, there is no notice of either horse, cow, sheep, ass,

pig, or dog.

I

We find the Wild Boar, A.S, eofor, Lat. aper, in

.1 Evorishaw, Everilshaw, and Eversden; and perhaps in

Boarflat, Boarshawfold, Boarshead, and Borsden. The

wild boar became extinct in 1620.

The Wolf, A.S. iviilf {ixom. which, in compounds, the

I / often disappears), in Wolfstones, Woolton, formerly

A\^olveton ; Woolden, formerly Wolden; and ^\'olfenden.

I

Wolves existed in England till 1680, and in Scotland

tih 1743.

The Otter, in Otter Eee, near Ripponden, and in

Orrell, spelt in Doomsday Book Otringmele (otter-

meadow-mill),

I

The Broc, or Badger, in Broughton, formerly Broc-

ton, Brockholes, and Brogden ; and in Badger Edge,

Bagaley, Bagshaw, Badger Slacks, Bagden, and Bagslate,

jl

formerly Bagslade. No doubt Bagslate extended to

Naden Brook,

I The Hare, A.S. hara, L.G. hase^ in Harwood, Hare-

I

stones, Harsnepp, Harsenden, and Harridge Pike,

which is near to Hare Hill and Harrop Edge.

\\\ "Of fawnes, sowers, buckes, does,

f Was full the wodde, and many roes."

—

Chaticer.

Faw*^horp was formerly Fawnthorpe. A sower is a buck

in ii . fourth year.

44

. Butterworth, in one instance, used j:o be written

Buckworth. We have Buckearth, Buckhurst, Buckley,

Staghills, Hartley, Harthill, Hartshead, and Rooley,

Rowcroft, and Roe Lee.

The word deer, now restricted to red and fallow deer,

used to mean any kind of wild animals. A.S. deory

Ger. thier^ Gr. fjjjp, Lat. /^;'^.

" Mice and rats and such small deer.'"

—

K. Lear.

"When night-dogs run, all sorts of deer are chas'd."

Merry Wives.

Dearden and Derdale, near Todmorden, are not

distinctive terms. Dewhurst was formerly Duerhurst.

• The wild-cat formerly infested this district. Its bones

have been found in the Victoria Cave, associated with

Roman coins of the fifth century. Hence, perhaps, such

names as Cat-holes and Wild Cat Low.

We find the indigenous, or black Rat in Ratten

Clough.

" And right so, quod that ratoun."

—

Pitrs.

The modern brown rat did not reach England till 1 730.

The Toad, A.S. tade, in Toad Lane. There is

another Toad Lane on Blackstone Edge, a third in

Manchester, and a fourth in Preston. Toad Leach,

formerly spelt Todleach, is near Healey, and Toad Carr

is at Todmorden. As regards the last-mentioned name,

Dr. Whitaker is probably right in conceiving it to mean

"the valley of the mere abounding in toads."

Tod is only a nickname for the Fox, who dislikes

45

water as much as a cat. To dod an animal is to clip

its ears or tail. We find the favoured beast in Foxuill,

Foxholes, and Foxstone Edge.

The Swine is found in Swine-rootings and Swineshaw

;

and the Cow in Cow-gate, Cowside, Cowcommon, CooHill, Cow Heyes, Cow Lee Lane, and Cowlishaw.

Probably Cuncliffe Moss and Cunny Leach are namedfrom cows or kine ; A.S. cima^ ge7t. pL of cows.

It may be mentioned here that Stott means not only

a young ox, but also a horse. Steed and stud are

cognate terms.

"This revc sate upon a riglu {:,'ood stot."

—

Cant. Talcs.

The Charter of Forests enacts that " ever}- freeman

may have in his woods avyries of s]\irhawks, falcons,

eagles, and herons."

Glede, A.S. glida, the kite, we find in Gledhill, Gled-

stones (Gladstone), and Gladden FTey. North of us there

are Hawk Yard and Hawkshaw Fold. Near Todmorden

are Eagle Crag and Hawkstones. Bride Stones, notwith-

standing the bride and bridegroom, I take to be Brid,

or bird. Stones. Earnshaw is the wood of the eagle,

A.S. earn. Hearnshaw is the old name of the lieron.

" As when a cast of faulcons made their flight

At an herneshaw that lyes aloft on wing."

—

Faery Q.

We find the Heron also in Heron Knowl, Herring

Knoll, and Erringden.

The Raven, A.S. hrafn, seems to occur in Ravens-

46

pike Hill, Ravens Clough, Rivington (raven don) Pike,

Revidge, and Ravden. Renshaw was formerly Raven-

shaw. Hra^fn was also a personal name.

The Crow, A.S. craw (L.G. Kraai ; O.N. Krakr,

cognate with the A.S. hroc, the rook) appears in Crow

Thorn, Crow Trees, Crow Hill, Crow Lane, and Craw-

shaw Booth. Cronton, in 1562, was spelt Crawcnton.

For the present Crey, the Crye and Crye Meadow maybe referred to the Crow.

In Baines' Lancashire is the luminous statement that

" Chow Bent is the bent of Chow," or the sedgy field

possessed by that person. I think the true etymon is

the A.S. ceo^ the chough or jackdaw; and the instances

are Chew Moor, Chew Clough, Chew \\'ells, ChewBrook, Chow Bent, Chowley, and perhaps Showley and

Showley Brook. Shakespeare makes Prince Henry use

a diminutive form, " Peace, chewet, peace."

The Celtic hen^ old, or the A.S. hceji, worthless, is

generally given as the origin of the following; but the

A.S. hana^ a cock, and hcen^ a hen, seem preferable :

—

Henfold, Henland, Henheads, Henfield, Henci-oft,

Hemvick, Henley, and Handley, formerly spelt Hanley,

and in Doomsday Book Hanlei, the d being euphonic.

The names of other birds are found in Piethorn,

(jaukthorn, A.S. gccc,^ the cuckoo, Robinshaw, Wren

Wood, and Bittern Pits. Buersil was formerly s])elt

Huerdsill, Burdishull, and Burdshill ; behind this place

is Lark Hill. Sprowell I take to be Sparrow hill.

47

Local Names that show Traces of Histqricai.Persons.

In ancient writings, such as the Sagas, we find the

names of a number of Saxons and Danes who, together

with their followers, certainly settled in England.Great pains and much ingenuity have been spent in

order to discover such traces of them as cannot fail to

exist in our local and personal nomenclature. Theresult has been a mass of highly speculative suggestions,

out of which the ensuing have been selected as, on thewhole, not improbable.

'' Holon weold Wiosnum," Ilolen ruled the Wrosns.two names that are still found together in Hollin andRos.sendale.

Gigg is a farm near Bury ; the diminutive Gichel is

the name of a person in Liher Vitce ; and Giggleswickis a village in Craven.

Cissa is preserved in Ciss Hill. Heatho-Bardain Eardsley andCnebba in Knave Hill, near Beard Shaw.

^""'^^ ^'^^^- Hreada in Reed Hill andDedwin in Deadwen Clough. Ridlev.

Geat in Cadeshead. Hryp in Ripley, Reaps, andGwrial, the Celtic lorm of a Reaps Cross.

Saxon name recorded in the Hwala in Whalley.Life of Merlin, is preserved Niih, Nytta, Ijb. Vit., inin Whorlestones (as well as Night Hill, Needham,'an<lin Whorlton in Yorkshire, " Needless.

Worlestone in Cheshire, and Ofta in Offa Hill.

^Whorwelsdown in Wilts.) Sigennind-in Simondstone.

Gildaj, a Welsh name, in Soemel in Samlesbury.Gii lets.

48

Streona in Streenes, Strines, Wihtla-g in Whitcley.

Strines Clough, Strange *

Common, and Strangeways Canute in Knott Hill.

(as well as in Strenshall in Haarfagr in Halfacre.

Yorkshire). Hogni in Honey Holme.vSumser in Summerseat. Hrotan in Rawtenstall.

Wala in Walworth. Hungar in Hunger Hill.

Wihta in Weets, Whitworth, Lobbi in Lobley.

and White Ridings. Solvar in Silver Head.

THE NORSEMEN.

One marked difference in character between the

Saxon and the Scandinavian is seen in the well-known

case of the different meaning which they attached to

the same words.

The A.S. 77>, Eat. viciis, as in Prestwich, the village

of the priest, was a place where men might securel}-

dwell; and /<?n/, as in Sandiford, a place where they

might securely pass. The Scandinavian vie was a safe

harbour for ships, ixwd Jiord, a creek they could safely

enter. The term ivic was also applied to a wide reach

in a river ; Ipswich is Geapes wic, a bay in the river

Gipping, and Fishwick, formerly s})elt Eiscuic, a fish-

pool in the Ribble, near Preston. The Latin vici/la,

diminutive of vicus, gives us the words villa and village.

Between a.d. 449 and 450 there were several Saxon

invasions of the south-east coast of England. Lanca-

shire, however, was not colonised -by these, but by the

Sixons who invaded the south-east coast of Scotland in

49

547- ^t must have been many years after, that spreading

gradually to the south and west, they began a "struggle

for existence" with the Britons of this country.

In A.D. 7S7 there took place the first serious incur-

sions of the Danes, who also streamed in frum east to

west. Their principal settlements were in Lincolnshire

and Holderness, and are to be traced by the names of

towns and farms ; such, for instance, as possess the

suffix of by^ an abode, and of toft^ a homestead.

Thus, between Ripon and Thirsk, on the other side

of Blackstone Edge, over an area of less than ten miles

square, are the following villages :—Firby. Gatenby.

IMannby, Sinderby, Ainderby, Kirkby, Newby, Roxby,

Crosby, Sowerby, Birkby, Norby, Melmerby, Ealdersby,

Southerby, Leckby, and Asenby.

No name of this kind is to be found in the vicinity

of Rochdale. But what we do find, instead of by, are

some older forms of the same word. The- O.N. byr or

boer, for instance, is probably represented in Bearshill,

Bear Hill, Byrome, Burton. Buerton, Thornber, Bamber,

and Greenber.

Booth, too, which has affinity to by^ is from an ante-

cedent form, O.N. bud^ a dwelling. The forest of

Rossendale contained eleven vaccaries or cowpastures,

which were called Booths, from the huts of shepherds

and cowherds ; such as Cowpc Booth and Bacope

Booth. For the personal name see also' pages 87 & 90.

• Th'. hamlets of the Danes were sometimes designated

so

thorps ; and a high authority says that this term is not

met with in Lancashire. Thorpe means 'a gathering

together of people as into a village, and is the same

word as troop, a company. It gets contracted into trop

and trup, as Wilstrop, near York. We have a Thorpe

by Royton, and Trubsmithy may be a corruption of

Thorpsmithy. All the same, thorp, though not absent,

is very rare.

The conclusion, then, of the matter is, that the

Scandinavians who settled here, and to whom this

neighbourhood owes so much of its nomenclature,

invaded Lancashire not from the east but from the

west. The names they gave to their farms are older

in structure than those of Danelagh, and are not to be

found in the Danish district.

They were the vik-ings or baymen of the deep

fiords of Norway and Iceland, So remote and com-

plete was their occupation of the Shetlands and the

Orkneys that every name in this archipelago is pure

Norse.

Scotland was their south, and they called it Suther-

land ; and the Hebrides to them were southern islands,

or Sudreyjar, an appellation which survives in the title

of the Bishop of Sodor and Man.

In the mainland of the Orkneys is a vast tumulus,

which looks at a distance like a natural green hill. Asubtt^rranean passage leads to a chamber built of massive

stones and containing three alcoves or sepulchres.

51

The walls of the interior are covered with runic inscrip-tions, which number as many as one thousand,' and areof a highly archaic nature. These were carved by amultitude of sight-seeing Norsemen, who broke into thetomb, which seems to have been an ancient one even intheir distant day.

One writing has been thus translated :—" AVith thisaxe, owned by Kor, hewed the son of Traenil, alongsouthern shores."

Along southern shores they came. The Leivis ^vastheir Lyod-haus or wharf; a good anchorage in Skyethey called Broadford, after Brede Fiord in old Iceland;and they bestowed the names now borne by almostevery headland from the Western Hebrides to the Isleof Man.

There they established a powerful colony, and fromthat base they made incursions into Cumberland, West-morland, and Lancashire.

Amid the forests that covered the country, theywrought clearings with the axe. The open places thusrid of trees they called rod, rode, ridding. Blackrode,for instance; Greenrod, corrupted into Grindrod; andRaw-riddmg. Ellenrod is a clearing among elder-trees,just as Oakenrod is one among oaks, In the time ofHenry III., mention is made of -an assart (or wood-clearmg) called Akinrode."

As the borders of Yorkshire are approached. Ridding,Rod ^ and Rhodes, become Ryding, Royd, and Royds.'

52

We find Raw, or rough, Royd; Stony Royd; Blythe,

or smooth, Royd ; Ellen Royd, and Green Royd.

Huntroyd is a clearing for the chase; Holroyd, a path

through hollies; and Ackroyd, one through oaks.

Heyrod, now corrupted into Herod, is the way to the

enclosure; John del Heyrod, 1422 ; Heyroyd Farm,

near Colne. Murgatroyd is the way to the ?^Ioorgate.

Near Todmorden is a farm called Murgatshaw.

Rawcliffe is a corruption of Rodecliff; and Riddell

and Ridehaugh are similar words.

The Norsemen often called these forest clearings

after their own personal names ; names sometimes

totemic. Thus, Brotherod is the clearing of Broddr,

who also gave his name to Brotherton ; Ormerod, that

of Ormr ; Collinrod and Golynrode those of Kollr, and

Swaindrod that of Sweyn. Broddr signifies a spear,

Ormr a serpent, and Kollr a helmet.

Urmston was formerly Ormston, and we have

Ormshaw and Ormskirk.

Other names are Clegg, cleg the horsefly ; Buthor

the bittern, in Butterley Hill, Butter's Bottom, and

Butterworth, formerly spelt Botworth and Botesworth,

1270; Grima, a helmet, one of the titles of Odin, in

Grimshaw, Grimscar, and more compounded in Grim-

baldston ; Broc, the badger, in Brocklebank and

Brocklehurst.

Gaukr, the cuckoo, in Gauxholm; Forseti, the judge,

oiie of the Norse deities, in Fawcett and Facit. or

53

Facid, 1781 ; Skuli, the splitter (of stones or \Vood for

houses) in Scholey Head ; and Oddr, a dart, in Oddy.

Thwaite is a cleared place, a field or farm ; as

in Slaithwaite, Haghthornthwayt, Thistlethwaitc, Lin-

thwaitc, tlie field of the sloe, the hawthorn, the thistle,

the linden-trees. The word is much more abundant

in Lonsdale than with us. The A. S. has tJiweotaii, to

lo].) off.

(kirth, which corresponds to the Saxon worth, is

from O.N. gardr, a fence. We have sucli names as

Cart Side, Garside, Garstang, Garswood, and Garland.

Hogartii is hogardr, a yard for hay. Iinitek is an

enclosure. In the form of Intake, the name is fretjuent.

O.N. beii, a pasture, gives us Baitings, a farmliouse

on Ulackstone Edge, Sidebeet, or large ])asture, and

l)erliaps Eeater Clough.

Aj-gJi or arf, Lat. arvum (Sansc, root ai'v, to

desolate and hence to plough up) signifies an arable

farm. I'he word is not found close to Rochdale, but

near Ivirkham are such places as Grimsargh. Anglezark,

Aulezargh, and Goosnargh, the farm of G]"im, cf Angel,

a hook, of Ula, an owl, and of Gusan, the powerful

wildgoe)se of the Northern seas. With this may be

comj^ared Genserich the name of a Vandal, and

Sasfugel, that of an Anglo-Saxon chief.

O.N. skali, a hut or house, is from ^tlie Sansc. root

skal. to split. The huts were built of split wood, and

roofed witli sJiak or split stone. A stair made of sione

54

slabs is the Italian sca/a^ with which may be (:oni]jarcd

our scaling-ladder. Shell and scale are from the same

root, and we read of a horse caparisoned with

" scholes under shankes." We have such ])!a(:es as

Brinscall, Scoles, Scales, North Scall, Scole Car Edge,

Scholefield, and Schofield : John del Scolfield, 132 1.

Shawcross probably comes in here : Richard Shal-

cross, 1550.

O.N. bol, a dwelling, is generally corrupted inio I'ou'.

We find Bowstede, Bow Lee, Bow \Vood, Bowstone

Hill, and Bowland, formerly Bolland.

O.N. byggiiii^\ is a building. On Blackstone Edge is

a place called Eong Biggin.

Erom O.N. hlada, to heap up, to store, comes the

w^ord laith, a barn. We have High Laith, New Eaith.

Hey Laithe, Ear Ing Laith, Lathebutts, and Claviger

Laithe. Lately Common, Lady Lees, Lady Bridge,

Lady Barn, Lathome, and Latham I take to be from tlie

same word ; and there are a Latus, or Laith ELouse, in a

neighbouring parish, and a Ladhouse in Cumberland,

to which the Ladyhouse at Milnrow bears a suspicious

resemblance.

Side, O.N. sida, is a distinctively Norse name for a

settlement, as in Ormsidc and Rampside, the settlement

of Ormr and of Krafn. -

The Norse Jwl, a hill, is too intermixed with the

A.S. hyl, to be easily distinguished. It also mingles

with the Norse words how, hoy, haugh, haiigr, and hopt\

55

all signifying a hill. Further confusion is due to the

fact that in Scotland, as well as in the North of England,

Jiaugh and hope indicate valleys. It would seem, there-

fore, that there is an admixture of correlatives which are

probably some older forms of O.N. haugr, a mound,

and hop, a recess.

We have such places as Hough, How Gate, HowRoyd, How Royd Clough, Greenhow ; Langho was

originally Billango, and is in the same parish as Billing-

ton and Billinge Hill; and House End is a corruption

of Hough's End. Also, Haugh, Bulhaugh, Ridehaugh,

Ridihalgh, Broadhalgh, and Grcenhalgh, spelt in Dooms-

day Book Greneholf, and corrupted into Grenal.

Hulton was Haughton and Halghton: Aighton, too,

was Halghton. Kempnail was Kempnough, and origi-

nally Kempenhalgh. Withnell is a corruption of Withen-

halgh. Aspinall, Bramall, Nuttall, are similar corrup-

tions ; and Fernihollow was formerly spelt Fernihalgh.

The term haugr also signifies a sepulchral mound.

At Haulgh, near Bolton, a barrow was opened which

contained two Kist-vaens, in which were an urn of red

earth, a number of bones, a bronze spear-head, and

some armour. Rainshough is by an old camp.

AVe meet the word hope in Hopwood, Hope Fold,

and Hopley. Cowpe is a corruption of Cow Hope.

AViddup is probably Wide Hope; we _have AMddup

Gate ; and Stirrup, Mossop, Harrop, and Broxup I take

to be S',.arfhope, Mosshope, Harehope, and Brockshope.

Gale, O.N. geil, akin to gill, a ravine, is a site in the

hollow of a hill. There is a place of this kind and

name at Littleborough, and another in Castleton. We

have to look farther off for instances of the survival of

gill, a ravine; such are Brackens Gill, Cross Gills, Low

Gill, Admergill, and, perhaps, the personal names

Bowskill and Brunskill. For Fothergill, see page 98.

Dub, from the Norse diiip, depth, is a piece of water

on a hill. This seems to be the origin of Tab Road,

Debdale, Dobcross, Dobbrow, Dob Hill, Daub Hill, and

Dove Law. The common Saxon word for a dove was

culfra ; nnidu-culfre was a wood pigeon ; duva was rare.

In Scotland a duck-pond is called a goose-dub.

Dern, or Tern, from O.N. Horn, has a very similar

meaning: a small tarn. We have Turnley, Turnaugh,

Turnehill, Turn Slack, Tarnacre, and Darnhill.

Carr, O.N. kiarr, is a swamp, or a hollow with

water, as Horse Carrs, Broad Carrs, West Carr, The

Little Carr, ("The bottomless carr," in Durham,) and

many places called simply Carr.

In the Lancashire dialect carr-water is peaty water.

When car means a rock, it is a corruption of scar.

Starr is a word of Norse origin, and signifies strong

or coarse grass ; as in Starring, Starring Hill, and Starr-

garden.

Scow, O.N. skog, is a wood. The word survives in

the personal names Briscow and Haresceugh, and in

the places Thornscow, Scowcroft, and Burscough.

57

Mire, O.N. inyri, is a bog or i^^x^.. AVe have Red-mires, and Myrescough.

Grain, O.N. grein, is a division ; as in South Grains,on tie old parish boundary, Long Grain, Grains, Has-lingcen Grane, Grane Head, Grane Post, and Graining.

CIos2 to the last mentioned, is a place called Grey-stones

;as grey is not a distinctive colour for a stone,

this s probably grain-stones or boundary stones.

A holm meant first a small flat island, and afterwardsthe bw meadow-land, almost an island, the delta onthe Unks of a curving river. Such places, and socalled abound in this neighbourhood. Sidholm is thespaciais holm

; Mytholm is the middle holm, embracedby theCalder and the Hebden. Cowm is thought by

^some o be Cowholm

; but the character of the place

k ^ suggess the meaning given on page 63.

TheNorse word keld or kd, signifies a fountain.

Buclle is bfi, cattle, and kd ; " a place for watering

^

cattle." Cold Wall Brow seems to be keld well brow,a redupication. Beyond Burnley is Kelbrook.The .^odden is the valley of the Spot. This word

has afiflrty to spate, spit, and spout, and involves theidea of

. small body of water flowing swiftly. It is

likely thi the name of the stream is of Norse origin.

!

since in N^orway there is a Spyten Vand, and in "theIsle of Tv'an a river called Spooyt Vane.

Besidesraising a funeral mound, the Norsemen oftenerected aiuge stone as a memorial of the illustrious

58

dead. Places called Jordan are from C)iN. Jardan,

burial; the O.^ Jord is equivalent to the A.S. eorihe,

earth.

Boundaries were sometimes marked by stones, \\hich

in such cases would bear the owners' name.

Stones were also raised in adoration of a divine

person. Lund means a sacred grove.

Not far from Saddleworth are Thurstone, Thur;den,

Thor Clough, and Wamstone. Woden compounds into

warn. Thor and Balder were sons of Odin or Wbden.

There is a Balderstone on the Ribble ; and thisis the

oldest spelling of the place in Rochdale. Milks one is

probably the stone of Mioll, and Ravenstone iiat of

Hrafn, common Norse names; while near th( place

known as Ormistons, and formerly spelt Orm<stanes,

are a pair of tall stones called at the present tine "two

lads."

THE ROMANS. .

Though the Romans occupied Britain for abut 400

years, and intersected Lancashire with their military

roads, they seem to have left not a single nar.e in this

vicinity.

Dr. Whitaker says that on the Roman rad which

crosses Blackstone Edge was " a subordinate fort, still

called the Castle," whidi probably gave orgin to the

purely Saxon denomination of Littleborough

Harbour, as Cold Harbour and* Windy Hrbour, is a

irequently-occurring name in Lancashire. i:3mner says

59

" Hercberga is a station where the army rested in their

march." The Cold Harbours, numbering as many as

70 on the Roman roads throughout England, ^vere

unroofed enclosures, or caravansaries The word was

afterwards used to designate an inn.

" 1 saw nat this yere swiche a compagnie

At ones ill this lierbcrwe, as is now."

—

Cant. Talcs.

On the Britons themselves, however, the influence of

the Romans, who ruled them so long, must have been

very deep, as shov/n by tlie large number of Latin

words that have become incorporated into the 'Welsh

language ; so nmch so, tliat but for the advent of other

races, England would now have been the country of

"a Romanesque people, like the French or Spanish.''

THE CELTS.

Not a few of our local names are distinctly Celtic.

This fact, which at first seems a startling one, a little

consideration will show to be perfectly natural and

inevitable. By the incursions and settlements of

Norsemen and Saxons, the original British inhabitants

of this part of the country were not destroyed, and

were not even altogether driven away. The new races

lived side by side with the old. The entire population

of Cumberland, or land of the Cymbry, used the Celtic

language as late as the loth century \ and in the wilder

l)art.> of the district it was s])oken in the reign of Queen

6o

Mary. The Norman Survey of Lancashire and Cheshire

mentions among tlie tenants of the soil several persons

whose names imply a Welsh nationality, such as Grifin,

Owin, and Rees.

Choice and fruitful ])laces, that must have been

eagerly seized by new and unscrupulous comers, soon

lost their old denomination ; but unowned rivers and

uncultivable mountains, all over England, still retain,

with few exceptions, their ancient British designa-

tions. And so with us ; the names that have been

preserved and transmitted are not so niuch tliose of

woods and fields and (at lands, as of the far hills and

the lonely moors. These places were a sort of com-

mon jjroperty. The Saxon cared not to enclose th.em;

the Scandinavian did not covet them. They were as

the air or as the sea, free to all, the birthright of the

poor.

Tor, or frir, is a towerlike hill. Tor-hill, near

Haslingden, 1,114 feet in height, and Tor Stile seem

our only examples.

Bryn, a hill-ridge, and dron, a round hill. Underthese titles may be placed Bryn Farm, Brynsop, Brun

Edge, Brean Hey, Brown Wardle, Brund Hurst, Brand-

wood, Burnt Hill, Burnedge, Brownedge, Brunshaw,

Hollin Brown Low, Higfi Brown Knowl, Brun, a hill of

this name two miles to the east of Friar ^Mere : another

Brun, a hill near Mossley ; Brimrod, formerly sjielt

Brunrod ; Brown House, behind Rushh.ill reservoirs;

6i

Brinscall, and Brindle. Brindle is Bryn-hill ; of old it

was variously spelt, but in 1352 we find " Sir Peter de

Bryn of Brynhill." Brining was spelt Brune in

Doomsday Book.

Allt, a cliff, as in Alt hill, now corrupted into Ottle

and Otts.

Cnoc^ a hill or mound. Nockliffe Eaves : eaves,

A.S. efese, is a border or brink ; and perhaps Nick road.

Sliabh, a hill, may be the origin of Slipper Hill and

Slipper Low.

Drum is a ridge. Meldrum is the bald ridge.

Drummer Stoops ; stoops are posts fastened into the

earth ; Staups Moor, Stopes, and Locking Stoup.

Dol is a field ; so that Doldrum is the field on the

ridge, as Dalgarnock in Ireland is the field of the rough

knoll. The word has still a local use in the sense of a

field, as in Cote Dole, Doals, Dulshaw, Clay dole,

Sand-dole, Great and Little dole, Long doles, ]\Liy-gate

dole, and Broad dole.

We read of " freedom of turbary (power to cut

turves) upon that Mosse dole," 1663. We have a

Doldrum near Ogden, and another by Rooley Moor.

Pen is a head, but not always a massive one like

Pendle Hill. In Wales, persons at loggerheads are

said to be pen-hen. We have. Pen Moss^ Bens Toot,

Ben Cop, Bene Hill, Pendlebury Fold, and Penyghent,

or windy hill. The Saxon-looking Fcnniscowles is a

corrup'ion of Pen-ys-goil, head-of-the-cliff.

62

Maen, a stone, is thought to occur in Manstone, andHigher and Lower Pemmins, or pen-maen, stony head.

Cronk, a hill, is a word that abounds in the Celticparts of the Isle of Man, as Cronkyvoddy, the hill ofthe dog; Cronky urleigh, the hill of the eagle; andCronkyshinnagh, the hill of the fox. Recollecting thesituation of the estate called Foxholes, it is impossibleto avoid the suspicion that some such name as Cronky-shinnagh, the hill of the fox, has been corrupted intoour Cronkeyshaw. The usual explanation of this name,that it means a rough or winding wood, seems un-supported.

Eudan, a forehead, is applied to the brow of a hill, andis exactly suitable to Edenfield, formerly spelt Ayten,Ayden, and Adenfield. This place is too far from theriver to have been named from ea, water. The samestatements hold good with Higher and Lower Eden,near Oswaldtwastle.

In Ireland, Edenmore is the great brow.

Clack, or Clough, is a stony place.

"Scnde him to seche in clif and cl.nv."

Dedwin Clough: Dyduin, twelfth century, and Deduin,

thirteenth century, a personal name. Love Clough:LuiTe, a personal name, twelfth century.

Llech is a flat stone, or paved footpath. The highestpart of the road over Rooley Moor is called Top o'

Loach.

^3

CivJii is a hollow among hills. We have CowmLower Cowm, Combes, Combe Hill, and Holcomb.

The word survives in honeycomb.

Coed, a wood, corrupts into cat and chat, and is

rcrot^ni/ed in Chntioo-;';. (

"

'^''-.'th;"- ''\., :' ini

< 'W.

in stjnie \y.\xv^ vA the • v.ut.tr) tlie ;vord ;s Mill ^.v. use;

ash chats or beech chats are bundles of ash or beech

wood. In its diminutive forms chattocks means refuse

wood, and catkin is little twig.

The Gaelic fridh, a wood, Celtic (fridd, a forest, is

found in Iamv I'Vitli, ;uul i.-. the ori-in of ->(y\\\^ i>l.iccs

called Firth. It survives in local dialects in the word

frith, which means underwood. The O.N. vidr, a wood,

is ])reservcd locally in the term r.'////, a twig or stick:

and the A.S. lauidii, a wood, tree, or anytiling made of

wood, may now be a])plied to the smallest fragment of

timber.

These are further examples of a tendency mentioned

on page 14.

Pivl, a pool or marsh, as in Blackpool. We have

Pule Moss, Bule Hill, Palden, Polefield, and Pole Lane.

In Doomsday Book Poole is spelt Pol, and Welshpool

was formerly written Welsh Pole. Gorple, a moor from

which flows Gorple water,** is probably Gorpwl, gor

meaning moor, as in Gorcock, the grouse. The word

poo^ was borrowed by the Saxons.

64

FncJi is an island. A large portion of Inchfield Moor,

and of Inchfield Pasture, are almost perfect islands,

made, in each case, by two streams running into a third.

In Dooms-day Book Ince is spelt Inise, very much like

the present Welsh form. In a. d. 467, the Saxons, under

Colgrim, with their allies the Picts and Scots, were

defeated, according to Gildas, by King Arthur in four

great battles—"Super amnem quae nominatur Brittanice

Duglas quce est in regione Inniis." This is the Douglas

which falls into the Ribble, and the district is indicated

by two places still called Ince, near Wigan. Wigan is,

therefore, thought by some to be named from the A.S.

wig, war ; but this is highly improbable, as the

Saxons at this time had not settled here, and were

not only thoroughly routed by Arthur, but did not

return to the neighbourhood for, perhaps, a hundred

years. Moreover, ^Vigan is not mentioned in Dooms-

day Book.

Another of Arthur's battles was fought shortly after,

"super flumen quod vocatur Bassas," the Bashall brook,

which falls into the Ribble near Clitheroe.

It may be noticed that the Inches of Perth have

ceased to be islands in consequence of an elevation of

20 feet to 30 feet which the land has undergone since

the Roman period. In one of them an anchor has been

dug up, and a boathook was fount;! eight feet below the

jresent surface of the soil.

Baile is a dwelling. Balladen, for Balladun, is the

^>5

clwclliiii;- on llic hill; just as Ballagan, in Irelan(l,Js the

dwelling in the hollow.

Taith, a Celtic deity, corresponding to Mercury, was

widch- worshipped in Britain. There are Toot Hill

near Macclesfield, Cleeve Toot in Somerset, Mythe

Toot in (iloucestersliire, and Twt Hill at Carnarvon.

AVe have Tooter Hill, Toot Hill, 1^ode Hill, Toodlc

Hill, 'i'ottleworth Lee, Cow Toot, and liens Toot.

777//. ovtei/i, is fire. 'I'he IJeltane fire was fire offered

to a i^od. Tandle Hill, the d euphonic, may have been

a beacon hill.

A'r/. or Ilclin, the Celtic deity whose symbol was fire.

g;ive his name to many places in IJritain. In \'orkshire,

to the liaal Hills; with us, to the river lieil or Beale.

Belfield was formerly spelt Beilfield and Belefield.

Beal Key is in Crompton. The Ribble or Rybel was

called by Ptolemy Belisama.

The Rye of Blackstone Edge, the Roy near Oldham,

together with the first syllable o^ the Rybel and of the

Ribourne, are from the Celtic r/ie, switt (Gr. ofw).

Whether rivers called Leven are to be deri^•ed from

the Teutonic Jilaupeii, to leap, or from the Celtic Ueviiy

smooth, must depend on the character of the stream.

Diggle PJrook, which flows off Black Moss, is a

(•orrui)tion of d/in-ghis or blaclr-water. Douglas is the

same word. There is a river Duglas in Croston

parish.

Dic'^- is the Cymric for water (Or. vlu){,). The

I

»

66

Darwen means clear water, and the Calder is the cil

divr or winding water.

The word iam, spreading, or still, forms the name of

many rivers, as the Tame in Saddleworth.

The first appearance of Rochdale in writing is in

Doomsday J3ook, where it is spelt Racedham. \\\ r i 70it is written Rachdam. Soon after .1200 the lownshij)

of Rochdale is called Villa Castella Rachedham.Hence we may confidently conclude that the pro-

nunciation was Ratchdam. As it is j.retty certain that

the stream was named before the town, the hybi-id

term would indicate a Saxon hamlet on a British river.

In old document's, to within one huiulred years of tlie

present time, the spelling of the first s)l]ab!e is always

Ratch or Rach. The Celtic craig, a rock, and hrac or

IiViuh, are phonetically equivalent.

In Derbyshire the provincial name for broken stones

is raicJiel.^w^ a ridge of commanding cliffs is called the

Roches.

In Lancashire the local term for a rock is ratclu-r,

and Ave have places called Ratchers, and Old Ratchells;

while another Lancashire stream, the Rocher, flows

over rocks, and in its bed are Druidical remains

hollowed out of the stone. The. hill sides where our

own Roche rises are- rocky still ; and two thousand

years ago, before fields were cleared and walls andhouses built of scattered stonfe, the valley must have

\

been surmounted by imposing crags.I

67

From the water-shed of Summit, then, that whichtlowed eastward was yrlei)t Cal-dwr, or curving stream,

and that which ran to the west, Hrac-dwr, or stonv

stream.

When the Saxons built on the banks of the river thev

called their town Hrac-dur ham, ur Rachdam. TJiis

name was soon altered. In 129.- it was written Rakc-

dale. The transformation was due to Scandinavian

influence. Dale is a Norse term for a wide valley, and

is o^uite distinct from the Saxon dell.

Rock, too, is not a Saxon word ; it is the O.X. lockr.

A\'e may take it that Oamel the Thane was himself of

Norse extraction. Carnal, which means old, was muchmore common as a ])ersonal name among Norsementhan with the Saxons. In a grant of land, dated 1051,

litteen years before the con(juest, occurs the name of

(lOuse (iamelson, and the patronymic is unmistakably

Norse. When (kimbleside was one of the vaccaries of

Rossendale Forest it was spelt (lamulside, and again

rhe suffix is distinctivelv Norse.

So Rochdale the Norse name of our valley sup])lanted

Rachdam, the Celto-Saxon name of our town. But in

spite of the lapse of years, and the change and 11 ux of

nxes, Rachder, the truest and oldest pronunciation, is

still to be heard.

68

CUMULATIVE NAMES. -

In diMAving to a conclusion the first part of tliis essa)-,

the oi)portiinity has come to adduce cases of cumuhi-

tion, one of the most interesting parts of onomatolog\

.

Wlien the original significance of a word is lost, it

becomes necessary to add to it one that is understood.

1'he doubling of the feminine suffi.\ in songstress, and of

the plural sign in children, are commor instances. It

is the same Avith the names of places.

Ness, as in Sheerness, is a nose or pointed headland,

and was used generically. When its m.eaning was for-

gotten, the term was treated as specific, and a generic

name was added. Of this process we see an example

in Shari)nesspoint. A better illustration has been used :

the mountain at the head of the Yarrow is called

Mountbenjerlaw. The original British name was Pen

Yer, or Yarrow Head, to which the Saxons added Ian\

and tlie Nomans mouiif.

The following are some local instances of this

reduplication :

—

Dunhill.

Hameldon Hill.

Law Hill.

.Snoddle Hill.

Hollin Blown Low,

Brindle.

Slipper Hill.

Tor Hill.

Bull .^cout Hill.

Low I low.

Whittle Hill.

C.'xdshaw.

(."lOodshaw.

Hurst Wood.

Holt Wood.

Shaw Wood.

C alder Brook.

!)ijj[gle Jhook.

Buckley Pasture.

Lady Barn.

69

Spa Well.

Cold Wall Brow,

Pule Moss.

Prickshaw Brook is a kind of reduplication, and is

like Turton Tower, where first the village was called

after the stronghold, Tower-town, and then the strong-

hold Avas called after the village, Tower-town-tower.

PART II.

)hALlN'(; MOSTLY WITH 'IHR Pi'.KSONAL NaMKS NOW

FOUX!) IX THi: r>OROl^C;H or RoCHDAr.K.

IHAT portion of Doomsday Book which relates

to Lancashire and Clieshire contains a com-

plete record of the tenants at the time of the Conquest.

Of all the names thus given, it is strange to see that

only a fifth part are yet employed, while of these full}-

two-thirds have merely a prenominal use. As surnames,

for instance, we still find traces of Grim, Orme, Ulf,

Warin, Brun, and Godwin ; and, as Christian names,

we meet with Osmund, Radulf or Ralph, and Goisfrid

or Geoffrey. Of the rest, it is interesting to notice that

(Jodid, goodness, LuveJe, beloved, and Ulvene, pet

wolf, not less fond than our Ursula, arc the names of

ladies, who held an independent and honourable

)Osition.

Before going further, it is well to repeat wliat has

licen urged before :— ist, that there is always a strong

tendency to assimilate strangely-sounding names to any

familiar ones they may happen to resemble ; and 2nd,

that to give one etymology is not to exclude others.

Names from Places, o)- Natioiialify.

\Ve have already met witli plentiful i)roof that persons

are often called after the place in which they lived. But

they are also called after the country from which they

came. The following is a list of the instances in this

town :

—

A man of the Boii,

a CelUc tribe.

(.\)IIin;^'c, or 1 )e Chalons (sec

nls(. pai,^es ]z -'^"^1 9j)-

l^ywell,

Pywcll,

Pyman,

Dania, a Dane.

England

.

English.

France, >j

Frank,

Frankell, ^

Fallon, a Falian.

Frazer, A.S. Frysa, a Frisian.

Fleming.

Holland.

Ireland ; in some cases this

is a corruj)ted Norse

name. Eriand, which n^eans

foreii-aer.

Franks.

jancw.ay, old s[)elliii<; J:\n-

wayes, a Genoese.

Kent.

Lancashire.

Lincoln.

Morris, or Moorish, perhap.s -x

crusader; IMontmorirc came

over with the Conqueror.

Norris, leNoreys, a Norwegian.

l\.aines, de Rennes (see page

105).

Saxon.

Scott.

Snowdon.

Tansey, a member of liie tribe

of Danduti.

Wales (see also page loS).

72

Pat} onyviics.

Some personal names are patronyini'': : they arc

structurally indicative of descent.

The Welsh form is ap : Parry or i^arry is Ap Harry,

the son of Harry ; Hevan, Price, Prodger, Pritchard,

liowen, IJetliell, Pugh, rowcll, are the son of Iv.aii,

Reece, Roger, Richard, Owen, Ithell, Hugh, and

Howell. Hoel was tlie name of the Celtic prince of

Armorica, who came to the assistance of King Arthur,

when he fought his Lancashire battles.

The Scandinavian tbrm is se)i, or son^ as in Nansen,

Smithson, Dixon. At'ter some competition with, it

finally superseded the Saxon form about the time of

the Norman invasion.

The Saxon form is ing^ inge, or iuger. This suflix is

cognate with our word young; and, when attached to a

personal name, is taken to indicate descent ; and S(; has

sometimes the wider sense of nationahty, as the 1 )ancs,

for instance, were called Skioldungar, the Skioidings or

descendants of Skiold, son of Odin, the first King of

Denmark.

It has already been remarked that uig is to be

distinguished from the word that means a meadow :

moreover, it is sometimes jiierely a phonetic addition ;

and now and then it has the force of a diminutive.

It also enters into compounds-; Birmingham was

formerly written IJeorm-inga-liam, the abode of the

7.3

sons of lieorm. Some of the neighbouring e.i^amples

are

—

Uxown Brining.

Cole (Kollr) Collinge, Collingwuod.

! );inii Donying.

Kndr (as in EiKleii')') Ending.

Earr Faningion.

Heap Hipping.

Hill Illingvvorih.

Holling- worth, spell with a

•

^^'>>'^i ^inl546.

IVnn Pennington.

Some existing surnames are said to be derived from

female baptismal names ; as Parnell or Pownall from

L^etronilla, Cousons from Custance, and Letts from

J >ietitia.

Bodily CJiaractei-,

Names derived from personal peculiarities, such as

Beard, are not nearly as numerous as is commonly

supposed.

Thus Pedhead. 8th cent. Eadheit, means literally

counselhood ; and Whitehead, 9th cent. Withaidis.

means understandinghood.

The following are found Avith us:— Bland is blond:

x\.S. hlanden-fcax is light-haired. Sellers, perhaps also

from a trade, and Sala are from a stem, common in

ancic' r names, salo, dark or sallow. Baynes is white

74

or fair. Blinkhorn, Fr. Blanclicron, means literally

whiteraven. Gough is red ; Read also is sometimes

red. Calow, A.S. calo is baldheaded, (see page 94).

Gross, Mutch, Little; Schunke and Shanks: Swifr,

and Speddy speak for themselves.

Mental Cliaracter or Affection.

The following are instances of names given for some

quality of mind or manner :

—

Bright and Burt are the A.S. henrJit, illustrious, of

which Albert is an intensitive. Gaskell is the Gaelic

gais^cil, valiant. Stark and Starky are the A.S. sta?r,

strong or fierce. Noble, beside what it seems, is also

from 0.(i. nibui, mist; Nibelung is the patronymic of

Nibel.

Torks, old spelling Torcht, means illustrious.

Curtis, is courteous ;" Curteis he was, gentil and

affable," {Chancer). Bonar and Bonnar are gracious,

(see also page 89}. Joyce is a corruption of jocose;

Jocosa. Jolly and Jolyffe—"jolif and amorous."

Agnew is the A.S. agnu, own. Soar, the A.S. snr/i,

sorrow. Pratt and Bratt, the A.S. prwt, craft. Ogle

is the diminutive of Ogre, A.S. oga, terror ; hence the

word ugly. Huxley is the A.S. Jiuxlic, disgraceful; and

Wild is obvious.

AHcknaines.

In a few cases names were bestowed in iest ; or

75

because the original owner held some office or ^ took

some part in " sjjorts, jvageantries and plays, wakes,

quintels and mummeries."

Sucli names were used by the ancients, as Basilius,

and Archias. Among ourselves we find King, Prince,

Baron, Lord, Legatt, Bisho]), Abbot, and Priest.

Namesfrom House Si'^ns.

Many odd personal names, such as Crabtree. Talbot,

and Sparrow, originated in the custom of using signs

t() distinguish houses, now almost abandoned exce])t in

the case of Taverns. Sparke or Sparks is a cc>rruptior.

of Si)arrowhawk.

Professional Names.

Personal names terminating in ^r often indicate some

masculine employment. Er, is the A.S. iver^ a man;

so that Salter and Saltman are the same. In like manner

sier is the A.S. form of feminine nouns of action, and

so we have the correlated names Tapper, l)ar-man, and

1'apster, bar-maid ; Webber and Webster, Baker and

Ikixter. One form of Seymour, a word generally

derived from St. Maure, is the A.S. seamere, a tailor,

and seamstress is a duplicated feminine.

This termination in fr .haslo be distinguish.ed, not

always without difficulty, from the er, to be presently

noticed as abounding in true compound Teutonic

name::

76

The names in Rochdale which sprini^ frpiii trade,

office, or occupation are now given.

Bailey, a bailifr.

]-5annister, the keeper of a bath.

Barber; may also be a surgeon.

bJarker, one who procures bark

for the Tanner.

Hellhouse, i»ne who had charge

of a monaslie or other bell.

Brewer^

Bracer, its old form, and )

IJrewsler, its feminine : >

all brewing used to be \

(lone by femalc>. '

Bowes, a bowman; A.S. /v^vz

a bow ;

Pogson, its patronymic.

Boardman, a tenant of bord-

sci-i!tcc, in which rental was

paid in kind.

Butler, is Boieller.

" Boiler schalle sett for each a inesse

A pot, a lofe, withouten distress"

Caiman, a dealer in calls or

cowls.

Calvert, a calf-herd.

Campion, see Kempe.

Carter, or Charreler, a driver

of the Charette, a chariot or

carriage.

Cariwright, see Smith.

Ch.eseman, (see also page 92).

Coke, a cook.

" A coke they hadden

lie coLidc ros'.e and sethe."

(C/ui!,cr>).

Coleman, a maker (.>( charcoal,

(see also page 93).

Comber.

Cooper.

Coward, a cowherd.

Cropper.

Crowder and Crowther, one

who plays on the cr«)wd. the

\Velsh crwth, a stringed in-

strument. "The pipe, the

taljor, and the iremliling

croud " [Spencer).

Cryer.

Dawber, a plaster-er, '' Ruddle

and Daub," or stones and

clay and "Wattle and Dau1»

"

or twigs and clay, consti-

tuted the filling-in of "post

and pan " houses.

Driver.

Dyer.

Farmer, one who gave food,

goods, or sul "Stance, A.S.

fcon/ie, by way of rent ior

land.

Faulkner, a falconer.

77

Franklin, a freeholder.

" A Frnnkclein was in the com-

pagnie ;

At sessions ther was he lord andsire.

Fill often time he was knight of

the shire" (Chancer).

I-'crris, a farrier ; holli nameand trade were introduced

1)}' the Normans.

Fewer, Fr. fevre, a smith.

J''l€tclier, one who makes, or

fledges, arrows,

Fislier.

I'"ilter, (see also page 9S),

I'or.ster)

,, y a forester,I'..ster> .

J'"()wler.

l-'ulltr, A.S./////<?r<', see Walker.

Gardner,

firainger, the overlooker of a

grange, or granary.

Glazier.

Glover.

Gothard, or Goatherd.

Hatch, see Vatcs.

I larjjer.

I fawker.

Horner, a maker of drinking

Vessels, &c.

I hintI

Ihnuor /a huntsman,

Ja-.er )

Kemne, and Campion. A. S.

<v7w/>, war, at'd* cniifa, a

champion. T'rovincial Kng-

lish, champ, a scuftle.

" I'ut in did ccr.e the Kin^e of

Spayne

With Kcmpcs many a one."

Henci.', a blustering fellow,

"a kempy lot." Here,

loo, is the explanation

of Kempenhalgh and Kcmj)-

stone.

Kidman and Kidder, from

Goth. /n>fa t.» hav.k, are

olisolcle nanK> for a huxter.

Kilner, one who minds a mali

or other kiln.

Kitchen, " Ro!>ert de la

Kechen."'

Kitcheman.

Lardner antl Ladner, a swine-

herd, or one who looked

after pannage and fattened

swine.

Leach, a physician.

Lorrimer. a maker of bits for

horses, Fr. lormier, Lat.

lorum.

Lister, or Liitester, a dyer

;

"Clalhis that are littede

ofdyverse coloures" (/'/Vrv).

(See also page loi).

Marlor, a marh-r ff soil.

78

Marshall, A.S. i/iurc-scea!e, a

horse-seivaiu or groom.

Mason.

Mercer, a i^eiu'ra/ dealer in

merchandise.

Naylor, a maker of nails, or

one who drives them in.

Page, and iis diminutives

I'agei, and

I'atchetl.

I'almer, a pilgrim or crusatler.

Paynter.

Pimley, a diminutive of I^ym :

Pymma, /Ji'. /7/. : A.S.

byniere, a irumiiclcr.

I'inder, one who impounds.

Pollitt, a puletcr <.^x iioulterer,

(see also ])age 90).

Porter.

1 Vector.

Reeves, a Reeve, A.S. ^ercfa,

was a judicial othcer, inferior

in rank to an earl. There

was one in every borough.

His judgements were to be

according to the domboc.

Kimmer, or Kimoure, a poet,

or story-teller.

Roper.

Rutter, a cavalier. "A garde

of ruffelynge rutters."

Sager and Sagar, a sawyer,

from A.S. saga, a saw.

.Sawyer.

Sayer, an assayer of metals ;

also a fooil-tasier.

Salter.

Slater.

Sheriffe, a shirir-reevc, .1 gov-

ernor of a shire.

Steward and Stewart.

Seller, and Sellars ; a ri'.akerof

seals; also a maker of sells ir

saildles. (See page 73).

Shepherd.

Shearer.

Sergeant.

''riic serjcam I hcfoicr llu: jayli.r

luinie.

Because he is the clog that inim-

the game" (1630*.

Spencer, or De^pencer, the

Keeper of the Snence, a

buttery or pantry.

Seymour, a tailor, (see page 75

and page 106).

Slaughter, a butcher.

Stringer, a maker of bow-

strings.

( " Hysstajr-slyiij^crcbiim:

Shnger -> other with bcheeK'c-

(. and speres"

Swire, an old form of es(.[uire.

"The swyer's sv/yre-banc

(neck) he swapjie^ in

somire."

79

Souter, and Sowter, A.S. sittcrc,

a shoemaker.

Showier, a shoveller.

Stuttard, an oxherd.

Smith, from A.S. s.'in'laii, to

smite, is any kind of artificer

in metals. A.S. myiici-

smidhthe, a money-smithy,

or mint. Wright, is any

other kind of artificer, as

Cartwriqht, Wainwright and

Arkwright, a maker of meal-

chest-;.

Taberner, an innkeeper.

Taylor.

Thane, an Anglo-Saxon noble-

man. The rank was not

inherited, but was attainable

by all, even by the servile.

It could also be claimed as a

right by any one who had

. possession \i^ five hides of

land, a church, a kitchen, a

bellhouse, a judicial seat in

the borough gate, and a seat

in the witenagemot. Gamel,

thane of Racedham, had only

two hides of land.

'IVavis, and Traves. A trave

is a place enclosed with rails

for shoeing an unruly horse.

Travers, and Traverse, the

ccdpation thus imj^lied.

Telfer, I'r. taillefer, irun-

cleaver. (See also page 96).

Tucker, a fuller ; see ^\alker.

Turner.

Topper, and Tipper, the maker

of the points of arrows.

Viles, and Vowles, a player <<n

the \\()\.

Walker, A.S. -vealcerc, a fuller,

a tucker.

" Clotli that cometh fro the weuying.is iiougt comly to were

Tyl it is fulled under fotc- ytoiikcl

and ytented."

l-"r. fouler, to tread upon.

/ a walk mill is a

Walkden 1 fulling mill, also

Waugh j corruptly termed

^ waugh-mill.

Waller, a builder of walls.

(See also j'age loS).

Webber, a male weaver.

Webster, a female weaver.

Wheeler.

Woodruff is wood-recve, and

like

Woodward is a head forester.

Vates, and Hatch, an occu])a-

tion involved in living by the

gate that crossed the rornl

for the j)urpose of confining

deer. Hatch is related to

tlic word hedge.

8o

Strangely Spelt iVanies.

Sonie surnames are obscure only from a mistaken

mode of spelling. Not all of the following are to he

found in Rochdale : the list is extended hecause of

the oddness of the thing :

—

l>acchus for Bakehouse. Musick, Ger. Musliaclce, J- r.

Balaam for Jialuin, (see page Mousac, (see page 103).

87). Pharaoh for l'anc)\\', (see page

Cupid for Cubitt. 97).

Enoch, Sth cent. Ennico. Physick, diminutive of T^ize.

Galilee, Vr. Caillclan. l^ilate for Piloi.

tierod for Heyrod, cir TTerrad, Poliphar, Er. Jioetefeur.

(page 99). ]\.hod,es for R-^ads.

ll(>mer for H.amer, (sec page Surplice for .Sharpies.

99). Venus, de \'enuse, Venice.

Heaven for Evan. Virgin, Er. \'ergeons from

MeUidy for Mellodew, (seepage rt'^r/;;;', a wolf.

102).

Naine-Bitildiug.

The Teutonic races began very early to join one i)er-

sonal name to another, in order to make a third. Amore frequent practice was to add to a personal name

a f[uahfying or distinguishing prefix. In these com-

pounds the stem luid always an original meaning of its

own, which by degrees v/as lost, so that the stem had

become nothing more than a proper name when addi-

tions were made to it. Thus it is that a literal transla-

tion of a built-up name does not always make very

i{Ood sense.

8i

Personal names, moreover, were exposed to a variety

of formal changes which it will be well to set forth, as

L^reatly elucidating the whole subject, before ap))roaciiing

tiie lon;j; list of instances that Rochdale affords.

Diniiuiiiives U'cre often attached; of which the chief

were—1.— T. k, as Garrick, the diminutive of Gare, a

spear; paddock, of pad, a frog ; or Simco.

of Sim, a peacemaker.

2. k-k, as AVilcock, Simcox, and "' ride a cock-

horse."

3. k-n. a> Simkin. This diminutive is of

Flemish origin. The diminutives of John

are Jonkin, Jocky, and lock; Jankin,

Jack}-, and Jack ; and Jenkins. Manikin

has corrupted into monkey, and dunkin,

the diminutive of dun, into donkey.

IT.— I. 1, as Bunnell, another diminutive of Dunn.

2. 1-n, as Tomlin.

3. 1-ng, as duckling, Dowling.

4. 1-t, as streamlet, Bartlett.

III.—n. as Willan.

I\'. — ns, as Willans.

\'.—s, as Willis.

VL—t, as WiUett.

82

Names received certain photietic additions ; such as-

1. Vowel sounds, by which means any common name

was transmuted into a personal one ; as Jur,

a journey ; Farrow, tlie travelled one. The

use of ey and ie as diminutives is alto.Li;ether

modern.

2. n, whereby Godulf became Godenulf and Good-

enough. In the same way Messager became

Messenger.

3. d, whereby Hanley became Handley. In the same

way the Peniltune of Doomsday Book h.ns

become Pendleton.

4. r, a very common addition, easily confounded with

the occupative suffix ; and with terminatioii

15 in the ensuing List.

5. s, the most frequent addition of all, because it

mixes with the possessive case : as Royds,

Peters, ]ones. Jones is the same word as

Johns.

S3

The following is a Taim.k of the princi])cil termina-

tions found in })uilt-namcs. The attached numerals will

be used for reference.

IVord. A/t-iVtiitg, Covipoundcd horiii.

1. Helm, A.S helmet nm, em.

2. Ando, O.II.S life, spirit and, ent.

3. IJeohrt, A.S. illustrious Lert, pert.

4. Bald, A.S bold bold, ball, ble.

5. Bjorn, O.N. bear burn, born.

6. Cof, A.S active cough, copp, cup.

Die, O.H.Ll .\ rd.ew, die, dy.

7. -(Thius, Goth ;- servant ^^thus, tuss, tiss,

/Fhcow, A.S. ...) ^thew.

S. Ead, A.S., Aud,

Goth prosperity (felicitasl

9. Heatho, A.S. Had, ( ci, ot, il,

O.H.G war [head, had

10. Had, A.S. Heit, "hood," comliiion, \^^^•

Ger (qualitas) J

11. Ferhth, A.S spirit (mens) ......... forth, ford.

12. Frith, A.S pe.ace fred, frey.

13. Gar, x\.S spear gar, ger, ker.

14. Gisal, O.H.G. ... hostage gils, gil.

_ niere, A.vS army )

^^'^ Hari, Goth warrior)

^i") t-ry-

16. Heard, A.S strong (ilurus) hard, ard, art.

17. Leof, A.S dear (gratus) love, lifie.

18. Mar, A..S famou^r. mer, more.

10. Mund, A.S protection (potestas

tutelaris) *. ... mond, meni.

20 Niw, A.S young, new " ney, ny.

2.. Red, A.S Civjnsel (sententia)... rad, red, rat, ret

8.1

U'ord.

22. Rice, A.S.

23. Stan, A.S

24. Weald, A.S. ...

25. Wealh, A.S. ...

26. Wulf, Ulf, A. S.

2j. Wig, A.S.

28. Wine, A.S.

20. Wudu, A.S.

.ffrafti/ii;: Coinpouitded Fonu.

powerful rick, rich, ridfre,

rigg, ry.

stone, firmness ston, stone, slin.

power (imperium) ... wald, old, well.

stranger well.

wolf olph, wool, well.

^\'-i^" way, wick, vcy,

vy, vig.

friend (dilectus) win.

wcod (silva) wood, with, white.

COMPOUND PERSONAL NAMES.

^\''e are now in a position to understand the origin

and structure of the large nuniber of Teutonic personal

names, surviving in Rochdale, that remain to l)c

considered.

Each of the ensuing groups is headed by the simple

forms; the compounds follow, and are niarked b\

numerals which refer to ttie preceding Table.

All the names are arranged, in a roughly alphabetical

order, under stems which Mr. Ferguson has compiled,

( hiefly from Forstemann.

^^5

A. E. 1. J. Y. O.

From Goth, ast, A.S. ct^sc, a spear, so called after

the ashwood of which the shaft was made. J-lsc, son

of Hengist.

Hasty llastlmg, ^/w. Askwiih ) _ ,

' /

From O.H.G. aro, A.S. earn, an eagle: 7th cent.

Aro.

Airey Avncti )^ ,. Arnold, T. 2^.

ArntJlt ) """ V.ww^x-xWy loia! siifjlx.

From O.H.G. ecca, A.S. ecg, edge: 4th cent. Acco,

\Hego, Aiko, Eyo.

I Haigh, when Acking 7 Hackney, 7". 20.

not local. Hacking S^ '

\From the Goth, stem atta, father: 7th cent. Atto,

',

Etti.

IAdkin ) ,. Atkinson, pat. Edsforth, T. 11.

iAuken 3 Adsnead, J . jo.

From A.S. aid, old: 7th cent. Aldo, Alto.

j

Allday Aldis, dim. ^ Aldrick \' Alton,///. (Haldisa, A.S.) Aldridge>" '

"^'

Allcard, ^'a;v/, protection. {.W\.\\\\y 6th cent. \

\ (Alcheard, A.S.) (Al-lwin, T. 2S.\

(Aldceord, Lib. Vit.)

86

From O.H.O. arc, acquisitive: oth cent. Avclio.

Aichii)ald, 7. 7.

From O.H.G. eber, A.S. efor, the boar: 6th cent.

Fbur, Ibor, Ivar.

Heber Everard, 7. 16. Kvery) _Heifer Everett, T. 21. Avery'

From Goth, aija, (alius) foreigner: 7th cent. Alj,

l<:ilo, Ella.

Ellis ) ,. Elliott ) ,. Alison, A7/. Elsdon, 71 ^^Alice 3 Alcocks) Elmore, /. iS. (Elstan, 1051.)

(Elesa, A.S.) Ehdon, !.v. siif.

From old s^xm Jug: Goth, jiika/i^ to combat, A.S.

gcoc. courage : Ancient name Jugo.

Tvulfre. lowles) t ,.i

Jewell riivn. jewison, pa/. \ ^ 7. 0.-

. \•

|o\vett>Jewiss -'

From O.H.Cr. tica, A.S. 7//, law: 9th cent. Fno, Jo,

Evo.Veo. Ewinj^, fat. I'^wart, 7*. z6.

(Euing, Dii.)

From O.N. as, A.S. us. (divus) hero, a prefix used by

all who claimed descent from Odin : 9th cent. Aso, Asa.

Osborne, 7'. 5. Osmund, T. ig. Osbaldi-stone, 7". 4.

Osgood, gaud, Goth, Oswald, T. 24. Oswin, T. 2S.

Ilosty, T. 7.

Atherton is Heatherton, a local name.

Arbucke is Harbottle,'see page 13.

Armytage is Hermitage.

Arundel, probably from the i)lace: A.S. earaidd is

i star.

8;

iMiimett (when not local, see page 25) is from A.S.

(c/neta, (luietness, or leisure. " Amese you ''is calm

yourself. Empty is from the same word. "MidAmothingum," with the sons of A moth. Empson,

pat. Emj)sall, sal, a hall.

Armistead is from the old personal name Ermin,

Arminius.

B. P.

From Goth, badu, A.S. beado, war: 6th cent. Bado,

Betto. Patto, Peto, Betho.

Katt

Peto

I'ate

Paddy

Petty

Katty

Pooth is a Norse form of bcado ; Bothulfr is the equivalent of

Beadowuir.

Padiham, formerly Paddingham, the abode of the sons of Paddi,

who it is known had possession of lands there.

From O.H.G. palo, A.S. bealu, bale, mischief: 8th

cent. Ballo, Pallo.

Pall Bayliss, ///. Paler) _ Ballbarrow,/tV. jv//.

Beale Balaam ) Polorf '

-''

P.eton 1

88

From O. H.(t. ha)\ a man: loth cent. Parq.

Harr Parkin)

Parkin-son,/^/. Parker, 7.jj.

Parr Barlow ) i/iiii. Ixnrrctt, 7'. 2/. liarfonl, 7". /y.

Barry Parling) Purdie, 7'. 7. Barracloiigb, A;^ . ../.

Parry (l^erkins is a Purlove, 7'. 77.

I^^arrow corruption of

Peterkin.)

From CM. basa, and /vV^?, to strive: 7th cent. IJasso,

9th cent. Piso.

Bass Pascoe ^ Passman,

Passey P>assill( _

Passmonds, 7! 19.

Jiessey l>esley f

I'aslow )

From A.S. brytJiian, to break, and brytta a ruler: yih

cent Briddo, Britto.

Brett Briddon, ///. Prettyman

Pride Pridmore, T. jS.

Priddy

. Pretty

From Goth, brican. A.S. braca/i, to break, beat, bra\ :

6th cent. Brachio.

Briggs Bracken, ph. Briani, T. 3.

Bragg Braceweli, T. 2j.

Bray

From A.S. b/r/Jie, renowned: nth cent. Brimo.

1^'ime P)ramall^

Bremridge, 7. 32.

Bramble?" <//w.

Bramley-)

89

From O.N. broddr, a spear: Old Eng. brode^ to prick:

1 3th cent. Broda.

Broad Rradock, dij/i. Ikoadhead, T. 9.

Brodie Ikoderick, T. 22.

From O.H.G. harta, an axe: 9th cent. Bardo, Parto.

Bardy I'ardslcy, dim. Bardolph, T. 26.

Pardee

From O.H.G. pichau, to slash, A.S. becca, an axe,

Old Eng. pink, to stab : 8th cent. Bicco, Picho,

Becco, Begga.

I'.igt,' Pinck ^ !!igS^^r ^ Piggol, T. S.

Pick liing >//•. Bicker-staft> 7. /j. (Pigota, yj//- <va'A^

Beech Pinkerton) Picker-ing ) Beswick, T. 27.

Pickles^

]5eachman Bex\\7k,okl spell-

Pick ells (^ dim. Pickard, 7. 16. ing.

Beckell

)

(Piichil, Z/^. Vit.)

From O.N. heysta, to beat.

Besl. (Beste, Ger.) (Best, Fr.)

From A.S. ^5'^//^' and bona a slayer, and A.S. ben a

wound (-giver) : 8th cent. Benno, Penna, nth cent.

Panno, Bono.

\ dim. ^°"".^''' ^- '^-

J Bannisier, jr/tv- oj

Boon. Banns,///. BonneU.

Benyon, ph. Bennett

Penning-ton, /<?/. liiennett is also station,

a corruption Bancroft, loc. snj.

of Benedict.

90

From M.H.G. buole, Old Eng. bully, a 'jomradc : 8th

cent. TUiolo, Poulo, Polio.

IJull Pollitt \ ^^.^^^I'Lilman

bullock SBoal Bullock 3 Pollard, 7'. i6.

]'oole Eulcock

J 'owell

Bulley

i^ooley

From O.N. bodi, A.S. boda, an envo)-, messenger, or

|;reacher : Sth cent. Bodi, Budo, Butta, Fotho.

r.ucld Boden, ;>//. (Pudding. A/A Vit.) pat.

Booth Bodley \7- .

Potts Boodle)

From O.N. //>-, swift, O.H.G. bibcu and A.S. bifian,

tremere, in the sense of activity : Sth cent. Bil)0, Pipp-

Bihb Biffin, dim. Bib!)ing-t(Mi, pat.

Bibhy

From O.N. barn, A.S. beam, child.

Bains Parnell \

Burnell \dim. Barnard, T. lO. P.arnelt, 7'. 8.

Barnish )

Thorburn is the child of thunder ; Thorbeorn,

r3th cent.

Pagan and its contraction Payne, mean peasant.

Peverley and Beverley, formerly Beverlache, from

the beaver, are originally local names. The English

beaver became extinct in 1200.

Bellerby is from the Norse bdia, a <o\v, and by a

village. (Johannes Bellirby, Lib. Vit.)

91

C Ch. K. (r.t

I'Voin Cioth. JiatJi, O.H.C. had, A.S. IteatJu. Oldi

'

Frankish chad^ Celtic cad and catJi, war. Cat, the most

I

ancient form of the root, is found in tlie Calumer and

Catualda of Tacitus. The Old Celtic Cathmor is the

])recise equivalent of the Old German Catumer and

he more recent Hadamar. Hoedhr, the Norse god,

is cognate. Hedda, Ha^dda, or Chad, was liishop of

Ii

Wessex, 676.

Head

From O.H.G. chunni, A.S. cyun, race, lineage; Iro.nwhich are lormed, in the sense of nobility, O.H(;chuning, A.S. cyning, king: 8th cent. Chuno, ConoCyni.

'

Chine Keenan ) , Cumrfl T jA r^^^ j ^r-

Keane kenyon> Kinii.^Tv 7' rr- t; f 'vinii(.ai./.75-. Kcnnaway, /or u<rKenny Connell )^.^^^ CunlilTe, 7: 77.'

King Cunley j"''•

((junleif, 131)1*

cent.)

Kenrick, T. 32.

Kennedy, Z! 7.

From O.H.G. ...mv, O.S. ,»,?, country: 8th cent.Gawo, Keio.

^^'' ^^'^''^ pn^^•"^^'^' "^^^'- ^^-r^S-^. ^ ^^. Oo^vc^ 7! z^.Kay Ga/e) ^ •• -^ •- - ^ .„ . .

-*

(Jow'"'"^'

I /<i/.(^"'-''i^^^' 7tk Coward, T:/^^.

K'Kay) cent.)

^Front 0,t\r. ,vtv>-, A.S. ,.,?,-, .. spear: 7t!t cettt. Cero,

Kero,

Kerr Goran, ///.

(Jare Gairick

(leere Carroll )

Carft)rilr('arf^)rl!l^

CarkiL !

lot r<4 J

Kerfo

Corman.

T.ri^^arstang, jA<v/.., a ])oK-.

Ciore Girl - <^Vw. (jmf^C.^arey Garroity) ^ -arrclt, 7'. o/,

Currey .M'Gany, paf. Carve)-,' 71 37,

Ckarlick, iac, sptjrt.

Corlcss, Id's, Icariu

(Carihaldi, 7. y.)

Garwood >

\'arwood )

r. 29.

From an older form of <w, the Goth, and Celt,(g^esum), a javelin

: 6th cent. Gaiso, Geeso.

k''dli

Cass

Ca.^h

Casey

Gazey

Casson, ///.

Cassell, Jim.

Cascman

Cheeseman

93

From O.N. kollr, A.S. col^ a helmet : Qtli cent.. Colo.

divi.^vj.uui, y./j,. CuIUim, 7: /.Cole Collins

Coley Colenso

Colley Collinge, fat

Collier, T. IJ,

(Collier, Fr.)

Coleman

From A.S. cof, active : 6th cent. Cuppa, 9th cent.

Co]ipo.

Cnff

94

From O.N gic/a, A.S. i^alan, to sing, to rcjoi' c: ;ilso,

A.S. A''<^A pride, .v«/, i)leasant, gol, a song, and ^y/ia//,

to shout for joy: 8th cent. Gailo, Gelo, Cailo, loth

cent. Gillo, Oilla.

(.:all jells X Gilbert 7".J. Kchcy, 7. 37.

Gill Jcllicocj

(Jalligher, r. /^. Gilfrcd 7. /.?.

Cnlow Jealous|

Galloway, 7'.27. (Galfrid, A.S.)

(iillow (Galilee) I . Killman (Gaufrid, A.S.)

Kelly (Caillclaii, Fy.) ^ '' Gilliiian Geoffrey T. 12.

Kell JN.illicl< I Gilniore 7'. j8. Gilchrist, //r/j/^j,

(.'ahill Gillott|

lo shake.

Kale /

From O. H. (t. geheit, A.S. gifciii, to irivc : 8ih cent.

Gabo, Gcbbo, Jcbo, Kyppo.

Giljbs-k Gibson, /rt/ The British name for IJolyhe.nd

Capes) -^' Gabbott, T. 8. is Caer Gybi, the fortress of

Gibbon^

Giffard, T. 16. Gybi.

Gavin \ dim (Jafney, T. 20. Gibfield 1 ^^. ^.^.

Kiplino; ^ Keb Coiei

Costello is from O.N. I'/f/isf, art: 6th cent. C:ostiln.

Gumberbeach and Gumberbatch are from A.S.

cumbor, a standard, and heag, badge.

Kelsall, in Doomsday IJook, is Code : tliis is the

diminutive of the 6th cent. Cogo, and Guga, Lib. J 'it.

Goggeshall, in Fssex, is a corruption oi (iwgan-sal.

Congleton is a corruption of Cogeltone : so that Kelsall

is Gogel-sal. In the same way, its neighbour Kels-

l)orough would be Cogelsborough.^

Gapstick is the Ger. kopfstikh, headpiece.

Craven is, of course, frcMii the Yorkshire district.

95

famous for the caves in its limestone, which are. indi-

cated in its Celtic name, screfau. Gamble is a corruption

of Gamel.

D. T.

From an old stem dan^ connected with the Danes :

8th cent. Dano, Tanno, Tenno.

Dain Denning \ Tennant, 7'. .?, Denton, /t^t, j/.y.

Dean Tennyson ^^''^ ' Tanner, T. 75.

Dana (Tanneur, /•>.)

Dania

From an old stem tai^ and tot, father : 6th cent.

Tado, Daddo, Tata, Datto, Tedo, Todo.

Tate

J)ate

Teat

Todd

] )odd

J )o\vd

(Diidd, l)isho]) of

Winchester.)

Dutton, pJi.

Tad loo > ,.

> dun.Tetlow >

Tatham, in Doomsday Book Tat-haim, old

spelling Tateham, loc. siif.

Dedquene Clough, Zl 28.

(Dedwin was 9th bishop of London.)

Dodman Dothwell, 71 24.

Todman Tattersall, sal, a hall.

Doddridge, T. 22. (Tethard 9th cent). T. 16.

Tellock, lac, sport.

Tiuing, pat.

I

From O.N. duhba, to beat: 9th cent. Dubi, Tujia.

' Tofi.

Tipper, 7. 15.

Tiipi) Do] )el, (///// Tipping) Topper, 7', 75.

Tiihb Topping) ' Topham, lor. suj.

Tibbs ]3evine 7". 2S.

Tufiy

J)u*i"y

96

From Goth, drahan, A.S, drepan, to beat :^ Sth cent.

Drebi.

Trapp Trippier »

Tnpyear

)

-^

From O.H.G. telen, A.S. di/gian, to destroy: 8lh

cent. Dilli, Thilo.

Dillon, //i Tillison ) ^ Telford) _ Dihvorth, /^r. .y///.

Tillett, dim Tillotson T^'^''-

Telfer ]^^^-

(Dylleword, 1292.)

(Tilfiiih, I2thcent.)

(Tilferd, 13th cent.)

From Sane, tar, to penetrate, O.N. doen; a spear:

9th cent. Tarro, Terra, Torro.

Terry Darrens ^ Darwin, T. 2S. Terrier, T. r^.

Dorrell > dim Dormer, T. iS. Derrick", T. jj.

Turley J Tarrant \

Torrence \

''^"'^' ^'^^^^^'•

From O.H.G. dau, A.S. //uurrc, morals, O.H.G. fuga//,

A.S. diigan, to be virtuous : Sth cent. Tugus, Tukko,

Docca.

Tuck Dowell -j Tiier •\ Tucker^

Tuke l^owlinS > divt Tower >- T. jj. Ducker y '^^'

Dew Tocock J Duerr J Toogood, is A..S.

r)uke duguiJi, honorable.

From Goth, deis, wise : Sth cent. Disso, Tiso.

Dicey. Dyson^

Tyson \^

From Goth, tr/ggics, O.N. tn'ggr, A.S. treowe, true :

Trj-ggo, King of Norway.

Trigg Trickett, dim Tr;ielovc, T. ly.

Try Drysdale, loc. suf.

Dr>'

97

From O.N. dcegilegr, beautiful, A.S. c/(C^ia;/, to shine:

6th cent. Dago, 'I'acco.

I »ay Tncon,//^ Dakin) D air, 7". 75.

Tec Daily)' (l)aihcr, 9th cent.)

Tag-

Dacy

1 )oasy

Tipple and Tippet are corrui)tions of Theobald ;

'I'ipples (Ireen, in Sussex, was formerly spell Theobakrs

(Ireen.

I )a\vkins is the diminutive, and Dawson the patro-

nymic, of David.

Tickle is Diggle. Twigg is Atte Wick, as Tabby is

Atte Abbey. Tlirelfall is from the i)la( e spelt in

Doomsday T.ook Trelefelt, which looks like \'illage of

the Fylde.

Deegan is from A.S. t/iegrn, a thane: 8th cent.

The2;an and Deuan.F. V.

From O.N. fara, A.S. faran, to travel, A.S. /r;-. a

joiH-ney, and from O.'^.farth, voyage : 7th cent. Fara,

Pharo, Farnus, Forti.

Farrell ?

N'arley 3

(Fairy) Fearnley, r///;/. (Forthheri, 12th cent.'

(Pharaoh) (also local.) Farrer, T. 1=;.

I-\-rn Furlong, dim. Varker. 7\ /j.

I'crnie (Ferling, A.S.) Fartand, T. 2,

Fnnl (Fehrlen, Ger.) (also a corruption of

I'orl I'crdinand.)

l''aranay

(Fen , Kr.)

f;

Farr Farrell \ P'arrington, pat.

!''arr<i\v N'arley J^''''

P'order, T. i^- \. \\\xhy,loc.!:uJ.

98

From an old stem fred, K.^. frith, peace : 9th. cent.

P>iddo, Fritto.

f'read Kreel)Ocly, bod^ envoy.

Firth (Frithabodo, 9th cent.) Fothergill, T. 14.

Frederick, T. jj. (F'riothugils, 12th cent.)

Freestone, T. 2j. (Frithugils, 13th cent.)

(Frithestan, A.S.)

From an old 9>\emj7d, faith : nth cent. Fidis.

Fitt Fitton, ///. iMtter, /: //.

Fidoe

Fenton and I-'enwick are of local origin.

H.

From an old Gothic stem alhi, man : 51)1 cent. Abho.

Flebo, FIcppo.

Heape Hibbott'*^ ,. Ilepplestone, Hibbert, 71 ,\

lieapey Abbott ) T. 3j.

(Hepay, temp. Hepplewhite, Hepworth >_ ,

Ali!gJo/iii.) T. 2g. Habbeshaw)

Happy (Heppewal,

lord of Chorley

and Bolton,

1320, T. 2j.)

From O.G. i77iO, an ancestor, comate with ('eltic

//(?//, old : 5th cent. Anno, Henno.

Flanna Ilennessy 1 Hanson, Ai/. Ainsworth^ ,'I '^. /ft-. S/i/.

Haynes Hanlon I (Hahnemann) Unsworth >

Hans is (Enoch )-diiii. Ainscough, 7". 6.

also an Henoc,/"^.) I

abbrevi- Hanc(^cl^ Jation c)f

fohannes.

99

From (ioth. /iaii/i<, A.S. //<?/;/, home: ytli cent. Aymo.

(llama, ^..S'.) lIcmminL^s^ ^ Henry, 7". j3.

Emock. ^'7;//. Ilampson ) ( Ilaimiricli) ' r, ,

Hemingway, T.jy. (Ileinrich) )

Hamer, 7'. ij.

I'Yom the Oothic stem Iiari, warrior : 8th cent. Hario.

Hare Harris ~^ Herl^ert, 7". ?. Harridfie ) --,

Harry liarley I Harrold, 7'. i'^. (Haric, S/'/Wv;//'.))

IHarling )-diiit. J larvey, T.2j. Harwin)

I

Herron, (Herelin,j

Merely, T. j. Irvine r T. 2S.

I///. Sth cent.) ' Irving )

I

Herring, pat.

Herod \ Harvard ^ , Harland ) loc.

(Herrad • 7'. ^/. Hercward ^ ,• Hargreaves \ sn/^

I (^guardian. ^ -' -^

/,-//'/ (V///J .' lli)\vanl ) Harker. 7'. /j.

From O. H.(i. /it/aa, A.S. /i/t/c', hehiiet : Sth cent.

Hiibo, Hufo.

I H<)l)l)s HoiDkins) ,. Hubson 7 ^ ,Hohchurch,

>' > dim. y pat.

! Hope Hol)ley ') (H(>!)l)esime, Dd.)) loc. sitj.

I

Opie

From A.S. Jmird. strong, hardy : 9th cent. Hardo.

Hart Hartley, diDi. Hardman,

Hardy Harding, /rt/", Haixkacre, T. ij.

From O.H.G. huiiit. A.S. /(I'.i^v, mind : Sth cent.

Huga, Hughi.

Hughes Hitchen, //v. Hodgeson "1

^^'•^'iS.

Hodgkin-son^

Hods(m|

Hicks Higgins ,- (///;/. Hewson . } pat.

Hickey Hewitt ) Hutchinson|

(HychoiS( V, /jttt (,•;.". 1 J

TOO

From O.N. hallr^ stone, also in the, sense of

weapon : 8th cent. Halo. Wada ruled the Hcelsings.

Hall Ilallam, T. i. Hnlsten-l ^

iralfud, T. /^. Ilcilpin

Ilalshaw

Halsall

llallfol.I

Hal! Can-

( loc. suf.

Hesket and Hesketh are from O.N. /icsf, horse, and

cot ; horse-cote.

Horsefall is a corruption of Horsefold, or Horsefield.

Holgate is sometimes derived from Helgot, a Norman

chief.

L.

From A.S. la?id, country : 8th cent. T.ando, T.into.

J.anno, Lenzi.

Land Lambert )

Lant (Landbert, O.G.) \ ^' -''

From O.H.G. /////, A.S. /eod, people : 4th cent. I>iudo,

Lutto, Luith.

Lyde ?iIcLeod, y\7/. Lucre- 7 y. ^ Luca?, livz. Goth.

Lloyd ? Looker \

Lett (Leodegar, Ludger, Lotlgard, (^ard, protection.

Ledgar, and Luger,

6tfi cent.

)

Froni O.H.G. /dd, A.Sr//'///, hateful : 5th c cni. Ledi.

Letha.

Lady Ladyman Leader )

Laidmau Leather ^' -'"

101

From O.H.C. Hub, A.S. Icof, dear: 6th cent. Ljuba,

Liuf, Leupo, Liebiis.

Life Lul)bock \ Lipirod ) /;///, ) Lever)Liptrott] dear.

(LipdrudjSthcent-

Lovett, T. lo.

>T. /,-.

r l-overy

*) Loveriilge, T. 22.

Liverseeife ?

T , • 1 r -^'i"'' victory.Loversidge )

Love Lobley

, Lovekirij

Livsey

(Leofsy, ]diin.

Saxon

Bishop

of Wor-

cester) /

From O.N. locka, to beguile : Loki, a Norse god.

Lock Locker, 7"/J. Locketl, 7. 9. Lockwood, T. ^.;.

Lo-an,//;. (Loc.ir, A.S.) Lockney. T. i'a Luckwhittles ?

I'>om A.S. /rt'.^, hah. law : 9th cent. Lago, Legi^M. ''

Legg Laycock, dim. Layard, T. 16. LaymanLaw Lawson, pat. (also Lawless) laes, LowmanLee from Lawrence) Legless | learned.

Lahee

From O.N. laes, learned, A.S. //>/, science, A.S. laer

lore: 8th cent. Lezzio, Lista, Lira, Loria.

Lacy Larkin, dim.

Leary

Laurie (also from

Laurence)

Lesser 7

T • > ^- ^S-Lister )

From GeT.^r^/i';/^r^;/, to prosper: nth cent. Lingo.

Lingard, T. i6.

Lyn. 0, when not local, is from O.H.G. Iwch, U'nx.

I02

M.

From A.S. viann, man : ytli cent. Manno, Meni,Mann Manley ->> Manning, pat. Manfred, 7". 12.

Manns, //i. Mansley , Mensforih, 7".//.

Mandle ,.

Manock[

(Manniko, 9th

cent.) J

From Goth, luaijan (])Osse), to be able, A.S. uuTgin^

strength : 6th cent. Mago, Macco, Maho, Megi.

May Megln ^

Mayhew Makin I

Maysj

MasseyJ.

(/

Maisey

(Megizo, loth

cent.)

V)l.

Mayer, 7"./J.

Maynard

(Maginliard

Mainhard,

7th cent.^

. 1 .„T. 16.

Mayrick,

T. 22.

From O.N. mola, to bruise; A.S. myll^ and mylen, a

mill ; A.S. inyl and molde, dust, mould ; A.S. melew,

meal; compare also "to maul," "to molly-criiSh," or

to beat severely, and " a mill " in the sense of a fight

:

8th cent. Malo ; loth cent. Milo, Millo.

Mill MaloneMills } , MolyneuxMiles ^ Millikin \

Tbe place Meols, or MoUock (

Mele, Dd. Mallacl; CMale Milk j

di)}i.

Melia

Millie

Mellow

Malley

Mai en

MelHngs

(Melinge, Dd.)

Mallison

Moulding

>paL

JMullard, T. 16

UMoIlard, Fr.)

MelLidew

Melody

Malthus

Malutheus,

6lhcent.)

Mallinder, T. 13.

cuph. d.

Mellaliew, loc.suj.

7.7.

lO

Mould

Mullins

(Des Moulin;

Milne

7:9.Ma let

Millet

Melbnd, T. 2.

Malim, . T 1.

Moles worth, /(?6-.j«/!

The place Mellov

was formerly

spelt Milncr.

From O.H.G. vwt, A.S. niod^ courage: 6th cunt. Mot.

Moda, Moza.

Mott

MoodyMuzzy

Moss

(Mutton, ///.)

Motley I

(Musick) S

dil/l.

Muspratt

(Mutbraht, 9th cent.

Mossam, T. /.

(•/:..

From Goth, inizdo, A.S. vicd^ mead, reward ; inter-

mixed with A.S. math^ honour : Sth cent. Mieto, Mizo,

Matto, and Math.

Maddock ^

Madock

Matlley

Medley

Matchin

Midgeley

Medli-cot

Maitland

Medland

(Madoland, 7th cent.)

>dim. Medforth, T. 11.

Mather, T. iS-

(Misery, T. 20.

(Mizery, Fr).

Midge Hall, be.

From O.H.G. 7?iafi, illustrious; w^zris a very ancient

Teutonic stem, and is found in names of the ist cent.,

as in Maroboduus : 9th cent. Maro, Mer.

r Merrail^ _

Marland

..Merrick J^^'''-

( Marrick, Priory of.)

Marferth, 7\ 11.

From O.H.G. mt?ina^ A.S. myn, love: 9th cent.

Minna.

Minn Minzey, dim. Minnett)

Mening, pat. Minnitt \

T. no.

I04

N.

From Sansc. nava^ O.H.G. iia7v^ fmcn, A.S. unce^

new or young: 7th cent. Niwo, Nivo, Nibo.

New Newall, dim. Ncwcomb, aon, a Xewmanstranger or guest. New.-^ome,

(Neucum, Z></.) j.vw, a person.

Newlove, T. ly.

From A.S. notJi^ daring: 8th cent. Noto, Nuti.

Noad Nutlall, dini. Xutter, T. /j.

Nutt McNaught, pat.

Nologh

From (ioth. neiths, A.S. //////, strife.

Need Needhani, T. /. Needless, lus, learned.

From Norse iwk, Ger. nickel, water-sprite: nth cent.

Niko, Nigellus, a Norman knight, received land in

Salford Hundred at the time of the Conquest.

Nick Nealan,//^. O'Niel \ *

^^iel Nixon { ,.,.,,„ ^^, , ^/af. Niekl,.7: S.Nelson (

-^ '

McNeal )

Noar is north ; Fr. Naury. AVe have also the com-

plementary names South, West, and East.

R.

From O.H.G. ra/, A.S, /rd, counsel: 6th cent. Rado,

Radi, Rato.

lleid Rattray, T. 22. Redhead, T. 10. Reader, /'. i^.

Ready Redman Reddett, T. 10.

!

105

Rooth

Kuth

From Goth, ragin, (shortening into rain) counsel:

f 8th cent. Ragan, Regin, Ragno, Raino.

I

Regan Raines,///. Reynold, r..?-/. Reynard, r. /6.

,! Rainey Rayner, T. /j. (Keginold, 6//i (Raynhard, So'i ceiil.)

I Rayne cent.) The fox was so called

fron\ his craftiness.

5 From O.N. hrddhr, glory: 8th cent. Hrodo, Chrodo,

\Rodi; Rudda, Ruth.

\ Routh Rudman Rudolph, 7". .?6. ?^

Rutter, 7\ /j. ^(Hrothwulf) ^

(Rudher, O.G.) ^Rowen 1

Routley, f//;;/. (llrodhari, 7/// r<7//.) ) Rowan, 'J\3S.r

Rothwell, 7\24. } Rolland \ (Rodwin) )

(i]rothuald,7_V//,v///'.)i Roland(_

This is belter

Rodger, 7". /j. IRowland '

f than the deriva-

(llrodgar, ////av/A 3 (Rodland, St// aviL) ) tion Irom the

Rodrick, T. 22. ) Robert, T. j. Imountain-ash.

(llr.xlric, <?/// c-mt.) S (ITrodebert, yf/i rcj!t.)S

From O.H.G. r/c/ii, A.S. rhr, powerfuF. 8th cent.

Rico, Richo, Riho.

Rigg Richard, T, 16. Ridgeway, T. 2j. Rigby, loc suf.

Richey Richmond, 7'. ig. (Ricwi, O.G.)

Wrigley) ,.^ ^ V (I I in.

Riggall )

From an old stem rob, O.H.G. ranpan and raban.,

O.N. hrapa, A.S. reafan, to plunder : 8th cent. Ruabo.

RuIjo, Tith cent. Raffo, 9th cent. Hripo, Hriffo.

Rofe Robley \ Roper")_

Rough Ripley ; -• Raner) '

""'"

^ ',

-^ V dim. '^

Cribb Revill (

Raby (Raphel, /^r.))

io6

From an old stem ros, red.

Rouse

\ 107

I' oni A.S. seviai'., to meditate, and scrfia.d peact

-

maker : 9th cent. Simo, Syme.

Syme Simco ) ,. Simpson) Shim well, 7'. <?f.

Simms, ///. Simkins) Mr.xim )^

Simpson, a place in Bucks, is a corruption of Sevinesione.

From O.H.G. zila, zeal: 8th cent. Zilo, Zello.

Seeley Silitoe ) y,

Shilletoi'^'

From O.H.G. sfairi, A.S. sfiui, stone, also in the

sense of firmnes.s : loth cent. Steina.

Stone Standring, ri>?^, combat. Sianwonh -|

Siandeven, T. 28. Standvvorth I

Stanwcll, T. 26. Stansfield )- loc.suf.

(Stanwulf, A.S.) Standish, ^//V, adyke.

cf. Dish Stont-; J

From O.N. star, A.S. star, great: 9th cent. Stur,

Stori.

Store Stors, //j. Storer, 7*. /j-. yStorey

From O.H.G. scarf, A.S. sccarp, sharp, acute.

Sharpe Sharpies\

Sharpellsj

From O.H.G. sta/ial, A.S. styl, steel : Sth cent.

Stahal, Stal.

Steel Stallard, T. 16.

Stell •

Staley

TOS

From O.H.G. scora^ a s])ade, or cutting instrinncnt,

A.S. sccarian^ to cut : 13th cent. Scoro.

Shore Sharrocks) • Sheiratt, T. q.

Scarr Shorrock ) Sherman

Sherry Sherwin, T. 2S.

The place Shore, which seems scooped out of a hill.

From A.S. strndan, to destroy : 8th cent. Strode,

Strut.

Struthers, 7'. /j.

U. W. Qu.

From O.N. vig, A.S. 7c>ig, war : 9th cent. Wigo,

Wico.

Wike Wyatt, T. S. \ \'ickcrs, T. ij.\

(Wihad, 8th cent.) > (Vikar, O.N.) S

From O.H.G. warjaji^ to defend, and A.S. i^<a>)\

defence : 7th cent. Warin, \Verno, 8th cent. Waro.

Ware Warren //;. Worrell \ , Waring, /«:/. Warner, 7'. /j.

Wurr Warnock 3 Wa^ringawic, now W;"irwick.

From O.H.G. luart, A.S. u<eard^ guardian : 6th cent.

Warto, AVardo.

Wanl Wardell, dim. Wardman

Vardy Warder, 7'. /j.

From O.H.G. wala/i., A.S. 'tueal/i, d. foreigner: 7th

cent. Walach, Walco, AValo, Gualo.

Wall Wales Walker, 7; 75-.^ Walihews ; ^,

Walchere. > Walthew SWalch Wallis ) ,. (Walchere,,v mm. ^ '

(Juayle Wallace > Saxon bishoj;

WJIen, ///. Walling, pat. Waller, T. /,-,

109

From O.N. vili, A.S. ivilla (voluntas), will : 5th cent.

Willo, Willa, Wilia, Guila. At the creation of the

world, Odin acted in conjunction with Vili and Ve.

Wills Willis-, Wils.-n, ;^<7/. William, r. /.

)

Quill WillonI

Wilhcn, r. j.^ (Wilhelm, 6th>-

Willans ).dim. (Uilherct, I2th|- from Woden)

^

^VilcockI

cent.) ) Willetts, T./o.

Wilkin-son J Wilman

From O.H.G. ^uafan, A.S. wadan, to go (swiftly) :

6th cent. Wado, Vato. A\'ada, wlio ruled over the

Helsings, a Scandinavian tribe, was the father of

Weland, the northern Vulcan.

Wat: WandellJ

^^.^^^Watsuu

^Wadsworth, loc. suf.

Uade ^^alkIn S Wadding-ton)^ Watmore, 7: /(!?.

^^'i^^lf'y.

Whatmough ?

From O.N. vippa, to move rapidly: Hippo, a

mythical Frank ish king.

Whipp. •

From A.S. linne, friend : Sth cent. ^Vino, Wini. nthcent. Quino, Wine,, 3rd bishop of London,

Wynn (^uinlan] ^^.^^^

Winning) ^^'im^l]e, 7. 4.

Quin Quincey ^' Winsun > ' Wincuji, T. 6.

Q»<^t-n Wynstanley

From (roth. indiis, A.S. luiidu, wood, and in the sense

of usefulness : 6th cent. WidOj^yth cent. \Vudda.

Wood \\'oodicy ^ W'ocdhead, 7'. ro.

^^'ido\v Woodcock r divi.

Woodnll )

*-»

no

From O.N, ulf, A.S. wulf, the wolf: 5th cent. Vulf,

8th cent. Wolf.

The wolf was sacved to Odin, as the l)e.ir tv) Thor.

In English com])oimd names the/ is often lost.

Woolley Woolhead, T. jo. )I^andolph .

Wolfen-den. (Wolfhcid, 8th cent.) [Kali''! ', ,. ,,

I (Kaciuir) ' '

Wolstenholme, T.2j. \ Randle )

(Wulfstan, A.S.) )^

P>om A.S- 7C'/7it, a man, and 70//, knowledge : 6th

cent. "Witto.

Wihta was a son of Woden.

White Whittles, ./Vw. Wliitehead, 7'. /o. Wliiiehursf)

Whitlam, T. I. Whitaker, 7. 13. \\-]iiihani >"^'''

•

'"-f-

CONCLUSTOX.

In closing, at last, the long list of Rochdale names,

we see revealed the habits of our ancestors ; their love

of war, of friendship, of honour, of the gods ; and how

far, in any of these respects, we, at this time, have

fallen away, it is possible for us to perceive, and

])erhaps to deplore.

War may be the delight of the spoiler : friendship

might seem of little wortlT ; the value of honour can be

ascertained : and the gods,—they are forgotten.

INDEX.

A.

lAGK

Abl)oll 75- 9^

Abram 9

Accrington 22

Achinbv\lt 33

Acker 7, 21

Acking S5

Ackroyd 52

Acornley 3^

acre 21

Adkin ^5

Admergill 5^

A.lshead ^5

Agnew 74

Aighton 55

Ainscough 9^

Ainsworth 9^

Airey ^5

Aitken '^5

Albert 74

Alcocl^s ^6

Aldenshaw 40

Alderlia.ik 3^

I A<,i-:

Alder Forest 36

Alder Holt 36

Aldis ^5

Aldrick 85

Aldridge 85

Ald'win 40, 85

Alice 86

Alison 86

Allcard 85

Allday , 85

Allenden Slack 37

Allerscholes 36

Altham 9

Alt Hill61'

Alton 85

Ambleside 15

amese 87

Ancoats 9

Anglezark 53

Arlmckle 86

Archias 75

Archibald 86

11. INDEX.

Arkvvi-ighl 79

Arlecs 32

Arminius S7

Armistead S7

Armytage ^'J

Arnetl §5

Arnold 85

Arnott 85

Arundel S6

Ashbrucke Hay 37

Ashby 37

Ashclough 37

Ashenhottom 23

Ashenhurst 37

Ashes 37

Ashniure

Ashlon

Ashworth 1 1,

Askwith

Astin

Aspinall

Aspull

Asquith

Athcrton

Atkinson

Aulezargh

Aushaw

Avery

Ayscough

37

37

^5

55

37

S.S

sr.

K5

53

35

85

iJaal Mills 65

Bacchus iS, 80

Backhouse iS

Back of Behind iS

Backo'th' Low iS

Back o'th' Moss ... iS

Bacope Booth 49

Bacup 18

Badger Edge 43

Badger Slacks 43

Bagaley 4i

Bagden 43

iSagshaw 43

Bagslate 20, 43

Bailey 76, 87

Baitings 53

Baker 75

Balaam 80, 87

Balderstone 58

Ball 87

Balladen 1 5) ^'4

Ballagan / 64

Ballbarrow 87

Balum 80, 87

Bamber 49

Bamford 2S

Bancroft 89

Bannister 76, 80

Banns 89

Barber 76

INDEX,

i'AC.E

Barciofi loj

iJardoli^h 89j

Bai-dsley 47, ^9j

Kaidy S9 i

l:5ai"rorJ SSI

i

J>arham 10 !

Barker 76 |

I

IJarlinij 88 ;

Bavluw 88 ^

liavnacre 21|

Barnard 90|

Barn J^iUs jjj

Barnett 90|

Barnish 90,

r.arn> 90;

'>^>"n 75I

Barr... 88 |

Barraclough 88 j

Barrett 88 |

]>arron 88 j

T.arr}' ..72. 88 j

Bartlett J; i

Barton 10

Bashall Brook 64

Basilius 75

Bass 88

Bassill 88

15ateman 87

Bate? Sy

Batley 87

Batt 87

Batty :.. 87

Baum, the 7

H

HI.

I'AGK

Baxter 75

Bayliss 87

Baynes 73

Beachnian 89

Beale 87

Beal Hey 65

Beard 73

lieardsliaw 47

Bear Mill 49

Bearshill 49

Beater Clough '... 53

Beatson 87

r.eckell 89

Beech S9

Beighton 9 87

Beil, K 65

Belfield 65

Bell 87

Bellerby 90

Bellew 7

Bellhouse 76

Bem>ha\\' 35

Bench Carr .. 22

Ben Cop 61

Benedict 89

]5ene Hill 61

Bennett 89

Bens Toot 61, 65

J-'ent Head 10

Bent Knowl iS

r.entley 22

I'.ent Meadow 22

Benvon 89

IV. INDEX.

Besley

Besssey

Best

Beswick

Beihell 72,

]3eton

Bevan

Beverley 25,

Bibb

Bibl)ington

Bibby

]-5ickersha\v

Bickerstaft"

Biddulph

Biffin

l^ii^g

Bititiar

88

88

89

89

S7

S7

72

90

90

90

90

35

89

87

90

89

89

l^ing 89

]>irchen Holts 36

]>ii"chen Lee 37

Bircle 37

JJirmingham 72

Birtwistle ;.. 28

Bishop nc

Bittern Pits 46

Black Earth 30

Black Hill 30

Blackley 30

lilackpool 63

Blackrode ci

Blackshaw 35

Blackstone Edge 30

1 lake 30

'•.\t;i.

Blakeley 17

Bland ? 7^

Bleak Holt 36

Blinkhorn 74

Blythe Royd 52

Boal 90

Boardman 76

Boarflat 43

Boarsgreave 14

Boarshawfold 43

Boarshead 43

Bodelford 13

Boden , 90

Bodley 90

bold 13

Bolton 13

Bolton-le-Moors 8

Bonar 74

Bong 32

Bonnar 74

Bonner 89

Bonnett 89

Boodle 90

Boon 89

Booth 49, 87. 90

Booth Hollins 40

Bootle 13

Borsden 43

Boswell 8

Bowen 72

Bowes 76

Bowland 54

Bow Lee !;4

wINDEX,

PAliK

iJcnvskill 56

Jiowstede 54

J'.owst one Hill 54

Iji )\v Wo(x1 54

IJracer 76

llracowell SS

Jlracken SS

I'.rackons Gill 56

]iradock 89

lirnHshaw 8, 35

Bragg 88

llramall 55, 88

I!rainl)le 88

Dramley 88

r.rard Wooil Co

luail 74

]5ray 70

Jlrean Hey 60

3]iearley ^j

Ijreniridge 88

jiiere-ridir.gs 41

I'.rett 88

Brewer 76

Brewster 76

])riant 88

Bricklon 88

Bride Slones 45

Jjridgewater \.

IJrierley 20, 4

1

IJrigg!^ ^''^^

Jiright 74

JJrightmet 21

Krii icroft 40

V.

rAi;K

lirimrod.^

60

Brindle 61, 08

Brining 61, 7 ^

Brinscall 54, 61

Briscow 56

Broad 89

Jiroadhenl 22

Broad Carr 56

Ikoad Dole 61

Broadford 51

Broatlhalgh 55

Broadhead 89

Broading 22

Broadorih 11

Isroad wood 35

lirockholes 43

Brocklebank 52

ihocklehurst 52

Broderick 89

Brodie 89

Brogden 43

Bromley 40

Brook Bottom 23

Broom Hill 40

Brolherod 52

Brotherlon 52

Broughton 43

Brown 5, 73

Brow nedge fio

Brownt^.eld jO

Brown PJill 3°

l]rown House 60

ihown House \Vhran ... 24

VI. INDEX.

I'AGE

Brown Moor 30

lirown Stones 30

lirown Wardle 60

thrown Willy 4

Hroxup ^^

I -run 60

Jirund Hurst 60

lirun Edge 60

Ihunshaw 60

Hrunskill 56

Hryn Farm 60

Urynsop 60

Huckearth 44

Huckhurst 44

1 Suckle 5y

•Buckley 17, 44

Buckley Pasture 69

Budd 90

Bud worth 4

Huersill 46

Buertou 49

l^ulcock 90

Bule Hill 63

P)u!haugh :c

Bull 90

l^uHey go

bully

BuUhaighe

l^ullock

Bull Scout Hill

Bulsnape

Bunkers Hill

Bunkhouse

Bjurchy

Burghill

Burghole

Burnedge

Burnell

Burnt Hill

Burscough

Burt

Burton

Busk

but and ben

Butterley Hill

Butters Bottom

Buttcrworth 44,

Butterworth Rake

Butler

Buxton

Byrome

Bywell

a<;k

90

12

90

6S

«7

32

32

37

I'')

16

60

90

60

56

74

49

36

33

52

52

52

27

76

39

49

71

c.

Cadeshead 47

Cadshaw 63, 6S

Cahill 94

' ain 91

Caldcr, R 66, 67

Calderbrook 69

Caldershaw 35

Calf Cote ^2

INDEX. VIU

ia(;e

Calf Hole i5

Caiman 75

^"''^^'^w 74,94Calvert 75

Campion 76^ 77Cane ^^

Cant Hill 26

cantle 26

Camle Well 26

<-'«'^pes g^

Capstick 04

car

Carey

Carnforth

Carr

0"

92

30

5tJ

Carroll y2

Carter7^3

Cartwright 76, 79car-water -5

• 92

92

92

92

92

92

27

Caseman

Casey

Cash

Cass

Cassell

Casson

Casson Cate

Catforth 28

Catholes ..: jO, 44catkin 5-,

Catleach f.^

Catley Lane 63Catlow..

f,-,

Caion^ Q,

Cat Stones mC'altley 9,

CaitJm ...

Catuakla.

12

91

9'

91

6;

Cat(91

91

91

Catumer ,,i

Caulfield

Chad

Chaddock

Chadwick 91

champ77

Chatham 63

Chatley 9J

Chat Moss 6^

chats(^

Chattock

chattocks

Cheetham 5^

Cheetwood 6 •>

Cheesden 2^

Cheeseman . , 76, 92

Chelbourne 25

Chequer Lent 22

Cherry Clough 39

Chesil-ridge 23

Chew Brook 46

Chew Clough 46

chewet 46

CTiew Moor 16

Chew Wells 46

Chine '.

92

chisles 23

Chislev Stones 2 ^

Vlll. INDRX.

''AGEI AC.K

Chiswick 23 ! Collier '. 9^

Chow Kent 46 ' Collingc 71,73,9.)

Chowley 46 | Collingwood 73

Church Slile 27;

CoUinrod 52

Cinder Hill 24, 35 I Collins 93

Cinder Land 35 Coliarl 93

Ciss Hill 47i

Colthouse 10

Clap Gate 27 Coliman 93

Claviger Laithf 54^

Combe 91

Clay dole 61| Coml.e Hill 63

C:ieeve Tool 65 I Comber 76

<^'legg 52 Combes 63

Cliviger 21 Comer o[

elough 62 Comins ()i

clow 25 • Condcv 01

Clowes 25 Condy 91

^(jady 93 ; Congleton 94

Cocker Hills 24;

Congrt'ave 14

Cockey Moor... 24 Connell 92

cockhorse SiI C'onrad 92

Cockleach 25 1 Coo Hill 45

Codling 93 I Cooper 76

Coffey 93 ;

Cooic 93

Coggeshall 94 ;Cope 1^,93

Coke 76 I coi^ng-slonc iS

cokyr 24;

Copley 93

Cold Harl'our 59,

Copple 18

Cold Wall Crow... 26, 57, 69 ' Cop Koad .. iS

Cole 73, 93 'i Copt Hill 19

Coleman 76,93 Coptrod ly

Colenso 93 Coptrod Ifead 19

Coley 93 ICo|)\\iih 36

Lolley 93 1Corles^ 92 |

INDEX. 1\.

C'ostello

cot

93

92

73

92

PAGE

94

32

Cole Dole 61

CoUam 92

Cotton ... 93

CouUate 93Coulter

'

i Coinage

'.| Cousiiis

Cow

COWCUI f)2

Coward 76, 92

Cowc^mmon, . 4c

Cowij:\te43

Cow lleys 12, 45Cowlaghton 20

Cow Lee Lane 45

Cowlii^haw 45^"^^''^^

57, 63

^-''''V^ - • 55Cowpe Booth 49Cowside 4?

Cow Toot 65

Ci'al)tr2e 7^

Cranberry Moss 40

Craveji 94Cmwshaw liooth 46

Cray 46

Cril 105

Cribdsn 15

Cric'den Moor 15

Criiable Brow 31

Ci( L ITerri., 10

Croft Hole .-

Croft House

Croke

Crompton

Cronkeyshaw

Cronshaw

Cronton

Crook

Crook Hey

Cropper

Cross Gills

Crowder

Crow Hill

Crow Lane

Crowther

Crow Thorn

Crow Trees

Crumberry Lee

Crumbleholme

Crumpsall

Crye, the

Crye Meadow

Cryer

Cubitt 80,

Cudworth

Cuerdley...

Cuft'

Cullum

Cumberbatch

C umberbeach

Cumberland

Cumes

Cuunnin'T

•a(;k

iG

10

31

31

62

40

46

31

31

76

56

76

4^>

46

76

v>

4t'>

40

31

31

45

46

76

93

93

20

93

93

94

94

59

91

9'

X. INDEX

I'ACJK

Cunarcl 92|

Cunclifie Moss 4s

Cunley 92 1

Cunliffe 92 i

Cunny Leach 45'

D.

DacL-y 97

l^aily 97I

Dain 95

Dair 97

Dakin 97 1

dale 67

iJalgarnock 61

Dnna 71, 95 ,

Dania 71, 95

Darnhill 56

Darwen, R 66;

J)arwin 96

^>'^te 95

(laul) 76

Daub Hill 56

Dawlier 76

l')a\vkins 97

Dawson 97

Day 97

DeacUven Clough, 47, 62, 95"*

l^tr^n 95

Dearden 44

DearnJey 20

')casy 97 ;

Cupid .* 80, 93

Curfoot ^)2

Currey 92

Curtis 74

Cut Gale .^.7

Debdale 56

Dedquenc 95

Dcdwin f2, 95

Dcegan ,. 97

Decjjlish 25

dene 15

Denning 95

Dentun -. 95

Derdale 44

Derrick 96

Devine 95

Dew 96

Dewhursi 44

Dewsnop 39

Dicey 96

l^iggle 55. 97

Diggle Brook 55, 69

Dillon 96

Dihvorth ... 96

Dirty Leach Wham 24

Dish Stones 107

Dix6n 72

Doals or

Doll-brow ^6

INDEX

I'AC.E

Dob Cross 5^

Dobcl 95

Dob Hill 56

Dodd 95

Doddridge 95

Dodman 95

Doc Hey Wood 13

Doldrum 61

donkey Si

Dormer 96

Dorre]l 96

Dothwc]! 95

Douglas, R 64, 65

Dove Law 56

Dowd 95

Dowell 96

Dowling 81, 96

Driver 79

Drummer Stoops 61

Dry 96

Drysdale 96

Ducker 9^

duckling Si

l^uckwonh 11

Duerr •'•. 96

Dutlus 10

Duffy ... 95

Duglas, R 64, 65

Duke 96

Dulshaw 61

dun '5

dun, the colour Si

Dunhill 15. ^'^

Dunkenhalgh 4

dunkin Si

Dunkirk 7

Dunn 73. '^i

I )unnell Si

Dunnish Booth 1'5

Dunnock Shaw LS

Dunscar "••• 15

Dunster '5

Dvirrens 9^^

Dutton 15, 95

Dyas Meadow ic

Dyer 7''^

Dyson 9^

E.

Eafield 25

Eagle Crag 45

Eagley Bank 25

Ealees 25

Earcrofi Fold 25

Earnshaw 45' S5

East 104

Eaton .' 25

eaves (^^

Eccleslon 4

Xll. INDEX.

I'AGE

Eden 62

Edenfiekl 62

Kdenmorc 62

Edsforihj^5

i^« 25

Ellen Brook 36

E 1 1enro

d

51

Ellen Royd 36, 52

j*>llerljcck ^7

Ellibank 37

Elliott 86

Kllis 86

i'^^'i" 39

Elnioic 86

l-^lsilon 86

Ellon II

iCmmett Sj

Emmott 25, 87

Emock 99

Empsall 87

Mmpson 87

empty * 87

Enderby 28

Ending 23

England 71

English 71

Enock 80, 98

Entwistlc 28

Erringdcn 45

Everard 86

Everett 86

Everilshau 43

Eversden 43

Every 86

Evorishaw 43

Ewart 86

Ewing 86

Ewood Bridge ^ 25

Extwi-stle 28

Eyebridge 25

Eyton 25

F.

J'acit 52

l-'aiflety 32

Failing Earth 22

Failsworlh 22'

I'airsnape 17

I'airy 97

/'alinge P'old 22

i'^alledge 22

Fallon 71

fallow 22

Fallowtield 22

Fallsworth 22

Fang 25

Faraday 97

Farbutb 33

Far Ing Laith S4

l''ail;i.iilvj J-\inii 32

I'armcr 76

Farpasiure 32

l'^'>" 73, 97

Kanaiv! 97

I'^aiTi'Il 97

Fanei" 97

Karrin-ton 73, 97

J-"an\)u- 82, 97

Karside 32

Kaulkncr 76

l-"auceit 52

Fawthurp 43

I'eam Head 10

r'earnlc)- 20, 97

I'c-alher Moor 32

Fealheistall 31

Fcaihersionehaugh 31

Fenniscowles 61

FciUon 98

Fcnwick 98

Fern 97

Fcrnie 97

F'ernihoUow 55

Ferris 77

Few er 77

Fidoe 98

held 12

Fieldini; 22

Firth 63, 98

i""i.sher 77

Fiswick 48

Fiti 98

I\DF:x. Ml).

;E vAi.i:

I'i^i^-'" 77, 9^

Fiiton 98

^"l^'»iinS 7, 71

Fletcher 77

Flow Moss 20

fold 12

Fold Head lu

Follyfield 22

lord 28

Ford 97

F'order .. 97

forfield 32

Forsler 77

Fort 97

forth 28

Foster 77

Fothergill -. 98

Foul Clouijh 2,j

Foulrake 27

Foulridge 37

Fourstones 31

Fowler 77

F"ox Gill 45

Foxholes 45

Foxstone Edge 45

France 7^

Fran'.c 7'

Frankell 71

F'nTnklin 77

Fra/er 71

Freail : 08

Frederic 98

Freeliody 98

XIV. FNDEX.

I'Af.F.

I'Veestone 31, 98

Frith 63

Fulledge 37

Fuller 77

Fulshaw 37

Fulthorpe 37

F\ihon *37

Fulwood37

Furbarn.

^2

Fvirby(^7

Furlong 97

G.

Gabbott 94

Gadding Cote 32

Gafney 94

Gahan 01

Ciale, the 56

Galilee 80, 94Gall 94

(jallagher 94

Galloway 94

Gamble 95

Gambleside 67

^^^'"el 67, 79, 95Gank, the 27

Gardner 77

Gare 92

Garfat 92

Garforth 92

Garibaldi 92

Garland 33'

Garlick 92

Garrett 92

Garrick 81, 92

(jarrotty 02

Garside^3

Garstang 53, 92

Garswood 55

(Jart Side 5-

(jarvcy 02

Garwood 02

Gaskell • 74

Gaukthorn 46

Gauxholme 52

Gavin 94

Gayner 91

Gaze 92

Gazey 92

Geere 92

Geldard 93

Geoffrey 70, 94

Gil)bon 94

Gibbs of-

Gibfield 94

Gil>son 94

Gifftird 94

<^igg 47

G'iggleswick 47

INDhX. XV.

PACK

Ciiliieil r)4

(lilclnisl At

(jilded Mollins 40

(;ill--'-s 47

^'illVtid 0^f'ill

94(iillinan

g^('''l<'t' 9^

C'iUow()4

('.iltnorc 04

'ill 92

( rO(!l)o!(l Q.,

Cloddanl n->yj(loddinc: (i-^•^ Vj<'<'dfi-ey oj

^'^^(ii^;^ 70, 93Ciodlcy 03

('^^dwin 70, 93( loing 02

( ;oldl)()urne ... 93(roldinj; 93

(iold^haw31^

C'lolynrode 52

Gomersall 91

Goodacre 93

Goodall 93

Cioodenough S2

Goodeve 93

Goodliead 93

(jootlhew 9^

Cioodshaw 63, 6S

Goodsir 9:^

Goose' 'Utts -^

I'Ac; 1'.

goose-dul) -5

Goosnari^di ..,, (;-

Goran q2

CJoic Q2

Gorman qt

Gorple ()-,

Gorsey Clough 40Gorsey Lea ., .q

Gothard .... -r- n>/ ' ) v.)

GotL (,-.

Oough 7^

Goulden" n-*

Gow 02

Gower q2

Grailcy n^

( J rainger "7

Grains ;7

Grane Head 57

Grane Post 57

Graning c-j

grave 14, 29

graveleys 2q

Grayshan 95

Grayson 93

Grayston 93

Great Dole 61

Great Lever 41

Greave 13

J3reenber 49

Green Gate 27, 30

Greenhalgh 55

Greenheys 12

Greenhow -3

XVI. INDEX.

Green Middiiis 21

(irceii I'lats 22

(ircen Royd 52

(ireens 30

(jreenslade 19

( ircen Withins 38

f'^regi^ 93

^-'T^'i^^r 93

^^rcgson 93

Grenal 55

^-^r^T 93

(jrey St(;nes 57

llabbeshavv 98

Hacking 85

Hackney 85

Haddock 91

Hades Hill..... 91

Hadley 41

Hage Fold i^

Hahnemann 98

Haigh 12, 85

Haighfield 12

Half Acre 48

Half Fall 22

Halfird 100

Hall 100

1 1 allam 1 00

Hall Carr 100

1 lallf'.'ld 100

H.

Grinihaldstone 52

Grini-argh:;

;

Grimscar -2

(Jrimshaw -^

Grindle End 30

Grind rod ^j

Ciross -1

/ 4

Guild ,,'V,i

Gunn (ji

(juniiell (ji

Gunning iji

Gunier (ji

Halliwell 16

Halpin ico

Halsall 100

Halshaw ick)

Halsiead 100

Haniall 15

Hamblcdon Hill 15. 68

Hameldon 15

hamell <)

Hamer 99

Hamer Bottoms 23

Hampson 99

Hancock 98

Handley 46, 82

Hanging Ilridge ^r

Hanging Chadder 31

Hanging Lees 31

I'AGK

Haiij^ing Sliaw 31

Stanley4,3^ S2

Hanlon

Jlanna

Ilans

Hanson

^I'^ppy

harljour

Ilardacre

^J^rJing 99Harclnian

Hardy

Plarc

Hare Hill

} larescougli

I larestones... 1 >

Har-reave ...13, 14, 29, 99Harl;er

Harland

Harley ^yHarling

ygHarper -,-,

Harrid.ge 9c)

Harridge Pike 43Harris r)g

Harroj) 1^-

Harrop Edge 43Jfarrold 9t>

Harrygg

Jlarsendcn 43Harsnepp 43

Hart gcj

Harihill4.4

98

9S

9S

98

98

59

99

99

99

99

43

^6

99

99

INDEX.^.ii

^^''^'•t'^T 44. 99Harihhead ,,

^ f''i>"\'.ird

gg^'^^^ycy

09I^-'^^'^vin

y,^

Harwood4.-)

Haslingden ,^

Haslingden Grane -7

Hasney v-

Hastling<5^

i^'-^^ty S5

^^^^^'^ 28, 77, ;9Hatchford ,y

Hatfi-ld,j

Haihershaw ,j

Hatlicrsheir ^j

Haugh ...'

Haulgh c-

Hawcoatj 2

Hawker yj

Hawkshaw Fokl 4-

Hawkstones 1-

Hawksworth ji

Hawk Yard 4-

hawtJiorn 12

Hawtliornthwaite r^

hay bote j2

^•^y'e '.Z ,3

H^v Meadow 12

Haynesf,.s

Hayshaws 3-

Haysill f'arm 371 la/el IJotlor.i -^

;

XVlll. INDEX.

I'AGE

Hazel Dene 37

Ilazeltine 2S

llazle Edge 37

Head 91

heal 16

ITealey 16

^'eap 41, 73

Heap Cloiigh 41

Meape qS

Heapcy 98

Heap Hey 41

Hcarnshaw 45

Heath 91

Heathevton 86

Heatun 33

i leaven So

1 leber 86

Heeley 16

Heifer 86

Hell Beck 16

Helly-plat 16

Helm Shore 39

Helpei Edge 16

Hemingway 99

Hcmmings 99

Hempshaw Barn 9

Hencroft 46

Hendene 31

tienfield 46

Henfold 46'

Henheads 46

Ilenland 46

Henley 46

VM,}'.

Hen Moss ^1

Henncssy .- 9S

Henry ^... 99

Ilenshaw 31

Hensheads lo

Henihorn .. 31

Henwick 46

Hepplestone 98

Hepplewhite 9S

Heptonstall 41

Hepworth 9S

Herbert 99

Hereward 99

Hermitage 80

Herod ••••52, So, 99

Heron Knoul 45

Herrely 99

Herring 09

Herring Knowl

Herron ' 99

Hesket 100

Hesketh 85, 100

Hewitt 90

Hewson gq

Heybrook 12

Hey Head 10

Hey Laithe 54

Heyrod r^

Heyroyd 52

Heywood 12

Heyworth 12

Hib]*)ert 98

Hibbott 9S

i'A(;e

]Iickey 99

Micks 99

Iligghokl 33

Iligginbothani 23

lligglns 99

Higginshaw ^^

High l^rown 'Kiiowl 60

Jlighen Moor ],2

Higher Calf Cote 32

Higher Leaches 24

High Laith 54

Hill.. 73

hill 16

HinchclilTe 31

llindeburn 40

llindle 40

llindley 40

liinge 31

Hipping 73

Hipping Plolm 41

Hippings 41

llitchen 99

Hoar Stones 33

Hobbs... 99

Hobchurch 99

Hobley 99

Hobson 99

Hodgeson 99

Hodgkinson 99

Hodson 99

li"S 3^

^^(Jg-rtb 53

Hogg .. 90

INDEX. MX.

I'AGE

Hoggard ... 3S

1 loghton 33

Hoglow s^

Hogshead 33

Hogwic 33

Holcomb 63

Holden 16

hole 16

Holgate 16, ICO

Holland 7, 71

Hollin 47

Hollin Brown Low ...60, 6<S

1 lolli ngworth 73

Ilollins .. . ... 40

lloUowfonh 2S

Holm 57

Holroyd 52

Holt 35

Holt Wood 6S

Holyhead 94

Homer <So

honeycomb 63

Honey Holme 48

Hooden }}

Hoofstones 30

Hooley 33

Hope 99

Hope Fold 55

yopkins 99

'Hf'P'ey 55

Jlojnvood 55

liorbury 2-^

ilordern 33

XX.

I'AG K

Hore Withins 3

j

Horner 77

Horrocks 33

Horse Carrs 56

Horsef^ill 1 00

Horwick 33

Host}' 86

IIo"Sh 55

Hough Stone ^^

House End 55

Howard 99

How Gate 55

How Royd 54

Hoyle 1 5, 73

Hoyle Dene 16

Hud Hey lo

Illingworth 73

Ince 64

Indies of Perth 64

Inchfiekl 64

ing 22, 72

Ingham e2

Ing Hey 22

Ing Head 22

Jack 81'

J^Sg^->" 77

Taneway ..., 71

fealous 9^

INDEX.

J.

PACK

Hud Lee 10

Hughes Qf,

Hulton55

Hunger Hill 48

Hunt 77

Hunter 77

Huntroyd 32

Hurst 36

Hursted .. 3-^

Hurst Wood 6S

Husted 33

Hutchinson 99

Iluttock lo

Huxley 74

Hylewood 16

^3Intake

Ipswicli 4S

Ireland 33, 71

Irlam g

Irvine 99

living 99

Isherwood :!7

Jells 94

Jellicoe 94

Jenkins Si

Tcwell 8)

INDEX. X\l,

PAGl?

Jevvett S6

Jcwison S6

.K'wiss S6

Tocky Si

JocosaJA

Jolly 74'

Jolyfie 74

Jones .

lordan

fA'-.K

S2

5S

Jowctt SG

Jowles S6

Jt^yce 74

J"'1ge 86

K.

Kale ....

Kaj'

Kays

Ken PC

Kchcoic .

Kcenau .

Kell)rook

Koll

Kelly

Kelsall

Kelsl )orough .

Kelvey

Kemp

Kempenhalgh

Kempnall

Kem]>stone....,

kempy

Kcnnaway

Kennedy

Kenny

Kenrick

Kent ..

94

. 92

. 02

• 92

• 94

. 92

• 57

' 94

94

94

94

94

77

57

55

77

77

92

92

92

92

71

Kenworthy

Kenyon ...

Kerfoot ...

Kerr

Kcrsiiaw...

Kidder . .,

Kidman ....

Killick ...

Killman

Kilner

1-^J'^g

Kinnear ....

Kipling ....

Kirtley ....

Kitcheman .

Kitchen ....

Knave Hill..

I\roll Hill ..

Knott Hill .,

Knowles

Kuerden

'/:>

• 92

• 92

92

92

35

77

77

94

94

77

, 92

92

94

20

77

77

47

iS

4S

18

20

XXll. INDEX.

PACK

Lacy loi

Ladhouse 54

Ladncr 77

Lady 100

Lady Barn 54, 69

Lady Ikidge 54

Ladyhouse 54

Lady Lees 54

Ladyman 1 00

Lahee loi

Laidman 100

Lambert 100

Lanimack 24

Lancashire 71

Land 100

Langho 55

Lant 100

Lardner 77

Lark Hill 46

Larkin 101

Latchford Heath 24

Lately Common 54

Latham 54

Lathe Butts 54

Lathome 54

Lams 54

laund 2a

Laund Booth 20

Laurie iot

Lautburn, R 27

Law 101

fAl.K

Law Hill 6S

Lawless i o

i

Lawson 101

Layard 101

Laycock 101

Layman ici

Leach 77

leach 24

Leach Gate Field 2S

Leach, Top o" 62

Leader 1 00

Leary 100

Leasow 21

Leather 100

Leavengreave 13

Ledgard 100

Lee loi

leece 2r

Logatt 73

Legg ioi

Legless TOO

Lenches 17

Lenny Barn 39

Lenny Shaw 3S

Lesser loi

Lett 100

Letts 73

Leven, R 63

Lever 101

Lever Edge H

Levers Water 41

INDF.X.

PAGE

Lewis 151

ley 20

Leynes Clout,'h 3S

Litlget 21

Life loi

light 36

I-iijhi Azzle Edge 37

Light Birks ^y

Light Owlers 36

liml) 24

Limeiicld 24

Limy Water 24

Lincoln 71

Lindioii 3S

Lineham 38

Lingard iot

Linneyshaw 3S

Linsgicave 38

Linswithins 3S

Li'itinvaite 38, 53

Liptrod 10

1

Liptrott 1 01

Lister 77, loi

Little 74

Littleborough 58

Little Dole 61

Little Lefra 41

Liver Hill 41

Liversedge 41

Li versecge i o i

Livsey loi

Lloyd . 100

Lohdc'i, 27

XX HI.

I'AtilC

^^oi^i^-y 48; loi

lolis-/

Lock ,0,

Locker jq,

Locket t iQi

Locking Stouji Oi

Lockney ,01

Lockwood 10 r

Logan jor

Lomas 24

Lomax 24

Long Biggin 54

Longbottoin 23

Long Grain 1^7

Long Shut 26

Long AVham 24

Longwor th j i

Looker 100

L^^^^ 75

Lorrimer77

Love 101

Love Clough 27, 62

Lovekin i q 1

Lover loi

Loveridge 101

Loversidgej o i

Lovett 10

1

Lowes ij

tower Maw 21

Lower Twistfield 2S

Lower Weir 12

Lower Frith 6j

Low Gill 56

-XXIV. INDEX,

I'AGIC

Low How 68

Lowman loi

Lubbock I o I

Lucas 5, 100

Luckwhittles 101

Lucre 100

Lumb 24

Lund 5S

Lyde if,o

Lydgaie 21

Lyncli iQi

Lyne Edge 3S

Lylhc Skick iq

M.

McGarry 92

McHitterick 106

McKay 92

McKilterick 106

McLcod 100

McNaught 104

McNeal 104

^Ladd en 103

Maddock 103

i\] aden 103

JMaden Fold 21

Madge Road 24

Madock 103

Maiden 21, 103

Maiden Cross 32

Maisey 102

Maitland 103

Makin 1 02

Male lOT

Malcn 102

Malim 103

^lallack 102

Mallett 103

Malley 102

MaUindcr 102

Mallison 102

^L'^lune 1 02

^Lalthus 102

^LandJe 102

Manfred 102

manikin Si

^Lankin Hole 16

Manley 102

Mann 102

Manning ro2

Manock 102

Mansforlh 102

Mansley 102

Manstone 02

March HiV. 29

Mardyke 7

Marferth 103

margrave 29

ma^rk 29

Markham 29

M a rk 1ew 29

INDEX.

Marland 20, 103

Marlor 77

Marsden 29

marsh 29

Marshall 78

Marshaw 29

Mason 78

Masscy 102

Malchin 103

Mather 103

Matt 103

Mattley 103

Maw (Jrane 21

Maxim 107

May 102

Mayer 102

Maygate Uole 61

Mayhew 102

Maynard 102

Mayrick 102

Mays 102

Mead 103

Meadow Head 10

Mean Hey 12

Meanwood 35

Medcalf ;^2

Medforth . 103

Medland 1 03

Mediey 103

Medlicot 32, 103

Me^in 102

JVleldnim 61

Meli. 102

XXV,

r.u.K

Mclladew 102

Mellaliew 102

Melland 103

Mellings 1 02

McUor 103

Mellow 102

Melody 80, 102

Meniiit; 103

Meols 102

Mercer 78

mere 28

Mcrrall 103

Merrall Head 10

Merrick 103

Messenger 82

Metal Cote 32

Mettel Hole 32

Mickle Head 10

Mickle Hey 13

Micklehurst 36

mid 32

Middle Butts 33

Middleforth Hill 28

Middle Scars 3'

Middop 32

midge -4

Midgeden 24

Midge Hall 103

Midge Hole 24

Midgeley 103

Miles ....- ..102

Milk 102

Milkstone 5^

XXVI. INDEX

I'AOE

Mill I02

Millctt 103

Millie ic !

Millikin 102'

Mills 102 i

Milne 103|

Minn 103

Minnett 103^

Miunitt 103

Minzey 103 j

Misery 103

Mitchell Hey 13

Mitten 103 '

Mizzy 24

Molcswoith II, 103

Mollock 102I

Molyneux 102

monkey 81

Montmoiice 71

Moody 103

Moor Head lo

Moor House 10

Morley 20

Morris 71

N'iI>1j iS

Nabend iS

Na 1 > rod e i S

Nab Side 47

Nr den i-

N nsen 72

N.

lACiK

^^'•'^^ 103

Mossam 103

Mossop c-

Moss Rake

Motley

Mott

-7

103

103

Mould •.•103

Moulding,' 102

Moiildsworth1

1

^Tou^li)e^jerla\v OS

Miickileld 24

MulLiril 102

Mullins f03

MurL^airoyd :;2

-Muigatsliaw :^2

I^Iusick So, 103

Muspratt 103

Mutch 74

Mutton 10^

Muzzy 103

Myrescough 57

Mythe Tuot 65

Mythohn 57

Mythop \2

Naylor 7S

N c ;'. 1 au 1 04

Near Moor Hank 32

Need 104

Needhani 47, 104

Needless 47. I04

INDEX

lAGH

Nelson 104

Neiherley 31

New 104

Ncwall 104

NewboUi T3

Ncwco 1 11 1 ) 104

Newlove 104

Newman 104

Newsome 104

Newstcad nNick 104

Nickro.ic 61

Niel 104

NicM 104

Nii^ellus 104

Nighi Hill 47

Nixon 104

\XVll.

Noad 104

Noai 1 04

NoMo 74

NuLklilfe Eaves 61

Noiclen 15

Norris 71

North Scall 54

Notoi^h 37, 104

Nul1ialt;li 37

Nuthall 37

Nulluusi 37

Nulshaw 37

Null 104

Nuttall 37, 55, 104

Nutter 104

Nutlley 37

o.

Oak Ing Clough 22

Oakenrod 51

Oatshaw 32

Oddy 53

Ofla Hill 47

Ogt-len 38

Ogle 74

Ogre 74

Oken Holt 3S

Old Hear Hey 10

Oldhan-, 9

Old Holts -,6

Old Man 4

Old Sirs 39

Old Wham 24

Ollerton Fold 36

Opie 99

Ormerod 52

Orwistons 5S

Ormshaw 52

Ormside 54

Orniskirk 52

Orrell 43

Oslu' lis'.one 86

XXVlll. INDEX.

PAGK

Osborne 86

Osgood 86

Osmund 70, 86

Oswald 86

Oswaldtwistle 28

Oswin 86

Otter Lee 43

lAtiB

Otlle 61

Oulderllill 36

Out Lane Head 32

Out Wood 32

Over Houses 31

Owler Lane 36

Paddock

paddock

Taddy

Padiliam

Padon

Pagan

I'-ige

Paget

Palden

Paler

I'aley

Palmer

Palor

Palsgrave

Pardee

Parker

I'arkin

Parkinson

Park Lane

Parnell 73.

Parr

Parrock

Parr>- 72,

12 Pascoe 8S

81 Paslow SS

87 Passmans SS

87 Passmonds 9, 88

87 Patchett 78

90 Pate 87

78 Paton 87

78 Pattison 87

63I

Payne <)0

87 j

Paynter 78

87 Peanock 12

78 jPeat 87

87I

Peel Hall 22

29 Penimins 62

89 pen-ben 61

88 Pendlebury 6r

S8 Pendle Hill 61, 82

88 Pendleton 61, 82

12 Pen Moss 61

90 I'^'in 7i

88I

Pennington 73, 89

12I

Pennock 12

88I

Pen-y-ghent ()i

INDEX

AGE

88

82

^7

S?

^7

90

97

80

89

89

89

89

89

19

^7

46

S9

19

80

22

Pimley 78

Pinck 89

Finder 7S

Pinfold 12

Pingot 12

Pinkertoa 89

Piatt 22

Platting 22

Pogson 76

Polcficld 63

I'ole Lane 6^

Pollarct 90

PoUit! 78, 90

Perkins

Peters

Peto

Petrie

Petty

Peverley

Pharaoh 80,

Physick

Pick

Pickard

Picketts

Pickles

Pickering

Pickup

Pidduck

Piethorn

PigSOtt ; ••

Pike Low

Pilate

Pillinn;

XXIX.

Poole '•(ij, 90

Poolcy 90

Poot Hall 25

Porter 78

Potiphar So

Potts 90

Pout Clough 25

iVnvclI 72, 90

Puwnall 7^

Pratt 74

Pretty 88

Prettyman 88

Prestwich 48

Price 72

Pricksliaw 35

Prickshaw Brook 35, 69

Priddy 88

Pride 88

Pridmore 88

Priest 75

Priuie 88

Prince 75

Pritchard 72

Proctor 7S

Prodger 72

Pudding 90

Pugh 72

Pule Moss 63, 69

-Pulman 90

I'urdie 88

l^urlove ..'. 88

Pynian . 71

Pywell 71

xxx. INDEX.

Q.PACK

Quayle loS

Queen 109

Quick Mere 37

Quill 109

Raby 105

Raccdham •••9, 66

Radcliffe S

Raghole 16

Raike^ 27

Raines 71, 105

Rainey 105

Rainshough 55

Rakebvidge 27

Rakefoot 27

Ralph 57, noRampside 54

Ramsbottom 41

Ramsden 41

Ramsgreave 41

Raudle noRandolph noRaper 105

Rasbottom 23

Ratten Clough 44

^

Rattray 104

Knvtien ,.,,, .. ., 46Kavens Clough 46

Ravenspike Hill 46

R.

PACK

Quin 109

Quincey 109

Quinlan 109

Ravenstone 58

R.awclilTe 52

Rawriddint: ;i

Raw Royd -3

Rawsthornc io5

Rawtonstall 48

Rayne \o^

Rayner 105

Read 74

Reader 104

Ready 104

Reaps 47

Reaps Cross 47

Reddett 1 04

Redily Shore 30

Redhead 73, 104

Red Lunib 24

Redman 1 04

Redmires 30, 57

Red Shaw 30

RedSpaMo'ir 26

Kc«I Hill 47

Reed Mysies 24

Reeves 7.S

INDEX.

lAGE

Regnn 105

Reitl 104

Rcnshaw 46

Revidge 46

Revill 105

Reynard 105

Reynold 105

Rhodes ^o

Ribble, R 65

Ribourne, R 65

Richard 105

Richey 105

Richmond 105

Kiililell 52

kideliauLch 52, 55

Kidgcway 105

Ridihalgh 55

Ridley 47

Risi>y 105

I'^igg 105

Riggall 1 05

Rigley 41

Rigmaiden 21

Riley 41

Rimmer 7S

I^ingley 31

Ringlows 31

Ripley 47, 105

Rivington Pike 19, 46

Roasihwaite 106

Robert 105

RobinsVi w 46

Robley 105

X.\X1.

1'a<;h

Rochdale 7, 66, 67

Roche, R 66

Roclier, R 66

rock 07

Rodd lesw orth 30

Rodger 105

Roderick 105

Roe Lee 44

Rofe 105

Roland 105

Rohand 105

Rooley 17. 44

R'^i'th 105

Roi'cr 7S, 105

Rosboltom 106

Roscoe 1 06

Ross 106

Rossell 106

Rossendale j.7

Rostron 106

Ro thwel 1 1 o S

Rough 10^

lioiind Ing 22

Round Thorn jr

Rouse 106

Rouili loq

Routley 105

iV^wau 105

Ruwcrofi 44

Rowen ; 1 05Rowland 105

]\(\v, R n:;

Ri'yds q2, 82

XXXll.

I'ACE

Roylnnce 41

Roylc 41

Koylcy 41

Koyshaw 41

Royton 41

Riidman 105

Ruclolpli 105

Riiiiibuts 33

Riimwortli 11

Tvushworth 1

1

INDEX.

rA(;K

Russell loC,

I<"th ,05

^^"^t^"'- 78, 105

%--^n 41

Kyc, R 65

Rye Croft 4,

Rye Head 41

Rylance 41

Rylaiuls ^,

S.

Saddlewortli cum Quick 37

Sagar 78

Sa<;er 78, 106

Saighton 38

Saint Mary's Gale 27

•Sala 73

Sale 3S

Sales 38

Sale«;bury 38

Salford 38

Salter 75, 78

Saltman 75

Saltonstall 38

Saltridge 38

Salwick 38 -

Sanilesl)ury 47

Sand 'I'^Jg .»..» 61

.VHttkMK>n} ^0^'

.-•atchel I 1 06

Sanghton 38

Saundcr Clough 35

Saunder Ileiglu 35

Sawley 38

Sawyer 78

Saxon 71

Sayer 78

Scales 54

scar 56

Scarr 108

Schofield 54

wScholefield •. 54

Scholey Head 10, 53, 54

Schunke 74

Scole Car Edge 54

Scoks 54

Scoti 7'

scuttt f<7

Scowcroft 56

INDEX. XXXlll.

seamstress 75

Scare 106

Searey 106

Seator 106

Seckerson 1 06

Seildon 106

"Sedgewick 1 06

Seed 106

Seedall 106

Seelc) 107

Sellers 73, 78

Seneca Lane 31

Sergeant 78

Seymour 75, 106

ShadlM^Id 91

Shadewalk 35

Shanks 75

sharn-beetle 24

Shariieyford 24, 28

Sliarpe 107

Sharpies 107

Sharpnesspoint 68

Sharrocks loS

-"^h^w 35

Slia,\vcross 54

Shawforth 28

Shaw Wood 68

Sheare-butts ^^

Shearer 78

Shepherd 78

SherilV. 29, 78

S herman 1 08

Sherratt loS

Sherry ,oS

Sherwin loS

Shillelo 107

Shimwell 107

Shipwelbothani 23

Shore loS

Shorrocki oS

Showier 79

Showley 46

Shuffleboitom 23

Shuttleworth 26

Sibson 106

Sibihorp loG

Siddal! 106

Sidebeet

Sidebottom

Sidholm

Sieveking io6

Sigmund 106

Sikesbeck 2s

Silitoe 107

Silver Head 48

Simco Sr, 107

Simcox Si

Simkin 81

Simkins 107'

Simmons 106

Simms 107

Simondstone 47

Simpson 1 07

Skarfield S

Slack (/th' Moor 19

slade 19

23

57

XX XIV. INDi:

I'AGE

Slailen 20|

Slaithwaitc 53 '

Slater 7^

Slattocks 20I

Slaughter 7S,

Slences 17 ;

Slinj^er 7^

Slipper Hill 61, GS

Sloe Thorn l>arn 39

Smallshaw 35

Smehurst 36

Smethurst 36

Smith 79

Smithson 72 '

snaed 19

Snape Hill 17 i

sneap iS

Sniddle 19

snod 19

Snoddle Hill 19, 6S

Snoddorth iq

Snodgrass 19|

Snowdon 71 |

Snubsnai)e 17 !

Snydale Gate igj

Soar 74 I

Sodor and Man ;oI

Souter 79 I

South 104^

South Grains 57

Sowter 79 !

Soyland Moor 25

Spa Well 26.69

X.

rA(;K

Spa Wood 26

Sparke '.

75

Sparrow 75

Sparrowhawk 75

Sparrow Hill jO

Sparlh Rottonis 23

Spaw Lane 26

Spaw Sunday 27

Speddy 74

Speak Edge 1^3

SjK-ke Ben' 23

S])encer 7^

Spen I^each 26

Spenn 26

Sjicw Spout 26

sjjinney 26

Spodclen 57

Spotbins 33

Sprowell ^(^

Stacksteads 11

Staghills 44

Staley 20. 107

Stallard 107

Standeven 107

Standish 107

Standring 107

Standworth . . . .^10-

Sianedge 12

Stansfield 107

Sianwell 107

Stan worth 107

Stark 74

Starky 74

INDEX.

rAi;u

Siarr-^ardon 50

Suirring 56

Slaups M(.)or 61

Siaveley 21

Stead Ilcy 1

1

Stcancr l>otlimi 15, 23

Steel 107

Stcll 107

Sicword 7^

Stewart 78

Stid II

Stidfuld II

Stipcrden — 15

Sliper Stone>... 13

Stiiruj) 55

Slune 107

Stonehen^fc 31

Stony Royd 52

Sloodloy II

stoops ••• 61

Stupes 61

Store 107

Stover 107

Storey 107

Ta1)by 97

Tal)erncr 79

Table of Tcrminalion.^ ... 83

Tab Road 56

Tacon 97

T.

wxv.

IA<",K

Slolt 45

Stranj^c Common 48

Sirangeways 4S

Slrcencs 4S

Stivnesihall 48

Slrines 48

Siriiii^er 78

Slnilhtrs 108

Siuttard 79

Style 27

Sudden 15

Sudley l)r<x>k 15

Suinmerseal 48

Surplice 80

Sutherlantl 50

Swaindrod 52

Swallow Ibilc 16

Swifi 74

Swineroolings ^5

Swineshaw 45

Swire 78

Sycamme too

S)l.e 25

Syme 107

IJidloo 95

'^ags 97

Talbot 75

Tame, ]\ 66

Tandlc Hill 65

W.Wl. INDIilX.

''''^""^•''• 95 I Tl)recLo«Ls j,

'''I'l^^'y 71 I Thrcirall *.

07

'^'^IT^''' 75 ! Tluiixku ;s

'^^-'^P^l^-r 75I

ThursU.nc ";,s

^'''^''"acrc 56j

ThwaiLcs

^'''^'ranl .,6 TihI.s

T'^l^" 95 ' Tickle ,',7

''^^ham .,5,

Tillcii ot.

T'Utcr.all 95I

Tilli.M.n .„-,

T^^yl^' 79I

TilK.t.Mm \,C

'^"^^^ ^3;

tiMi„|4 ,0"^^^ 97

iTiniwi.ile 2S

'^'•'^^ '^'-^^;

.Til.pu- 79, c,5

I'^'lf^J'^l 9^I

Tifi.c-l ,,7

T^'""^nl 95;

Tii.pin^; 9-

'I'^ii")^"" ''5

j

Tipple 97'^^'"•icr 90

j

Tii)plL-> Green 971^^1'y 9^ I Tuad Can ,4

'I'^'^lock 95I

Toad Lane 14

Tc^l'J^'^ 95 I Toad Leach y^

Thane 79 i TMeook 9',

Thaich Lalch 2S[

y,,(l 45-

Thicvely Seoul 19; T^dd «,5

Thibileihwaiic 5^ ! Todellill 63

Thorbum 90 I Tudman 93ThorCl.Hi^di 3,s

\ T(nhi.nrden 14

'rii<^inhcr 49j

Tninhn ^ Si

Thorncy Lee 17 t TonacIilTe 10

Thorohnin o_,

T<.nyc Mnor 17

Thornley 20|

Toni( End 17

Thorn^c^v 36j

Tor-dle Hill 63

Thuniiun; I Tooi,'.;od ... 90

Thorpe 30 I Tooier 11:11='

IN 1)1

I'Ai;)'.

Tool Hill 65

Topham 0, 93

Ton of llealhor \o

Top of Kyc 41

Topper 79, 'P

Topping 05

Tor Mill Go, 6M

T'<r Stile 27. 60

Ti^rks 74

Toircncc </>

Totllewortli Iac 65

Tower ()(<

Townbcni 22

T-' Willi cad 1(1

Ti>wnliousc Ill

Townlcy 2Ci

1\>\teth II

Trapp 96

Travers 79

Travcs 79

Travis 79

Trawden 25

Trickett Qo

Tngg 9^>

'I'rippier .. 96

Tripyear 96

TroLjlulen Chase 23

Troiu;h Edge 25

Tro-.igli Sikc 25

Tronglilon 25

.X. xxxvu.

PAt;i£

Trows 25

Truli.iuilhy 50

Truelove 06

Try 96

Tubl) 95

Tuck 96

Tucker 79, 90

Tuer 96

TiUfy 95

Tuke 90

'I'lirley 96

Tun-hill 10

TuilsUMd II

Tupp '»5

riirnau;^'h 5O

TuriK-liill 50

'I'urncr 79

Tundey 56

'J'uinshaw 35

Turn Slack 5^j

Turton Tower ''9

Turing 05

'I'^vig- 97

Twi^-e Barn 2S

rwi':> Green 2S

iwistle 2S

'I'wo Studs 31

iwt inn 05

Tydesley 20

Tvson o'j

XXXVIU. INhKX.

HACF

"giy 74

Underbill iS

Unswoilh qS

u.

Urnision 52

I'llcnch Cin''i J2

Utilcv ",2

V.

X'^ardy loS

\'aiker 97

y^^r]ey 97

Vcnu'^ So

V-'iishuiic ;;

VickiTs 1 oS

Xilcs 7c>

Virgin So

\V>ss

\'o\vl(.> 71,

w.

Waddell 109

Waddinqton 109

Waddy 109

Wade I CO

Wadsworili 109

Wagfuld 12

Wainwright 79

Wailhlands nWakefield 12

Walcli iQi)

Waldegrave 29

Wales 71, loS

Walkden 79

Walker 79, loS

Wall loS

Wallace 1 08

\Vallen loS

Waller 79, loS

Wnlliiiij loS

Wallis 108

Wall Style 27

Walstlen 26

Walshaw 26

Walthew 108

Walthews loS

Walworili 4S

Wanistone 24, 5S

Warlnirton 1

Warcocklc Delpli 12

\^;l^(l loS

W.inU-ll 108

^Va^lcr loS

War.llc 1,

\V.irilIcy II

Wanlnmn loS

\Varc loS

Wnrcing jo

Warini; ... loS

W.arlaiiil ij

Warley Modi uWarlow 12

Warm Within^ '^s

^VariKT 108

\VariK)cU loS

^Varren loij

^Valkin 108

Waimore 109

^Vatson 109

\\'.Ut 109

^\'^»g1i 79

\'^'ebber 75, 79

^^'ebster 75, 79

Weets 48

weir 12

Welshpool 6^

Wenshead 10

wennel 10

West 81

Wc". Rake 27

Wha'iey 47

Whr...i 2.^

INDEX. xxxix.

iwr.v.

Whatmoiij^li 100

Whegler 79

Wheel' )n 26

Whelcrofi 26

Whewclls 33

Whinisey Hill pWhinherry Xa/e 40

Whinny Clout;h 40^Vliipp 109

Wliiiaker .21, no^Vhiie noWhiiehea.l 73, no^\'hileluu•s^ noWhile Lee> . 30

Whiteley^jj

\N hile Lowes i-

Wln'te Kidin^*^ 4V;

WhitrieKI 30

Whithani j iq

\\ hitlain1 jq

Whittle Hill 30, 68

Whittles noWhitw..rth 4S

Wliolaw^^

Whorlestones 47

Whor-low -^3

Whorlton 47

\\ horwelMlown 47

^^'hostones 33

Wickeiv Hall 37

W icken Lm-,v ^-.> /

W ickeiiherry 37

\Vit!.!ii|) ^5

\1. IN'DKX.

VAC,!.

Widow lOM

Wigan 3S, 64i

\Vi<;bn'l 3S I

Wigshaw 37 I

Wikc loS 1

Wilberls 9, 109

Williulls 23

Wilcock Si, 109

Wild 74

Wild Cn[ L'v .14

WirKiiT^on ..I0<)

Wilkin Si

Willans Si, 109

WillcU Si

Willolts 509

Willbni 109

Willis; 81, 109

Willon 109

Willowingc Coatcs 22

\Vil!s t09

Wilman 109

Wilson 109

Wilstrop 50

Wimble roo

Winchester 3

Wincup 109

Windy IIarl)c«uf .. 5S

Winning 109

Win>on loo*

WinlerbiUi Lcc 3,

Wirlaw 1-'

withen -kip] >! e . . 3S

HAGH

Wiihengrtavf ^ 14, 3S

with ... 36, 63

Withncll 55

Wolfcndcn 43, 1 10

WolfstonLs 43

Wiilstcnlu'Imo noWomack 24

Wood 109

Woodali 109

Woodcock IC9

Wood head 109

Woodley 109

WoodiutY 79

Wit.)d\v.ird 79

Witohki: 43

Woolhead 1 10

Woolley 110

Woolton 43

Worleslonc 47

Woiivll loS

Worsh-y 20

Worth 1 I

Wrenwood 46

Wright 70

Wrigley 105

Wuerdic i i

Wmr loS

Wyail i'»i>

Wyo.llcM- 30

Wynn 109

Wvii^'.anley io«,t

iNi)rx.

Y.

yai'i • 11

\ arwDod 02

Vulcs ' -ji)

^'ea Ihi'li^c 25

xli.

Vcinlk-y 20

Vdl..w IHII ;o

Vc. SO

\'cw Tn.c ',9

<A^.

e"2.so