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East Asia

East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

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Page 1: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

East Asia

Page 2: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

Nobel Prizes

Europe, 62%

North America, 28%

Asia, 4%

Africa, 1%

Middle East, 1%

South America, 2%

Australia, 2%

One measure of scientific One measure of scientific impact:impact:

Page 3: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

Nobel Prizes Awarded to Asian ScientistsNobel Prizes Awarded to Asian Scientists

Japan, 15 (12)

China, 2 (0)

India, 4 (3)

Taiwan, 3 (0)

Page 4: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

United StatesUnited States United KingdomUnited Kingdom FranceFrance GermanyGermany JapanJapan ItalyItaly CanadaCanada

Top contributors to Top contributors to the Human Genome the Human Genome ProjectProject

United StatesUnited States United KingdomUnited Kingdom FranceFrance GermanyGermany JapanJapan China

G7 Group of “major”G7 Group of “major”industrialized countriesindustrialized countries

Page 5: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

The “Rise of the West”The “Rise of the West”

The G7 nations account for 2/3 of the The G7 nations account for 2/3 of the world’s economic output & growth.world’s economic output & growth.

Just 200 years ago, China and India Just 200 years ago, China and India held that position.held that position.

What happened in the world to account What happened in the world to account for these changes in a relatively short for these changes in a relatively short period of time?period of time?

Western nations typically point to their Western nations typically point to their cultural superiority as an explanation.cultural superiority as an explanation.

Page 6: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

Western Superiority?Western Superiority?

16th century- Renaissance: Spanish conquist-16th century- Renaissance: Spanish conquist-adors vanquished entire American civilizations, adors vanquished entire American civilizations, was the Christian religion the cause?was the Christian religion the cause?

17th century- Enlightenment: cause must be 17th century- Enlightenment: cause must be Greek heritage of secular, rationalistic, and Greek heritage of secular, rationalistic, and scientific thought.scientific thought.

18th century- French & American revolutions: 18th century- French & American revolutions: equality, liberty and brotherhood! The West was equality, liberty and brotherhood! The West was progressing faster that the rest of the world.progressing faster that the rest of the world.

19th century- post-Industrial revolution: ascent 19th century- post-Industrial revolution: ascent of West is complete.of West is complete.

Page 7: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

““Diffusionist Theory”Diffusionist Theory”

Democracy was developed in GreeceDemocracy was developed in Greece Passed on to RomePassed on to Rome Rediscovered by Europe during the Rediscovered by Europe during the

RenaissanceRenaissance Elaborated during the EnlightenmentElaborated during the Enlightenment Finally fulfilled during the RevolutionsFinally fulfilled during the Revolutions It, along with Modernization, has been It, along with Modernization, has been

diffusing out to the rest of the world diffusing out to the rest of the world ever sinceever since

Page 8: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

Problem with Diffusionist Theory: Predicts Problem with Diffusionist Theory: Predicts that gap between wealthy and poor that gap between wealthy and poor countries should shrink- it is actually countries should shrink- it is actually growing.growing.

Other explanations for European Other explanations for European superiority:superiority:

cultural valuescultural values environmental differencesenvironmental differences political/military differencespolitical/military differences demographic differencesdemographic differences

Page 9: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

EurocentrismEurocentrism belief that “the West has some unique belief that “the West has some unique

historical advantage, some special quality of historical advantage, some special quality of race or culture or environment or mind or race or culture or environment or mind or spirit, which gave this human community a spirit, which gave this human community a permanent superiority over all other permanent superiority over all other communities”communities”

Eurocentrism has been called:Eurocentrism has been called:1)1) a mytha myth2)2) an ideologyan ideology3)3) a theorya theory4)4) a master narrativea master narrative5)5) a paradigma paradigm

Page 10: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

ContingencyContingency Was the “Rise of the West” inevitable?Was the “Rise of the West” inevitable? The author believes it was “contingent on The author believes it was “contingent on

other developments that happened other developments that happened independently elsewhere in the world”.independently elsewhere in the world”.

The economic engine which drove global The economic engine which drove global trade for much of history was Asia, not trade for much of history was Asia, not Europe.Europe.

It was the European desire to trade with Asia It was the European desire to trade with Asia which lead to the discovery of America.which lead to the discovery of America.

Large coal deposits in England meant that Large coal deposits in England meant that industrialization based on steam engines industrialization based on steam engines could be achieved.could be achieved.

Page 11: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

The FutureThe Future

If the “Rise of the West” was inevitable- If the “Rise of the West” was inevitable- then nothing we do now can change the then nothing we do now can change the future concerning Western dominance.future concerning Western dominance.

If it was highly contingent on other If it was highly contingent on other events- the future is contingent on what events- the future is contingent on what we do now.we do now.

Page 12: East Asia East Asia. One measure of scientific impact:

ConjuncturesConjunctures ““when several otherwise independent when several otherwise independent

developments come together in ways that developments come together in ways that interact with one another, creating a interact with one another, creating a unique historical moment.”unique historical moment.”

““things happening in different parts of the things happening in different parts of the world for reasons having to do with local world for reasons having to do with local circumstances that then become globally circumstances that then become globally important.”important.”

Example: development of nation-states in Example: development of nation-states in Europe converged on Industrial Revolution Europe converged on Industrial Revolution to provide the basis for military to provide the basis for military preeminencepreeminence