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Earthquakes
Two types of crust “float” on the upper mantle:
• oceanic crust (heavier, sinks lower)
• continental crust (lighter, floats higher)
Three types of plate convergence
• oceanic – continental
• oceanic – oceanic
• continental - continental
Oceanic – continental plate convergence
Nazca plate – South America plate
Oceanic – oceanic plate convergence
New Hebrides Trench near Vanuatu
Continental – continental plate convergence India/Eurasia plate collision (forms Himalayan Mountains)
Earthquake Motion
Historical seismic activity in Canada
1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Mercalli Richter
1964 Alaska earthquake damage map: modified Mercalli scale
III - IV
VVIVII
VIII - X
Liquefaction and slumpingAnchorage, Alaska - 1964
Earthquake-proof buildings
Is a major earthquake in California, Alaska or Japan of any concern thousands of kilometers away, in Hawaii?
Tsunami (seismic wave)
The power of a tsunami