earthquakeclassppt-141009054224-conversion-gate01.ppt

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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTIONDETAILS

Various types and construction details of foundation, soilstabilization, retaining walls, underground and overhead tanks,

staircases and isolation of structures

UTKARSH SHAKYA (11601)

SAHIL KAUNDAL (11602)B.Arch. ,7thSem.

National Institute of Technology Hamirpur

1


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CONTENTS

1.Why earthquake resistant construction details?? (Introduction)

2.Various types and construction details of foundation.

3.Soil stabilization

4.Retaining walls

5.Underground and overhead tanks

6.Staircases and isolation of structures

2 AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design Earthquake Resistant Construction Details


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Why Earthquake resistant

construction??India is a large country. Nearly two thirds ofits area is earthquake prone. A large part ofrural and urban buildings are low-rise

buildings of one two three storeys. Many ofthem may not be adequately designed from

engineers trained in earthquake engineering.Most loss of life and property due to

earthquakes occur due to collapse of

buildings.The number of dwelling units andother related small-scale constructions mightdouble in the next two decades in India andother developing countries of the world. Thisamplifies the need for a simple engineeringapproach to make such buildings earthquakeresistant at a reasonably low cost.



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Various types and constructiondetails of foundation


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7/1027 AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Types of Foundations:

Stone Masonry Foundation



Brick Masonry Foundation



oncrete B!ock Masonry Foundation

- In case of loose soil, provide some

nominal reinforcement in foundationbed concrete.- If stone soling is used underfoundation reduce the thickness offoundation strip to 3.- The vertical steel bars indicated inthe foundations are to be provided atcorners and

junction of walls as explained in the

later sections.


10/1021"AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

Foundationsne of the most fre!uent causes of deterioration of the walls of a house istheir direct

contact with the ground humid thus making them vulnerable in the eventof anearth!uake.

"xample# ground sloping towards thewall, unstable and poor !ualit$foundations andwall bases, prone to settling due tothe e%ect of humidit$ and the inferior

!ualit$ of theround.


11/10211AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

#!ternati$e 1: !eanin% & 'raina%eIf after an earth!uake the wall has cracks in

certain sectionsand the bricks are in a satisfactor$ state wemust eliminate theearth which covers the wall base, and levelout the ground aminimum of &''mm below the wall base.

#!ternati$e 2: 'e(o!ition &)econstructionIf after an earth!uake the base of the wallhas become loose,

if there are cracks in the entire wall andsinking which makesthe wall unstable and dangerous, we mustthen# (ismantle itafter propping it up and build a new wall fromthe foundations.



*++' F)#M,' *#--SFoundations

Timber construction shall preferabl$ start above the plinth level, the portion belowbeing in masonr$ or concrete. The superstructure ma$ be connected with the foundation

in one of the two wa$s#)* The superstructure ma$ simpl$ rest on the plinth masonr$, or in the case ofsmall buildings of one store$ having plan area less than +' s!.m., it ma$ reston rm plane ground so that the building is free to slide laterall$ during groundmotion* The superstructure ma$ be rigidl$ xed into the plinth masonr$ or concretefoundation as shown in g.&3.& or in case of small buildings it ma$ be xed tovertical poles embedded into the ground.

'etai!s of connection ofco!u(n .it/ foundation



*a!! Footin%s

0ier 0ost and o!u(n Footin%s



/)001 24()TI4 - pread 2ootings#ingle footing, tepped footing, loped footing, 1all footing, 5rillage f

oundation.pread footings are those whichspread the super-imposed load of wallor column over a larger area. preadfootings support either a colunm orwall. pread footings ma$ be of the

following kinds#

i ingle footing 7 2ig. 8.89a*: for acolumnii tepped footing 7 2ig. 8.89b*: fora column

iiiloped footing 7 2ig. 8.89c*: for acolumni$ 1all footing without step 7 2ig.8.39a*:$ tepped footing for wall 7 2ig.8.39b*:

$i 5rillage foundation 7 2ig. 8.;:
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Fi% 22



F 24 5=I00)5" 24()TI4.Fi% 24 shows a steel grillge foundation for a steelstanchion carr$ing heav$ load. It is a special t$pe ofisolated footing generall$ provided for heavil$ loadedsteel stanchions and used in these locations wherebearing capacit$ of soil is poor. The depth of such afoundation is limited to & to &.+ m. The load of thestanchion is distributed or spread to a ver$ large area b$means of two or mor tiers or rolled steel joints, eachla$er being laid at right angle to the la$er bellow it. oththe tiers of the joists are then embeden in cement

concrete to keep the joists in position and to preventtheir corrosion.The detailed method of construction has benn explainedin 3.A 5rillage foundation is also constructed of timberbeams and planks 92ig. 3.&8 and 3.&3*


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round and Soi!Stai!isation


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5eneral problems of groundinstabilit$ include#

0andslip

urface Booding and soil erosion

4atural caves and ssures

?ining and !uarr$ing

0andll

4atural geological variation C faults,changes in geolog$ C di%erentialsettlement


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Improving the ground

There are a number of di%erentmethods that can be used toincrease the strength and stabilit$ of

the ground.


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5round stabilisation

($namic compaction

Dibro compaction - Dibro displacement

Dibro Botation - high pressure water jets

9improves penetration of hard substrates*


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($namic compaction

This involves dropping heav$ weightsonto the ground.

The weight causes the ground tocompact.


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($namic compaction

5round is consolidated b$ repeatedl$ droppingdead weights and speciall$ designed tampers

1eights include# 2lat bottomed and conetampers

Traditional weights are Bat bottomed with cable

?odern s$stems use cones with guide rails

($namic compaction is suitable for granularsoils, made-up and ll sites

sing d$namic compaction bearing capacitiesof +' to &+'k4Em8can be achieved


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($namiccompaction

T$pical weight 9mass* F-&& tonnes

Tamer drops and exerts known

impact energ$ on strata


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$p ca cone t$pe tampers9adapted from www.roger-

bullivant.co.uk*0ong cone 2lower pot

cone?ultiple point

cone

sed for densif$ing

deep la$ers ofstrata

>onsolidatesstrata closer to the

surface

T$pical weight 9mass* F-&&

tonnes

8.+

Traditional

weight

&' C 8' tonnes"nerg$ does not

penetrate the

ground as much as

the cone weights


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($namic compaction rig


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Dibro compaction ordisplacement

Dibrating rods are forced into theground causing the surroundingground to compact and consolidate.


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Dibro compaction or vibrodisplacement

Dibrating mandrels 9poker, shaft or rod*penetrates, displaces and compacts theground.

Doid >reated is lled with stone and

recompacted


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Dibro compaction -continued

sed in soft soils, man made and otherstrata, can be reinforced to achieveimproved specication

n slopes it can limit the risk of slip failure.

5round bearing capacities, for low tomedium rise buildings and industrialdevelopments, is in the region of &''k4Em8to 8''k4Em8.

Improved ground conditions ma$ allowheavier loads to be supported.

sed in granular and cohesive soils


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enets of vibro-compaction

uildings can be supported on conventionalfoundations 9normall$ reinforced and shallowfoundations*.

1ork can commence immediatel$ following the vibrodisplacement. 2oundations can be installed straightawa$.

The soil is displaced. 4o soil is produced.

>ontaminants remain in the ground C reducesdisposal and remediation fees.

"conomical, when compared with piling or deepexcavation works.

>an be used to regenerate browneld sites

>an use reclaimed aggregates and soils.


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DibroBoatation

Dibro Boatation uses a similarprocess to vibro compaction

1ater jets at the tip of the poker

1ater jets help the vibratorpenetrate hard la$ers of ground

?ajor disadvantage is that thes$stem is mess$ and imprecise, thusrarel$ used


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Dibro displacement - T$picalse!uence

8. )s the mandrel drives into

the ground the soil is

displaced 9surrounding

granular soil is compacted.

&. ) grid is marked out and thevibrating mandrel 9poker* is

inserted to the re!uired depth


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Dibro displacement - T$pical se!uence

3. /aving reached the engineereddepth the mandrel is withdraw and

hardcore is placed up to the rst level.The hardcore is built up in la$ers of '.3to '.Am. The mandrel is inserted into thehardcore, it penetrates and compacts

each la$er before the next load of

hardcore is placed

=igs weighs &; C ++tonnes

;. $ compacting in la$ersand reintroducing the conemandrel a dense stonecolumn is constructed.


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?andrel

positionedread$ tocompact and

displace


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5round

displaced


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5round compacted voidremains


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Doid lled with stone


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/ardcore is repeatedl$displaced and compacted


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5routing

5routing ma$ be used to ll the voidsin the ground increasing the strengthof the ground.


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oil modication andstabili@ation

?achines are available that canbreak-up the ground, mix the groundwith new cementious material and

improve the ground !ualit$.

il di i d


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oil modication andrec$cling

)dditives used in soil stabilisation increase thestrength better, improve compacted andmaximise bearing capacit$ and minimisesettlement.

The techni!ue can be used to provide stabilisedor modied materials for earthworks, or ma$ beused to provide permanent load transferplatforms or hard standings.

>an be used to treat and neutralise certaincontaminants or encapsulate the contaminants,removing the need for expensive removal anddisposal.

o mo cat on


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o mo cat on,stabilisation and rec$cling

machine

?illing and mixing chamber

1orking direction

nstable soil table or modied

soil read$ for

compaction

c ema c o


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c ema c osoil modication and mixing

chamber

The milling and mixing

rotor breaks down soiland mixes the soil andadditives

/opper and cellular wheel

sluice spread lime or cement

or other additive

Dariable milling and mixing

chamber.

oil mixture with reducedwater content C read$ for

compaction

1orking direction


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oil modication and stabili@ation rig

www. roger-bullivant.co.uk


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oil modication andstabili@ation plant



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il di ti d


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oil modication andstabili@ation plant



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urcharging

This involves placing heav$ loads on theground for long periods of time.

ver time the ground will compact. urcharging is time consuming and ties up

the land >an be used if long lead-in time available >an be used on roads

?a$ be used on investment land 9landbank*. The increase in strength willincrease the value of the land.


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urcharging

"xcavated material, !uarried stoneor other heav$ loads.

ettlement and compaction period Amonths to a few $ears.

2or economics the surcharging actsas a temporar$ storage facilit$


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5eotechnical membranes

5eotechnical membranes provide asheet of reinforcing material that canbe added to the ground. This

increases the stabilit$ and tensilestrength of the ground.


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5eotecnic membrane


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5eotechnical membranes

4atural


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59

+. 2ield >ompaction"!uipment

and


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60

+.& "!uipment

Smooth-wheel roller (drum) 100% coverage under the wheel

ontact !re""ure u! to #$0 ka

an be u"ed on all "oil t&!e"

e'ce!t or rock& "oil".

om!active eort "tatic weight

*he mo"t common u"e o large

"mooth wheel roller" i" or !roo-

rolling "ubgrade" and com!acting

a"!halt !avement.

+olt, and ovac" 19$1


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61

+.& "!uipment 9>ont.*

neumatic (or rubber-tired) roller $0% coverage under the wheel

ontact !re""ure u! to /00 ka

an be u"ed or both granular and

ine-grained "oil".


and kneading.

an be u"ed or highwa& ill" or

earth dam con"truction.



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6


Shee!"oot roller" +a" man& round or rectangular"ha!ed !rotru"ion" or eet2

attached to a "teel drum

$% 3 1 % coverage

ontact !re""ure i" rom 1400 to

/000 ka

t i" be"t "uited or cla&ed "oil".


and kneading.



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6#


*am!ing oot roller bout 40% coverage


$400 ka

t i" be"t or com!acting ine-

grained "oil" ("ilt and cla&).


and kneading.



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64


7e"h (or grid !attern) roller 50% coverage


600 ka

t i" ideall& "uited or com!acting

rock& "oil" gravel" and "and".

8ith high towing "!eed the

material i" vibrated cru"hed and

im!acted.

om!active eort "tatic weightand vibration.



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65


ibrating drum on "mooth-wheel

roller

ertical vibrator attached to

"mooth wheel roller".

*he be"t e'!lanation o wh& roller

vibration cau"e" den"iication o

granular "oil" i" that !articlerearrangement occur" due to c&clic

deormation o the "oil !roduced

b& the o"cillation" o the roller.


and vibration.

Suitable or granular "oil"



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66

+.& "!uipment-ummar$


+ 8 Dariables Dibrator$


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6/

+.8 Dariables-Dibrator$>ompaction

There are man$ variables which control thevibrator$ compaction or densication of soils.

/aracteristics of t/e co(pactor:9&* ?ass, si@e

98* perating fre!uenc$ and fre!uenc$ range

/aracteristics of t/e soi!:9&* Initial densit$

98* 5rain si@e and shape

93* 1ater content

onstruction procedures:9&* 4umber of passes of the roller

98* 0ift thickness

93* 2re!uenc$ of operation vibrator

9;* Towing speed +olt, and ovac" 19$1


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6$

+.3 ($namic >ompaction

:&namic com!action wa" ir"t u"ed in

;erman& in the mid-19#0


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69

+.; DibroBotation

@rom :a" 199$

ibrolotation i" a techniAue or

in "itu den"iication o thick

la&er" o loo"e granular "oil

de!o"it". t wa" develo!ed in

;erman& in the 19#0".

. ro o a on-


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/0

. ro o a on


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/1

A. 2ield >ompaction>ontrol and

pecications


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A 8 (esign->onstruct


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/#

A.8 (esign->onstruct


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/4

A.3 pecications

9&* "nd-product specications

This specication is used for most highwa$s andbuilding foundation, as long as the contractor is able toobtain the specied relative compaction, how he obtains

it doesnt matter, nor does the e!uipment he uses.Care the results only !

98* ?ethod specications

The t$pe and weight of roller, the number of passes ofthat roller, as well as the lift thickness are specied. )maximum allowable si@e of material ma$ also bespecied.

It is typically used for large compaction project.

@rom +olt, and ovac" 19$1

A A & (estructive


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/5

A.A.& (estructive?ethods


Methods(a) Sand cone

(b) Calloon

(c) Dil (or water) method

Calculationsnow 7"and t

;et d ieldand w (water content)

om!are d ieldwith d ma'-lab and

calculate relative com!action E..

(a)

(b)

(c)

A A & (estructive ?ethods


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/6

A.A.& (estructive ?ethods9>ont.*

ometimes, the laborator$ maximum densit$ ma$not be known exactl$. It is not uncommon,especiall$ in highwa$ construction, for a series oflaborator$ compaction tests to be conducted on

Jrepresentative samples of the borrow materialsfor the highwa$. If the soils at the site are highl$varied, there will be no laborator$ results to becompared with. It is time consuming and expensive

to conduct a new compaction curve. The alternativeis to implement a feld check point, or & point


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//

A.A.& (estructive ?ethods9>ont.*

HThe measuring error is mainl$ from thedetermination of the volume of the excavatedmaterial.

2or example,

H 2or the sand cone method, the vibration from nearb$ workinge!uipment will increase the densit$ of the sand in the hole,which will gives a larger hole volume and a lower eld densit$.

H If the compacted ll is gravel or contains large gravelparticles. )n$ kind of unevenness in the walls of the hole

causes a signicant error in the balloon method.

H If the soil is coarse sand or gravel, none of the li!uid methodsworks well, unless the hole is ver$ large and a pol$eth$lenesheet is used to contain the water or oil.

t"ieldd 9>7=


A A 8 4ond

estructive


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/$

A.A.8 4ondestructive?ethods


Nuclear density meter

(a) :irect tran"mi""ion

(b) Cack"catter

(c) ir ga!

(a)

(b)

(c)

Principles

:en"it&

*he ;amma radiation i" "cattered b& the "oil

!article" and the amount o "catter i"

!ro!ortional to the total den"it& o the material.

*he ;amma radiation i" t&!icall& !rovided b&

the radium or a radioactive i"oto!e o ce"ium.

8ater content

*he water content can be determined ba"ed on

the neutron "catter b& h&drogen atom". *&!ical

neutron "ource" are americium-ber&llium

i"oto!e".

A A 8 4ondestructive


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/9

A.A.8 4ondestructive?ethods 9>ont.*

a!iration

>alibration against compacted materials of knowndensit$ is necessar$, and for instruments operatingon the surface the presence of an uncontrolled air

gap can signicantl$ a%ect the measurements.


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$0

F. "stimating ompacted oils

F.& (enition of


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$1

$stems



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ST+)#, T#S

82AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design Earthquake Resistant Construction Details


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n general there are three kind" o water tank"-

1.Tanks resting on ground,2.nderground tanks and

3.!le"ated tanks.


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@rom de"ign !oint o view the tank" ma& be cla""iied a" !er

their "ha!e-

#!CT$N%&$# T$N'SC(#C&$# T$N'S

(NT)! T*P! T$N'SSP+!#(C$& T$N'SCN(C$& -TTM T$N'SSSP!N! -TTM T$N'S.

*h t k ti


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*he tanks resting on

ground like clear water

re"ervoir" "ettling tank"aeration tank" etc. are

"u!!orted on the ground

directl&.*he wall" o the"e tank" are"ubBected to !re""ure and the

ba"e i" "ubBected to weight o

water and !re""ure o "oil.

*he tank" ma& be covered on

to!.


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*he tank" like !uriication tank"

mho tank" "e!tic tank" andga" holder" are built

N!#%#N.

1. *he wall" o the"e tank" are"ubBected to water !re""ure rom

in"ide and the earth !re""ure

rom out"ide.. *he ba"e i" "ubBected to

weight o water and "oil

!re""ure. *he"e tank" ma& be

covered at the to!.


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!&!/$T!

T$N'S are "u!!orted on"taging which ma& con"i"t o

ma"onr& wall" E... tower

or E... column" braced

together. *he wall" are

"ubBected to water !re""ure.

*he ba"e ha" to carr& the

load o water and tank load.

*he "taging ha" to carr& loado water and tank.*he "taging i" al"o de"igned

or wind orce".


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1. %round Supported #ectangular

Concrete Tank


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2. !le"ated Tank Supported on 4 Column #C

Staging


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9"AR-414 Earthquake Resistant Building Design Earthquake Resistant Construction Details

3. !le"ated (nt0e Tank Supported on

Column #C Staging


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DESIGN OF RCC OVERHEAD WATER TANKS-

TERMINOLOGY -

1. Capacity ->apacit$ of the tank shall be the volume of water itcanstore between the designed full suppl$ level and lowest suppl$level 9 that

is, the level of the lip of the outlet pipe *. (ue allowance shall bemadefor plastering the tank from inside if an$ when calculating thecapacit$ oftank.

2. Height of Staging -/eight of staging is the di%erence betweenthelowest suppl$ level of tank and the average ground level at thetank site.

3. Water Depth -1ater depth in tank shall be di%erence of level

between


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-#+;T +F +


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Classification and Layout of Elevated Tanks-

&. 2or tank up to +' m3 capacit$ ma$ be s!uare or

circular in shape and supported on staging three or four columns.

8. Tanks of capacit$ above +' m3 and up to 8'' m3ma$ be s!uare or circular in plan and supported onminimum four columns.

3. 2or capacit$ above 8'' m3 and up to K'' m3 thetank ma$ be s!uare, rectangular, circular or int@e t$petank. The number of columns to be adopted shall bedecided based on the column spacing which normall$

lies between 3.A and ;.+ m. 2or circular, int@e or conicaltanks, a shaft supporting structures ma$ be provided.


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L;

Sta%in% o(ponents

+-;MS


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Bracings

2or staging of height above foundation greater than A m,the column shall be rigidl$ connected b$ hori@ontalbracings suitabl$ spaced verticall$ at distances notexceeding A m.


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DETAILING-


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DETAILING


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Cibliogra!h& -

"mmitt, . and 5orse, >. 98'&'* Barrys Introduction toConstruction of Buildings. xford, lackwell ("I54 2 0INI(T=)5" T)4M.

5oogle Images.


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Thanks to one and all..

Presented to,

Ar. Anju soni mamon,

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