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Dynamics of the Earth
I. Evidence of Crustal Motions:
A. ________________ wears down the earth’s crust.____________ _______________ creates new mountains.
Weathering & Erosion
( Uplift )Plate tectonics
B. Sedimentary beds are
deposited as_______________
__(_____ _)
Horizontal Layers
Strata
THIS SEDIMENTARY STRATA SHOWS NO EVIDENCE OF UPLIFT OR CRUSTAL MOTION LAW OF
ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
C. Evidence of motions within
the Earth’s crust is indicated by:1._____________2._____________3._____________
TiltingFoldingFaulting
TILTING
FOLDING
FAULTING: OFF SET LAYERS
FAULTING
D. ______________provide direct
evidence of crustal movement.
Earthquakes
World Distribution
U.S . Distribution
_______ ______ and________ _______
are 2 changes thatcan be observed after
an earthquake.
Fault lines Uplifted land (displaced strata)
EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
E. ______ ________are used in mapping surveys and indicate exact positions and
elevations.
Bench marks
Changes in ________________
of benchmarks are evidence that the
land is either ___________
or____________risingsinking
elevation
F.Displaced marine fossils found in mountains have 2
interpretations:
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
Higher sea levels covered mountains
Rocks were upliftedfrom a previous ocean bottom
G. _____________is the rising of the crust_____________
is the sinking of the crust
Uplift
Subsidence
II: EARTHQUAKES
1. The movement of ____________ inside
_______________
2. _______________ is the movement of rock along a surface where the rocks are broken.
A. 2 processes that cause earthquakes:
magma
volcanoes
faulting
B. ________ movement of the crust over long periods of time builds ___________
within the rocks.
Slow
stress
Increased pressure causes the _______ _______
to break creating a ________.
Rock strata
fault
When faulting occurs energy radiates through the earth as ________ ________ that cause the ground to_______________
Seismic waves
vibrate
III.Measuring the Earthquakes:
A. There are 2 scales to measure earthquakes:
1. ________________
2. ________________
Mercalli
Richter
B. _______________ scale is based upon the observations of people and damage caused. It
measures ___________ of the earthquake from____ to ____
Mercalli
intensity
1 12
Mercalli Scale – Intensity scale
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
C._______________
uses the seismograph to determine the ________________
Magnitude is the total______ released by the earthquake.
Richter Scale
magnitude
energy
Its numerical scale is ____ to ____.
Each of the numerical steps represent ____ increase.
1 10
31X
Richter Scale – Magnitude scale
V. Parts of the Earthquake:
A. The place underground where the break or fault occurs is the _______ of the quake.
focus
The __________ is the location along the surface of the earth just above the focus where the earthquake is felt most strongly.
epicenter
A. The 2 most important energy waves are:
P-wave or Primaryand
S-wave or Secondary
P-wave
Primary Wave
S-wave
Secondary wave
B. Characteristics of Primary Waves (P)
waves: _______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________
Faster than S wavesRecorded first
travels through both solids and fluids
C. Characteristics of Secondary Waves (S)
waves: _______________________ _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Slower than P wavesRecorded after P-wave
Can not travel
through fluids
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE WAVES
D. Both S and P
waves travel faster through ___________
material.denser
VI. Finding the Epicenter:
A. The seismograph records the ________________ and
________________________________________
magnitude
Records arrival time of seismic waves
Use reference table page 11
Seismograph
SF = San Francisco 300 km
LV = Las Vegas 390 km
LA = Los Angeles 189 km
Seismic Stations
TRIANGULATION TO FIND THE EPICENTER
SF
LVLA
300 km
Skip Page 4 in your out line!
Start with VIII: The Layers of the Earth
VIII. THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH:
A. The crusts thickness______ It is _________________ under the oceans and
_________ under continents.
varies
thinner
thicker
Continental crust is mostly_______________, ____________density & __________________
The ocean basins are mostly ________ and ______ or ___________
granitic
dark densebasaltic
lowlight
B. Inferred characteristics of Earth’s
Interior:1. Studying the _____________
of _____________ ________ allows us to make inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth’s interior.
transmission
EarthQuake Waves
S-waves can not pass through liquid
P-waves are bent as they passthrough the different layers
Based on the density of the layer
2. The _____________ of a seismic wave changes with the __________ of the material it travels through.
Waves are also ___________ (bent) as they travel through different densities
velocity
density
refracted
We know that P-waves can be transmitted through
________ _______ & ______
S-Waves can be transmitted through ONLY
________________
solid liquid gas
solid
3. Earth Quake Shadow Zones:When an earthquake occurs both
____________ are received from most of the earth.
Opposite sides of the earth where the epicenter is, receives
____ but NO _______ because S-waves can not penetrate the _______ outer core.
S and P waves
SP
liquid
S-waves can not pass through liquid
____________ occurs at the ___________ (boundaries)
refraction interfaces
Let’s Draw This Diagram in our Notebook: