EARTHQUAKE SAFE BUILDING PRACTICES

Dr. S. K. PrasadProfessor of Civil EngineeringS. J. College of EngineeringMysuru 570006skprasad@sjce.ac.inPh: +91-94496-21994

This presentation contains

• Learning from past earthquakes• Bhuj Earthquake (2001)• Latur Eathquake (1993)• Haiti Earthquake (2010)• East Japan Earthquake (2011)

•Fundamental definitions

•Syllabus for CV744

•References & Web sites

Bhuj Earthquakeof 26th January, 2001

(also called Gujarat / Kutch Earthquake)

Date January 26, 2001

Magnitude 7.7 Mw

Depth 16 km

Epicenter 23.419°N 70.232°E

Countries India

Max. intensity X

Casualties

20,000 deaths

1504,000 injured, 200,000 homeless

230,000 houses destroyed

400000 damaged, 18000 cattle dead

Damage estimate $1.3 billion USD

BHUJ EARTHQUAKE

BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 2001 – Location of Epicenter

Bachau Town after Bhuj Earthquake of 26th Jan 2001

Rapar Town after Bhuj Earthquake of 26th Jan 2001

BHUJ EARTHQUAKE – Collapse of building in Bhuj

BHUJ EARTHQUAKE – Heavy load vulnerable in Bhuj

BHUJ EARTHQUAKE – Fate of masonry office building

AKSHARDEEP APARTMENTS

Damaged Multi storied buildings in Ahmadabad

Latur Earthquakeof 30th September, 1993

(also called Killari Earthquake)

M = 6.2 MwDepth 12 km30th Sept 19933-56 am20000 deathsUnengineeredNo bandsNo keysPoor mortar

Latur Earthquake

Poor in resisting Horizontal force

100 km

Latur Earthquake of 30 Oct 1993

Latur Earthquake of 30 Oct 1993

Date 21:53:10, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Magnitude 7.0 MW

Focal Depth

13 km

Epicenter location

Close to Port Au Prince

Countries affected

Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, The Bahamas, Jamaica

Max. intensity

MM X

Casualties

Deaths : 2.5 LakhInjured : 3 LakhDisplaced : 1.3 LakhHouses Destroyed : 1.0 LakhHouses Damaged : 2.0 Lakh

Out of 30 Lakh Population

HAITI EARTHQUAKE

See the Destruction from Birds eye view

Destruction from Birds eye view of Down Town

Destruction to subgrade of Road

Destruction of President’s Palace

Glimpse of Haiti Earthquake – FIRE, after effect

Glimpse of Haiti Earthquake - Dust, Pollution

Glimpse of Haiti Earthquake – Shocked Citizens

Comparison of Earthquake Safe Construction Capability

HAITI INDIA JAPAN

Haiti Earthquake Bhuj Earthquake Ryukyu Island Earthquake

Port Au Prince Bhuj, Gujarat 26 Feb 2010

12 Jan 2010 26 Jan 2001 Mw 7.0, 1 Death

Mw 7.0 Mw 7.7 Izu Island Earthquake

MM X MM X 9th Aug 2009

Focal Depth 13 km Focal Depth 15 km Mw 7.1, 0 Death

2.5 Lakh Deaths 20,000 Deaths Iwate Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake

3 Lakh Injured 1.67 Lakh Injured 14 June 2008

1.3 Lakh Displaced - Mw 6.9, 12 Deaths

1.0 Lakh Houses Destroyed 2.0 Lakh Houses Destroyed Noto Peninsula Earthquake

2.0 Lakh Houses Damaged 4.0 Lakh Houses Damaged 25 March 2007

Mw 6.9, 1 Death

Kuril Island Earthquake

15 Nov 2006

Mw 7.9, 0 Death

Recent

Japan Earthquakeof March 11, 2011

Epicenter of March 11th, 2011 Earthquake in Japan

Magnitude 9.0Intensity > XDate : Friday, the 11th March 2011Time : ~ 2.30 pm in JAPANLocation : 38.322o N and 148.369o EFocal depth 24.4 kmRegion : Near East Coast of Honshu island, JapanDistance 130 km east of Sendai

178 km east of Yamagata178 km east north-east of Fukushima373 km north east of Tokyo

Japan Earthquake

Honshu Island moved by 2.4 m

Duration of shaking 3 to 5 minutes

Number of after shocks > 400, some with M 7.2

Change in length of day caused by redistribution of earth mass : 1.8 microsecond shorter

Japan Earthquake

KNET station, Ishinomaki

Death Toll : More than 25000

Evacuated : About 5 Lakh People

Infrastructure : Entire towns were wiped off the map, Houses, cars, ships, buildings were washed away, roads buckled, highways collapsed, power lines tangled, railway tracks damaged

1.2 Lakh houses damaged, 15000 houses completely destroyed

Economic loss: USD 350 Billion (Rs.1750000 Crore)

Japan Earthquake

Satellite photo before and after the event

Fury of Tsunami Wave

Fury of Tsunami Wave

Fury of Tsunami Wave

Sendai Airport and its runway inundated by sea water and silt from Tsunami

Sendai Airport and its runway inundated by sea water and silt from Tsunami

Debris dumped – Includes cars & aircrafts

One of FUKUSHIMA nuclear Power Plants before and after the event

Nuclear radiationChernobyl radiation – Level 7Fukushima radiation – a close second

Ground Deformation

One half of the road failed, while the other survived

Manhole in Tokyo decided to visit above GROUND after the earthquake

Landslide and slope failure after the earthquake

Tsunami Wall or Dyke on east coast of Honshu, Japan

Inspite of huge shaking & Tsunami waves, permanent structures SURVIVED

Nature is SUPREME

We are still in the process of understanding NATURE

We are progressing gradually

Japan during & one year later (11/03/2012)

Date : Saturday, the 25th April 2015Location : 28.147°N & 84.708°ETime : ~ 11.41.26 am Focal depth 15 kmMagnitude 7.9Intensity > IX

Nepal earthquake of 2015

Nepal earthquake captured by CCTVs at several locations

Transfer of vibration to water in Swimming Pool during earthquake

Earthquake may be caused by volcanic eruption or by strain building process inside the earth mass.

UNPREDICTABLE

Vibrations of the earth surface caused by waves originating from a source of

disturbance in the earth mass

EARTHQUAKE

Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake

Earthquake Shaking

Earthquakes are UNPREDICTABLE!!!

Web-sites of organizations to consult

www.nidm.gov.in

www.ndma.gov.in

www.usgs.gov

www.nicee.org

www.bosai.go.jp

www.adpc.net

www.unocha.org

www.moes.gov.in

dmc.kar.nic.in

www.dst.gov.in

https://www.geonet.org.nz/

INDIAN STANDARDS FOR EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

IS : 1893 –2002

Criteria for Earthquake Design of Structures

IS : 4326 –1976

Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design & Construction of Buildings

IS : 13920 –1993

Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of R C Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces

SP: 22 Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering

Different Parts of IS:1893

Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings

Part 2 Liquid Retaining Tanks– Elevated and Ground Supported

Part 3 Bridges and Retaining Walls

Part 4 Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structures

Part 5 Dams and Embankments

Syllabus of CV744Introduction to Earthquake Engineering

Chapter #

CO Topic

1 I Vibration theory of SDoF system

2 II Engineering Seismology

3 II Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering

4 II Earthquake Disaster Management

5 III Performance of RC Structures

6 III Performance of Masonry Structures

7 IV Philosophy of Earthquake Resistant Design

8 IV Methods of analysis and determination of lateral force

Text Books & References

S No

Authors Details

1 P. Agarwal & M. Shirkhande

Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, PHI, 2006

2 S.L. Kramer Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, PHI, 1996

3 S.K. Jain & C.V.R. Murthy

Earthquake Tips, NICEE, IIT Kanpur, 2009

4 S.K. Duggal Earthquake resistant design of structures, Oxford University Press, 2007

5 Bureau of Indian Standards

All relevant IS Codes, specially IS 1893, Part 1, 2002

Summary

Earthquake Resistant

Construction

Is prediction ofearthquake possible?????

Perhaps each one of you can get noble prize for providing scientific proof of different available methods.

Animals, fishes and birds are considered Better predictors.

Prediction is still an art. Present advances in technology can not predict, control or Stop earthquakes. We can only attempt To control the damaging effects.

January 2001 January 2003

26th January 2001Bhuj Earthquake of 7.2 Mw Killed > 20000 people

Earthquake Resistant Construction - Bunga

Why Elevator survived, when rest collapsed ?(in Ahmedabad during the Bhuj earthquake of Jan 2001)

You do anything, people do not recognize, they even criticize.Do those things which bring you pride