Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ea
rth
’s A
tmo
sp
he
re
Lectu
re b
y B
.Kerr
idg
e,
RA
L
ES
A A
dva
nce
d A
tmosp
heri
cT
rain
ing
Co
urs
e
15
-20
thS
ep
t 2
00
8, O
xfo
rd
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Atm
osp
he
ric C
om
po
sitio
n
Scie
ntific
imp
era
tive
:
Atm
osp
he
ric
co
mp
osit
ion
is
dri
vin
gcli
mate
ch
an
ge
•P
rim
ary
rad
iative
forc
ing
by tra
ce
ga
se
s&
ae
roso
l
•In
dir
ect e
ffects
thro
ug
hchem
istr
ya
nd
aero
so
l-clo
ud
•F
ee
db
acks
via
wa
ter
vap
ou
r, c
lou
d&
tra
ce
gases
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Atm
ospheric C
om
positio
n (
contd
)
Re
mo
te-s
en
sin
gp
lay
sa
vit
al
role
•to
investiga
tepro
cesses
•fo
r in
tern
ationa
l assessm
ents
(IP
CC
,WM
O)
Sate
llite
s:glo
bal to
regio
nalsca
les
Airb
orn
e/
surf
ace: fin
er
scale
s;
gro
und-t
ruth
Tro
po
sp
he
re i
s c
ha
lle
ng
ing
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
The a
tmosphere
is c
onsta
ntly c
hang
ing
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Clo
ud
se
en
fro
m s
pa
ce
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Sm
oke
se
en
fro
m s
pace
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Sa
ha
ran
du
st p
lum
e s
ee
n fro
m s
pace
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Un
ders
tan
din
g o
f atm
osph
eric p
hen
om
en
a,
inclu
din
g c
louds
and a
ero
so
l, d
epen
ds u
po
n r
em
ote
-sensin
g o
bserv
atio
ns
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Atm
osp
he
ric S
tru
ctu
re &
Cir
cula
tio
n
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Zo
na
lM
ea
n T
em
pe
ratu
re Sum
mer
Win
ter
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Atm
osp
he
ric S
pe
ctr
al C
oo
ling R
ate
s
Clo
ugh &
Iaco
no,
JG
R,
1995
H2O
rota
tion
CO
2
ν2
O3
ν3
H2O
ν2
CO
2
ν3
Str
ato
pause
Tro
popause
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Bre
we
r –
Do
bso
n C
ircu
lation
Win
ter
Sum
mer
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rsePla
ne
tary
Wa
ve
s
N2O
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
An
tarc
tic V
ort
ex S
plit
–S
ep
t’0
2
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Po
lar
Str
ato
sp
he
ric C
lou
d
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
http
://d
aac.g
sfc
.na
sa
.go
v/fie
lde
xp
/TO
GA
/cls
.sh
tml
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Aero
sol P
lum
e o
ver
India
fro
m C
alip
so
lidar
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Atm
osp
he
ric L
ife
tim
es
CF
2C
l 2 –
CF
C-1
2
CF
Cl 3
–
CF
C-1
1
CH
3C
l
CH
3B
r
CO
2
CH
4
N2O
CO
H2O
O3
NO
x
OH
•A
tmospheri
c lifetim
es d
icta
te
100 y
ears
75 y
ears
1 y
ear
1 y
ear
few
ye
ars
10 y
ears
150 y
ears
severa
l m
onth
s
10 d
ays
da
ys →
we
eks
1 d
ay
1s
spatial a
nd t
em
pora
l vari
ab
ility
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Recent tr
ends in N
2O
& (
H)C
FC
sfr
om
Surf
ace N
etw
ork
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Recent tr
ends in C
H4
& C
O2
from
Surf
ace N
etw
ork
Recent
trends,
IPC
C 2
007
Ha
wa
ii, 1
9oN
NZ
, 4
1oS
CO
2C
H4
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
La
titu
de
He
igh
t C
ross-S
ectio
ns
of
O3,
H2O
, C
H4
an
d C
OLog10(VMR) VMR
Altitude (km)
Altitude (km)Altitude (km)
Altitude (km)
Log10(VMR)Log10(VMR)
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Glo
bal D
istr
ibution o
f M
eth
ane:
Mean for
2003-4
fro
m S
CIA
MA
CH
Y
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Zonal-M
ean C
ross-S
ection o
f C
H4
from
MIP
AS
for
12-d
ays in A
ug-N
ov’0
3
Pre
limin
ary
da
ta,
G.S
tille
r, p
ri.c
om
m.
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Ra
dia
tive
Fo
rcin
g o
f C
lima
te –
17
50-2
00
5
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Com
ponents
& F
utu
re P
roje
ction
of R
adia
tive
Forc
ing
Com
po
nents
1750-2
005
Pro
jectio
ns t
o 2
020
Via
O3
& C
H4
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Wa
ter
Va
po
ur
Fe
ed
ba
ck
H2O
co
ntr
ibu
tes m
ost to
the
gre
enh
ouse e
ffect
H2O
in
upp
er
trop
co
ntr
ibu
tes d
ispro
po
rtio
na
tely
1.
T c
ontr
ast
with s
urf
ace incre
ases w
ith h
eig
ht
2.
Lo
wer
do
wn,
atm
osphere
opa
que a
t w
ave
len
gth
s o
f str
ong H
2O
absorp
tion
.
H2O
pro
vid
es la
rgest p
ositiv
e r
ad
iative
fee
db
ack
→D
ou
ble
s G
CM
warm
ing in
respo
nse
to llg
hg
forc
ing
Th
e fra
ctio
na
l ch
an
ge
in H
2O
go
ve
rns fee
db
ack
Fo
r fixe
d r
ela
tive
hu
mid
ity, la
rge
st fr
action
al cha
ng
e in
up
per
tro
p.
Ad
ve
ctio
n g
ove
rns g
en
era
l d
istr
ibu
tio
n in
th
e p
rese
nt clim
ate
Un
cert
ain
tie
s in
ph
ysic
al pro
cesses c
on
tro
llin
g H
2O
in u
pp
er
tro
p
→M
icro
ph
ysic
s r
ole
in
hu
mid
ity r
esp
on
se
to
clim
ate
chan
ge
no
t un
ders
tood
Str
ato
sph
eri
c H
2O
fee
dba
ck d
ue
to tro
pic
al tr
op
op
ause
tem
pera
ture
cha
nge
s
an
d/o
r cha
nge
s in
de
ep
con
ve
ctio
n
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Tre
nds in tro
pospheric
wate
r vapour
(IP
CC
, 2007)
Low
er
tropospheric
wate
r vapour
over
ocean
changes In a
ccord
ance w
ith S
ST
Infe
rred c
hanges in u
pper
trop q
consis
tent w
ith
observ
ed T
change a
nd f
ixed r
ela
tive h
um
idity
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Model E
stim
ate
s o
f T
ropospheric
Ozone A
nnual G
lobal B
udget
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Evo
lutio
n o
f L
ow
er
Tro
po
sp
he
ric
Ozo
ne
19
96
-99
fro
m E
RS
-2 G
OM
E-1
ob
se
rva
tio
ns
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Sh
ort
-liv
ed
tra
ce
ga
se
s &
ch
em
istr
y
Tro
posp
he
ric
ozone d
istr
ibution g
overn
ed b
y:
─D
ow
nw
ard
tra
nsp
ort
fro
m s
tra
tosph
ere
–B
iog
en
ic, p
yro
ge
nic
& a
nth
ropo
gen
ic p
re-c
urs
ors
–N
itro
ge
n o
xid
es
–O
rgan
ic c
om
po
un
ds
→C
he
mic
al pro
ductio
n a
nd
lo
ss
Hydro
xyl (O
H):
─T
he
ma
jor
tro
posp
heri
coxid
an
t─
Re
acts
with
eg
CH
4, C
O a
nd
HC
FC
s
Str
ato
sphe
ric o
zone:
─C
on
trib
ute
s to
rad
iative
forc
ing
←sen
sitiv
ity in
up
pe
r tr
op &
lo
we
r str
at.
─In
flu
ence
d b
yclim
ate
ch
an
ge
via
circu
latio
n, te
mp
era
ture
an
d c
hem
istr
y
─C
on
tro
ls flu
x o
f so
lar
UV
wh
ich
dri
ve
s tro
posp
heri
cph
oto
ch
em
istr
y (
OH
)
an
d in
flu
ences b
iosp
here
an
d b
iog
en
ic e
mis
sio
ns
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Zonal-M
ean C
ross-S
ections o
f E
thane &
PA
N fro
m M
IPA
S
Eth
an
e (
C2H
6)
–16/1
1/0
2P
AN
10-d
ay m
ean
4
/10–1/1
2 2
00
3
Anth
ropo
gen
icem
issio
ns
Bio
mass
burn
ing
PA
N:
secondary
pro
duct
from
VO
Cs
& N
Ox
ppbv
pptv
Gla
tthor
et al, A
CP
D,
7, 2775-2
787, 2007
G.S
tille
r, p
ri.c
om
m.
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
HC
N:
–E
xclu
siv
ely
fro
m b
iom
ass b
urn
ing
–T
ransport
ed a
round t
he g
lob
e
–Lifetim
e o
f severa
l m
onth
s
Dis
trib
uti
on
s o
f C
O a
nd
HC
N a
t 2
00
hP
a
on
21
stO
ct’
03
fro
m M
IPA
S
CO
: –
Anth
ropog
enic
sourc
es (
N.H
em
.)in
additio
n t
o b
iom
ass b
urn
ing
–Lifetim
e o
f severa
l m
onth
s
Funke
et al., subm
itte
d to A
CP
; G
latthor
et al., in
pre
p.
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Height-latitude cross-section of formic acid
(HCOOH) accumulated over 2005 from ACE
Mo
st
ab
un
da
nt
org
an
ic a
cid
. P
rod
uce
d f
rom
ra
ng
e o
f V
OC
sa
nd
bio
ma
ss b
urn
ing
.
Go
nza
lez A
ba
d e
t a
l
–A
CE
FT
IR d
ete
cts
additio
nal org
an
ic c
om
po
unds t
o M
IPA
S t
hro
ugh h
igher
sensitiv
ity o
f sola
r occu
ltatio
n.
–O
n g
iven d
ay,
occultatio
ns
at
only
on
e lat.
in e
ach h
em
.–
As t
hese v
ary
over
tim
e,
latitu
de c
ross-s
ectio
ns c
an b
e a
ccu
mula
ted
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Height-latitude cross-sections of formaldehyde
(H2CO) accumulated over seasons from ACE
Fo
rma
lde
hyd
e p
rod
uce
d b
y o
xid
atio
n o
f m
eth
an
e a
nd
VO
Cs,
an
d in
bio
ma
ss b
urn
ing
.
Du
fou
re
t a
l.
(i
n p
rep
.)
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Str
ato
sp
he
ric O
zo
ne
Fe
ed
back
Ch
an
ges in
atm
ospheric d
ynam
ics c
ould
aff
ect ozone:
─P
ropa
gatio
n o
f gra
vity w
aves a
nd
pla
neta
ry-s
cale
wave
s
may r
espond t
o c
hanges in t
em
pera
ture
str
uctu
re
─B
rew
er-
Do
bson c
ircu
lation p
redic
ted t
o incre
ase b
y
mode
ls;
uncert
ain
ty d
ue t
o s
ub-g
rid s
cale
pro
cesses
─A
dia
ba
tic s
trato
sph
eri
c te
mp
era
ture
incre
ase
in
po
lar
reg
ions
an
d d
ecre
ase in
tro
pic
s
Ozone a
bsorb
s s
ola
r uv
and t
err
estr
ial ir
radia
tio
n
→C
limate
feedback v
ia c
ircu
lation &
ozone
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Evo
lutio
n o
f P
ola
r S
tra
tosp
he
ric O
zo
ne
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Co
mp
ositio
n –
Clim
ate
Fe
edb
acks
•F
ee
db
acks in
vo
lvin
g a
tmo
sp
heri
c c
hem
ica
l a
nd
aero
so
l p
rocesses a
re
eve
n le
ss w
ell
un
ders
too
d th
an
CO
2.
–T
heir m
agn
itud
e a
nd e
ve
n t
he
ir s
ign r
em
ain
uncert
ain
•R
espo
nse
of th
e c
lima
te s
yste
m to
an
thro
po
gen
ic fo
rcin
g e
xp
ecte
dto
b
e m
ore
co
mp
lex th
an
sim
ple
cau
se a
nd
effect
–C
ould
exhib
it c
haotic b
ehavio
ur
cascadin
g a
cro
ss s
cale
s,
and w
ith
pote
ntia
l fo
r ab
rupt
and p
erh
aps irr
evers
ible
tra
nsitio
ns
•T
o c
op
e w
ith
th
e c
om
ple
xity o
f E
art
h s
yste
m p
rocesses a
nd
the
ir
inte
ractio
ns, a
nd
pa
rtic
ula
rly to
eva
lua
te s
oph
istica
ted m
ode
ls o
f th
e
Ea
rth
syste
m, o
bserv
atio
ns a
nd
lo
ng
-term
mon
ito
ring
of clim
ate
and
b
iog
eoch
em
ica
l q
ua
ntitie
s w
ill b
e e
sse
ntia
l.
–C
limate
mo
dels
will
have t
o r
epro
duce a
ccu
rate
ly t
he im
po
rtant
pro
cesse
s
and f
eed
back m
echan
ism
s.
IPC
C,
2007
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Clim
ate
–C
om
po
sitio
n F
ee
db
ack
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Clim
ate
ca
n in
flu
en
ce
Air
Qu
alit
y
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Ozo
ne
La
yer
& S
urf
ace
UV
─sa
tell
ite
ob
serv
ati
on
s h
ave
30-y
ear
her
itage
Co
mp
osi
tio
n –
Cli
ma
te I
nte
ract
ion
Po
llu
tio
n M
on
ito
rin
g &
Air
Qu
ali
ty F
ore
cast
ing
─em
ergin
g o
per
ati
on
al
ap
pli
cati
on
s fo
r s
ate
llit
e d
ata
Op
era
tio
na
l A
pp
lica
tion
s
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
OM
I T
rop
osp
he
ric
NO
2a
nn
ua
l m
ea
n:
De
c’0
4-N
ov’0
5
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Tro
pospheric
CO
fro
m IA
SI: 2
3rd
July
’08
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Surf
ace-level C
O &
O3 fo
recast fo
r 28th
Aug’0
8
Sate
llite
data
as w
ell
as s
urf
ace d
ata
are
assim
ilate
d b
y t
he G
EM
S s
yste
m
Aerosol optical depth at 0.55µm
Ele
vate
d a
ero
sol in
Po V
alle
y,
Italy
Sam
ple
d a
t 10
am
on 9
th &
10th
Sept’20
04
SE
VIR
I
Ae
ron
et
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Sa
telli
te R
em
ote
-Sen
sin
g
•P
lays a
ke
y r
ole
on
glo
ba
l to
re
gio
na
l sca
les
•M
ea
su
res r
ad
ian
ce
sn
ot
con
stitu
en
ts
•T
o s
olv
e t
he f
orw
ard
pro
ble
mre
quires:
1.
Ra
dia
tive
tran
sfe
r th
eory
–A
tmo
sp
he
ric g
ase
s,
ae
roso
l &
clo
ud
s;
Ea
rth
’s s
urf
ace
; su
n
–E
mis
sio
n (
the
rma
l/n
on
-th
erm
al)
, a
bso
rptio
n &
(m
ultip
le-)
sca
tte
rin
g
2.
Mo
lecu
lar
spe
ctr
osco
py
–R
ota
tio
na
l, v
ibra
tio
nal&
ele
ctr
on
ic t
ran
sitio
ns
3.
Instr
um
ent o
pe
rato
r
–S
pe
ctr
o-r
ad
iom
etr
ic,
ge
om
etr
ica
l, t
em
po
ral
•D
iffe
rent te
chn
iques e
xp
loit d
iffe
rent
physic
s
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Co
mp
ositio
n R
etr
ieva
l
•T
o s
olv
e the invers
e p
rob
lem
requ
ires:
–R
etr
ieva
l th
eo
ry &
matr
ix a
lge
bra
•E
rror
estim
ation e
ssentia
l –
Ge
op
hysic
al, in
str
um
en
tal a
nd
sp
ectr
osco
pic
uncert
ain
tie
s
•V
alid
atio
n im
port
ant fo
r E
O
–“G
rou
nd
-tru
th”
= c
orr
ela
tive m
easure
me
nts
•E
nga
gem
ent
with s
tate
-of-
the-a
rt r
esearc
h e
ssentia
l–
To
ensure
data
are
ap
plic
ab
le a
nd
to
de
fin
e fu
ture
sate
llite
mis
sio
ns
→C
om
positio
n r
etr
ieva
l–
Re
sea
rch
nic
he
at
inte
rfa
ce
betw
ee
n o
bs
erv
ati
on
s&
ap
plic
ati
on
s
•T
roposph
eric
soun
din
g is a
majo
r challe
ng
e
15
-20
thS
ep
t’08
, O
xfo
rd,
UK
Ea
rth’s
Atm
osphe
re –
B.K
err
idge
ES
A A
dvan
ced
Atm
osph
eric T
rain
ing C
ou
rse
Su
mm
ary
─A
tmo
sp
he
ric
co
mp
os
itio
n is
dri
vin
gc
lim
ate
ch
an
ge
─P
rim
ary
radia
tive f
orc
ing
by t
race g
ases
& a
ero
sol
─In
direct
eff
ects
thro
ugh
ch
em
istr
yand
aero
sol-clo
ud
─F
eedbacks
via
wate
rvapo
ur,
clo
ud
& t
race g
ases
─V
ita
l to
un
ders
tand
the
pro
cesse
sw
hic
hco
ntr
ol com
po
sitio
n in
the
he
igh
t-ra
nge
ofim
port
an
ce to
clim
ate
and
the
links to
surf
ace
e
mis
sio
ns
and
po
llutio
n.
─S
ate
llite
re
mote
-sen
sin
gh
as
a c
rucia
l ro
lein
observ
ing
glo
ba
l d
istr
ibu
tio
ns o
fsp
atia
lly-v
ari
ab
letr
ace
ga
ses, a
ero
so
lsa
nd
clo
uds
─It
will
als
ocon
trib
ute
to m
on
ito
rin
g in
tera
nn
ua
la
nd
long
er-
term
va
ria
bili
tyin
atm
osp
heri
cco
mp
ositio
n a
nd
to s
up
port
ing
air q
ua
lity
ap
plic
atio
ns, b
y c
om
ple
men
tin
gsu
rface-le
ve
ln
etw
ork
s
─F
utu
re a
dva
nces
will
req
uire
atm
osp
heric
str
uctu
re to
be
reso
lve
don
fin
er
sca
les
(ve
rtic
al, h
ori
zo
nta
l &
te
mpo
ral).
─L
ectu
res o
n th
isco
urs
e w
illd
escri
be
the
curr
en
tsta
tus
ofsate
llite
co
mp
ositio
n s
ou
nd
ing
an
dth
efu
ture
ch
alle
ng
es to
be
ad
dre
sse
d.
