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EARTH SCIENCEEARTH SCIENCE
Weathering, Weathering, erosion, soils erosion, soils
and deposition, and deposition, and glaciersand glaciers
WEATHERINGWEATHERINGTHE BREAK DOWN OF THE BREAK DOWN OF EARTH MATERIALSEARTH MATERIALS
FOR EXAMPLE: FOR EXAMPLE: –BREAKING A ROCK BREAKING A ROCK APART WITH TREE APART WITH TREE ROOTSROOTS
TYPES OF TYPES OF WEATHERINGWEATHERING
PHYSICALPHYSICALExfoliationExfoliationPLANT PLANT ACTIONACTION
FROST FROST ACTIONACTION
ABRASIONABRASION
CHEMICALCHEMICALCARBONATIOCARBONATIONN
HYDRATIONHYDRATIONOXIDATIONOXIDATIONACID RAINACID RAIN
Physical WeatheringPhysical Weathering Ice WedgesIce Wedges
water seeps water seeps into cracks in into cracks in rock, freezes rock, freezes and expands, and expands, melts and melts and contracts, contracts, forcing the rock forcing the rock to crumble.to crumble.
CHEMICAL WEATHERINGCHEMICAL WEATHERING Ex. ACID RAINEx. ACID RAIN
– The acid rain The acid rain changes the changes the chemical chemical composition of composition of rocks . The new rocks . The new composition tends composition tends to be weaker and to be weaker and more easily broken more easily broken apartapart
CLIMATE & CLIMATE & WEATHERING RATESWEATHERING RATES COLD/MOIST COLD/MOIST
CLIMATESCLIMATES– PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
WEATHERINWEATHERINGG ex. frost ex. frost actionaction
reason for reason for potholespotholes
CLIMATES AND CLIMATES AND WEATHERING RATESWEATHERING RATES
WARM/MOISTWARM/MOIST– CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
WEATHERINGWEATHERING most chemical most chemical processes processes naturally speed naturally speed up with warmer up with warmer temperatures and temperatures and waterwater
Weathering ratesWeathering rates
Factors effecting weathering ratesExposure to *atmosphere
*water*living things
= faster weathering
surface areamore surface area exposedfaster the weathering rate
Mineral compositionsofter mineral composition
weathers faster
Which will weather the Which will weather the fastest?fastest?
EROSION EROSION (carries weathered material (carries weathered material
away)away)
AGENTS OF EROSIONAGENTS OF EROSION
WindWindRunning WaterRunning WaterGlaciersGlaciersGravity - Gravity - driving forcedriving force
WIND EROSIONWIND EROSIONYouTube - Sand stormYouTube - Sand storm
Sediments Sediments that have that have been eroded been eroded by wind tend by wind tend to appear to appear frosted and frosted and pitted pitted dune formationdune formation
Running Water Running Water ErosionErosion
Sediments Sediments eroded by eroded by running water running water tend to appear tend to appear rounded and rounded and smoothsmooth
running water running water is the dominant is the dominant agent of agent of erosion erosion exampleexample
Glacial ErosionGlacial Erosion Sediments Sediments
eroded by a eroded by a glacier tend to glacier tend to appear appear elongated and elongated and scratched from scratched from the heavy mass the heavy mass of ice dragging of ice dragging sediments away.sediments away.
Gravity : Gravity : landslidelandslideSediments Sediments eroded by eroded by gravity form gravity form unsorted unsorted piles of piles of angular angular rock pieces rock pieces called talus.called talus.
Factors Affecting sediment Factors Affecting sediment transportation in a streamtransportation in a stream
Gradient (slope)Gradient (slope)– steeper slope, faster flow, more erosionsteeper slope, faster flow, more erosion
discharge of a streamdischarge of a stream– greater volume, faster flow, more greater volume, faster flow, more
erosionerosion channel shapechannel shape
– straighter the shape, faster flow, more straighter the shape, faster flow, more erosionerosion
GradientGradientThe steeper The steeper the slope the the slope the faster the faster the stream flowstream flow
The faster The faster the flow, the the flow, the more erosion.more erosion.
Stream DischargeStream Discharge Discharge is the Discharge is the
total amount of total amount of water passing a water passing a certain point.certain point.
The more water The more water passing a passing a certain point, certain point, the more the more erosion occurs.erosion occurs.
Channel Shape - Channel Shape - meandersmeanders
Water travels Water travels fastest on the fastest on the outside of the outside of the bend (more bend (more EROSION)EROSION)
Water travels Water travels slowest on the slowest on the inside of the bend inside of the bend (more (more DEPOSITION)DEPOSITION)
DepositionDeposition The process by which The process by which
transported materials are transported materials are left in a new locationleft in a new location
(dropping off sediment)(dropping off sediment)
Factors causing Factors causing DepositionDeposition
water ve locity slope of a h ill vo lum e of water
A decrease in
GRADED BEDDINGGRADED BEDDING(Vertical Sorting)(Vertical Sorting)
Horizontal SortingHorizontal Sorting(LARGEST to (LARGEST to Smallest)Smallest)
Soil HorizonsSoil Horizonsmature soil has well developed layersmature soil has well developed layers
C-horizon mostly incomplete in NYS d/t C-horizon mostly incomplete in NYS d/t glaciersglaciers
Types of SoilTypes of Soil RESIDUAL- soil that RESIDUAL- soil that
obtains obtains characteristics of characteristics of parent bedrock parent bedrock below itbelow it
TRANSPORTED- soil TRANSPORTED- soil that does not share that does not share characteristics of characteristics of parent bedrock parent bedrock below itbelow it
Landscape RegionsLandscape Regions
Mountain Plateau Plains
High elevation
Moderate elevation
Low elevation
Distorted bedrock
Flat bedrock Flat bedrock
“youthful” age
“mature” age
“old” age
Steep slopes
Steep slopes (on sides)
Gentle slopes
Landscape regions in NYSLandscape regions in NYS
ARID LANDSCAPESARID LANDSCAPES
DRYDRY lack lack
vegetationvegetation poorly poorly
developed soil developed soil layerslayers
steep cliffssteep cliffs
Humid LandscapesHumid Landscapes WET climatesWET climates lots of lots of
vegetationvegetation well well
developed soil developed soil layerslayers
smooth smooth rounded hill rounded hill topstops
Drainage patternsDrainage patterns(how water flows off the (how water flows off the
land)land)
GLACIERSGLACIERS Observe how glaciers erode bedrock Observe how glaciers erode bedrock
surfaces.surfaces.
High altitudesHigh altitudes high latitudeshigh latitudes
– occurs any occurs any place where place where more snow more snow falls during falls during the winter the winter than melts than melts during the during the summersummer
Glacial featuresGlacial featuresU shaped valleysU shaped valleys
Glacial FeaturesGlacial FeaturesGlacial Till (UNSORTED)Glacial Till (UNSORTED)
Glacial featuresGlacial featuresfinger lakesfinger lakes
Glacial FeaturesGlacial Featureskettle lakeskettle lakes
Glacial featuresGlacial features Erratics (boulders left Erratics (boulders left
behind from a glacier)behind from a glacier) moraine (sediments moraine (sediments
carried and deposited carried and deposited by glaciersby glaciers
eskers (winding ridges eskers (winding ridges of glacial material of glacial material deposited in streamsdeposited in streams
Glacial MovementGlacial Movement Striations Striations
(scratches) on (scratches) on bedrock bedrock indicate indicate direction of direction of movementmovement
Drumlins (hills Drumlins (hills shaped like the shaped like the back of a back of a spoon)spoon)
Dynamic EquilibriumDynamic Equilibrium