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8/8/2019 Earth Science Minerals
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Name: Talc
Composition: Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
Color: White, Grey, Green, Blue, or Silver
Streak: White to very Pearly Green
Luster: Wax-like or Pearly, sometimes Smooth
Hardness: 1 (Mineral)
Special: Fluorescent, non-magnetic, non-radioactive. Used in many
industries such as paper making, plastic, paint and coatings, rubber,
food, electric cable, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, ceramics, etc.
Chemical Group: Silicate Mineral
Formation: Metamorphic
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Color: Colorless to white; with impurities may be yellow, tan, blue,
pink, brown, reddish brown or gray
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous to silky, pearly, or waxy
Hardness: 1.5 2 (Mineral)
Special: Gypsum occurs in nature as flattened and often twinned
crystals and transparent cleavable masses called selenite.
Chemical Group: Sulfate Mineral
Formation: Sedimentary Mineral
Name: Gypsum
Composition: CaSO42H2O
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Name: Calcite
Composition: CaCO3
Color: Colorless or white, also gray, yellow, green
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous to pearly on cleavage surfaces
Hardness: 3 (Mineral)
Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show
phosphorescence or fluorescence.
Chemical Group: Carbonate Mineral
Formation: Sedimentary mineral
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Name: Fluorite
Composition: CaF2
Color: Colorless, white, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, pink,
brown, bluish black; commonly zoned
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous
Hardness: 4
Fluorite comes in a wide range of colors and has subsequently been
dubbed "the most colorful mineral in the world". The color of the
fluorite is determined by factors including impurities, exposure to
radiation, and the size of the color centers.
Chemical Group: Halide Mineral
Formation: Igneous Mineral
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Name: Apatite
Composition: Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)
Color: Transparent to translucent, usually green, less often colorless,
yellow, blue to violet, pink, brown
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous to sub resinous
Hardness: 5
The primary use of apatite is in the manufacture of fertilizer - it is a
source of phosphorus. It is occasionally used as a gemstone.
Chemical Group: Phosphate Mineral
Formation:Widely distributed in all rock types; igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic
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Name: Orthoclase
Composition: KAlSi3O8
Color: Colorless, Greenish, Grayish yellow,White, Pink
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces
Together with the other potassium feldspars orthoclase is a
common raw material for the manufacture of some glasses, some
ceramics, such as porcelain, and as a constituent of scouring
powder.
Chemical Group: Silicate Mineral
Formation: Igneous Rock
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Name: Quartz
Composition:SiO2
Color: Colorless through various colors to black
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous waxy to dull when massive
Hardness: 7
Quartz belongs to the trigonal crystal system. The ideal crystal shape
is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end.
Chemical Group: Silicate mineral
Formation: Igneous Rock
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Name: Topaz
Composition: Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
Color: Clear (if no impurities), blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, green,
pink and reddish pink.
Streak: White
Luster: Glassy
Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but is usually tinted by impurities;
typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray or reddish-orange, blue brown.
Chemical Group: Silicate Mineral
Formation: Igneous Rock
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Name: Corundum
Composition: Al2O3
Color: Colorless, gray, brown; pink to pigeon-blood-red, orange, yellow,
green, blue to cornflower blue, violet; may be color zoned, asteriated
mainly grey and brown
Streak: White
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous
A crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with traces of iron,
titanium and chromium. It is a rock-forming mineral.
Chemical Group: Oxide Mineral Hematite Group
Formation: Found in both metamorphic rocks and in igneous rocks
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Name: Diamond
Composition: 100% Carbon
Color: Typically yellow, brown or gray to colorless. Less often blue,
green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple and red.
Streak: Colorless
Luster: Adamantine
Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities,
most of which originate from the strong covalent bonding between its
atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal
conductivity of any bulk material.
Chemical Group: Graphite
Formation: Metamorphic Rock
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Name: Potassium Feldspar
Composition: KAlSi3O8 - NaAlSi3O8 -CaAl2Si2O8
Color: Pink, White, Gray, Brown
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous
Hardness : 6
Feldspars crystallize from magma in both intrusive and extrusive
igneous rocks, as veins, and are also present in many types of
metamorphic rock
Chemical Group: Silicate Group
Formation: Sedimentary Rock
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Name: Hornblende
Composition: Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, Si)8O22(OH)2
Color: Black / Dark Green
Streak: Brown Grey
Luster: Vitreous to Dull
Hardness: 5 6
Hornblende is a common constituent of many igneous and metamorphic
rocks such as granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and
schist. It is the principal mineral of amphibolite's.
Chemical Group: Silicate Mineral
Formation: Igneous / Metamorphic
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Name: Garnet
Composition: X3Y2(SiO4)3
Color: Virtually all Colors
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous to Resinous
Hardness: 6 7.5
Garnet species' light transmission properties can range from the
gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties
used for industrial purposes as abrasives.
Chemical Group: Silicate
Formation: Metamorphic
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Name: Chlorite
Composition: (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6
Color: Various shades of green; rarely yellow, red, or white.
Streak: Pale Green to Grey
Luster: Vitreous, Pearly, Dull
Hardness: 2 2.5
The chlorites are a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Chlorites can be
described by the following four end members based on their chemistry
via substitution of the following four elements in the silicate lattice; Mg,
Fe, Ni, and Mn.
Chemical Group: Silicate
Formation: Some metamorphic and igneous
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Name: Olivine
Composition: (Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Color: Yellow to Yellow-Green
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous
Hardness: 6.5 7
It is one of the most common minerals on Earth, and has also been
identified in meteorites, the Moon, Mars, in the dust of comet Wild 2,
and within the core of comet Temple 1.
Chemical Group: Silicate
Formation: Igneous/Metamorphic
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Name: Pyroxene
Composition: MgSiO3
Color: Light Pink / Purple
Streak: White, Light Green or Light Brown
Luster: Glassy or Metallic
Hardness: 5 6.5
Pyroxene minerals are common in in meteorites and the extrusive
igneous rock called basalt. There are many different types of pyroxene
including augite, wollastonite, diopside, enstatite, and hypersthene.
Chemical Group: Silicate
Formation: Both igneous and metamorphic
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Name: Muscovite
Composition: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2
Color: White, Grey, Silvery
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous
Hardness: 2 2.5
The name of muscovite comes from Muscovy-glass, a name formerly
used for the mineral because of its use in Russia for windows.
Chemical Group: Silicate Mineral
Formation: Metamorphic Rock
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Name: Hematite
Composition: Fe2O3
Color: Metallic gray to earthy red tones
Streak: Bright red to dark red
Luster: Metallic
Hardness: 5.5 6.5
Hematite is a mineral, colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to
reddish brown, or red. It is mined as the main ore of iron.
Chemical Group: Oxide Mineral
Formation: Precipitation
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Name: Magnetite
Composition: Fe3O4
Color: Black, gray with brownish tint in reflected light
Streak: Black
Luster: Metallic
Hardness: 5.5 6.5
Magnetite is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals
on Earth. Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone,
will attract small pieces of iron.
Chemical Group: Silicate
Formation: Igneous / Metamorphic
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Name: Pyrite
Composition: FeS2
Color: Pale brass-yellow, tarnishes darker and iridescent
Streak: Greenish-black to brownish-black; smells of sulfur
Luster: Metallic, Glistening
Hardness: 6 6.5
This mineral's metallic luster and pale-to-normal, brass-yellow hue have
earned it the nickname fool's gold because of its resemblance to gold.
Chemical Group: Sulfide Mineral
Formation: Neither so it is a Mineral
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Name: Copper
Composition: Cu
Color: Yellow- Goldish
Streak: Copper - Red
Luster: Metallic
Hardness: 2.5 3
The main uses of copper are electrical, due to the greatness of copper's
conductivity, which offers the lowest electrical resistance after silver.
Chemical Group:
Formation:
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Name: Galena
Composition: PbS
Color: Lead Gray and Silvery
Streak: Lead Gray
Luster: Metallic
Hardness:2.5 2.75
Galena deposits often contain significant amounts of silver as included
silver sulfide mineral phases or as limited solid solution within the galena
structure. These argentiferous galena's have long been the most
important ore of silver in mining.
Chemical Group: Sulfide Mineral
Formation: Sedimentary
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Name: Sphalerite
Composition: (Zn,Fe)S
Color: Brown, Yellow, Red, Green, Black
Streak: Brownish White, Pale Yellow
Luster: Adamantine, Resinous, Greasy
Hardness: 3.5 4
When iron content is high it is an opaque black variety, Marmatite. It is
usually found in association with galena, pyrite, and other sulfides along
with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite.
Chemical Group: Sulfide Mineral
Formation: Metamorphic/ Igneous/ Sedimentary
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Name: Halite
Composition: NaCl
Color: colorless or white; also blue, purple, red, pink, yellow, orange, or
gray
Streak: White
Luster: Vitreous
Halite occurs in vast beds of sedimentary evaporate minerals that result
from the drying up of enclosed lakes, playas, and seas. Salt beds may be
hundreds of meters thick and underlie broad areas
Chemical Group: Halide Mineral
Formation: Mineral