Earth Science

© LoveLearning 2014

Name: _________________________

Layers of the Earth

Convergent Boundaries

Divergent Boundaries

Transform Boundaries

1. The _________________ of the Earth is the outer layer

a. It is mainly made up of __________________

b. The crust is broken into large pieces called ______________________. These plates move because of

________________________ differences inside the Earth's surface

*The plates can move ____________ from each other, _____________ each other, and

______________ each other*

© LoveLearning 2014

• In the Earth’s ___________________, there are pockets of hot,

liquid-like rocks and gases called _____________________.

o As _________________ and ___________________ builds

up in these pockets, the gases expand.

o The increasing __________________ forces the magma up the

volcano’s pipe and out the opening of the volcano or

____________________.

• Once the magma reaches the surface of the Earth it is called

______________________.

• When the pressure is released, the volcano stops

______________________.

• Volcanoes can add to _________________ ranges or create

___________________ in the middle of the ocean.

Earthquakes

• When the Earth’s plates slide past each other (transform boundaries), huge ________________ that form at

the plates’ edges shift with great ____________________.

o An earthquake is caused by a ____________ in the rock that makes up Earth’s crust. This is called a

__________________________

• Earthquakes are both __________________________ and __________________________!

o A _________________________ in the Earth’s crust can be the location of a new landform.

o An ______________________ can push one side up causing a fault scarp.

The faults form large trenches and cliffs on the Earth

Volcanoes

2. The mantle is the Earth's ________________ layer

a. It is VERY __________ and under great pressure

b. Made up of melted and solid __________________

3. The core is found in the ______________________ of the

Earth, and it is the hottest layer

a. It is made up of solid ______________ and

__________________

© LoveLearning 2014

• Devices called ___________________________ can detect vibrations

during an earthquake or volcano.

o _______________________ study _____________________

o The record made by a seismograph is called a

_________________________________

• Seismographs also help scientists predict

__________________________________

o Tsunami – a huge _____________________ caused by an

earthquake under the ________________

Detecting Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Constructive Processes

• Many of Earth’s surface features form due to __________________________ processes.

• Constructive has the word ________________ in it, which means that these processes _________ up the

Earth.

Sediment

• Deposition: the dropping of ___________________________ or particles

by water, ______________________, or _______________________.

o Sediment is picked up in one place, carried somewhere else , and then

_______________________________ someplace else.

Delta

• The moving water in a river slows down near its mouth – the place where the

river flows into the ocean or lake

• As the river slows down, ____________________________ settle on the

bottom

• This builds up and forms a

flat piece of land called

a ______________________

© LoveLearning 2014

Floodplain

• When rainfall is very heavy, a river ____________________________

o Water spreads over the land and deposits

___________________________________

o This sediment forms a wide, flat area called a

___________________________________

Water

• Water is the main agent of deposition.

• _______________ washes sediment off the land, into

___________________________ and they carry it along.

• Beaches: ocean currents and waves help to form these.

______________________________ carry sediment to the ocean and

there, the ___________________________________ sweep it along.

o The waves then wash sediment onto the shore to form

_______________________________.

Wind

• ____________________ is another agent of deposition.

o Wind carries sediment in desert areas. The soil is dry and the

particles don’t stick together. There are also few plants to

_________________________ the soil in place.

o Sand Dunes: a mound of sand piled up by the wind. Dunes can also be

found along some _____________________________________.

Glaciers

• Glacier: a huge sheet of slowly moving

__________________________________.

o As this huge sheet of ice moves across the land, it scrapes away soil

and rock under it. Once it melts, the glacier leaves behind the soil

and rock which forms features like moraines

__________________________: a ridge of sediment and

rock left behind by a glacier.

© LoveLearning 2014

Destructive Processes

Destructive has the word "________________" in it. Destructive processes ________________ the way that

some things look on the Earth.

Weathering

• _______________ also causes weathering.

________________ seeps into the cracks

of a rock

• As the water freezes, the rock

________________ and

Blowing sand acts like

______________________________

Ocean waves break down rock cliffs because

the waves carry sand and pebbles

• The Earth’s surface is made up of mostly _______________________

• Although ___________________________________, wind and water can slowly break it apart

• Weathering: the breakdown of ____________________ at or near the Earth's surface

o Wind and water can carry _________________ and other small pieces of __________________

Plant

_____________

grow into the

cracks of rocks

and pry the rocks

______________

Rocks Weathered Rocks Outcome

Erosion

• After weathering breaks down rock into sediment (_________________), erosion ________________ it

away

• Erosion: the movement of weathered rock from _________________________________________

Erosion by Water

______________________ remove rock and soil

and carry it away

Erosion by Wind

Wind lifts sand and blows it away! The sand

_______________ against rock surfaces, which

polishes and __________________ away the rock

Erosion by Glaciers

• Glacier: a large, slow-moving piece of_______________

o _____________________ erode rocks as they

move across the Earth

o Glaciers that pass through valleys

______________ and ____________ the

valley

Erosion by Ocean Waves

• As ocean waves hit the ________________, they can

deposit sand and form beaches

o They can also _____________________ sand

from the beaches

• Waves also pound against and break down rock

________________________

• These cliffs can form new ______________________

© LoveLearning 2014

• Erosion would not happen without ______________________________

• Gravity: ____________________________________________________________________________

o Gravity causes erosion by ________________________ rocks downhill

o When this happens suddenly, it is called a ________________________________

Controlling Constructive and Destructive Processes

• Dams – structures built across a river to control its _____________

o A dam can be ______________ to let some water through

o Also hold back _____________________ that rivers usually carry

• _____________________ also hold back floodwaters

o Levee: a raised bank of earth built along the edges of a river to prevent __________________

• People have built structures that prevent

__________________________

• Groins - A structure built at __________________

angles to the beach

• Seawalls - A structure built parallel to the shore

o Seawalls absorb the pounding of waves and

protects the coast behind it

• Beach nourishment - When sand from the ocean or nearby

rivers is brought in to ____________ up a beach again.

• Farmers also use different methods to prevent the loss of

soil

• Contour plowing - A method in which farmers

___________ across the sides of hills instead of down

their slopes

• Terracing - method in which farmers plant crops on

________________ built on hillsides

• Both contour plowing and terracing prevent soil from

washing downhill

© LoveLearning 2014

Name: _________________________

Layers of the Earth KEY

Convergent Boundaries

Divergent Boundaries

Transform Boundaries

1. The crust of the Earth is the outer layer

c. It is mainly made up of rock

d. The crust is broken into large pieces called plates. These plates move because of temperature differences

inside the Earth's surface

*The plates can move away from each other, past each other, and

toward each other*

© LoveLearning 2014

• In the Earth’s mantle, there are pockets of hot, liquid-like rocks and

gases called magma.

o As heat and pressure builds up in these pockets, the gases

expand.

o The increasing pressure forces the magma up the volcano’s pipe

and out the opening of the volcano or crater.

• Once the magma reaches the surface of the Earth it is called lava.

• When the pressure is released, the volcano stops erupting

• Volcanoes can add to mountain ranges or create landforms in the middle

of the ocean.

Earthquakes

• When the Earth’s plates slide past each other (transform boundaries), huge rocks that form at the plates’

edges shift with great force.

o An earthquake is caused by a crack in the rock that makes up Earth’s crust. This is called a fault

• Earthquakes are both constructive and destructive.

o A fault line in the Earth’s crust can be the location of a new landform.

o An earthquake can push one side up causing a fault scarp.

The faults form large trenches and cliffs on the Earth

Volcanoes

2. The mantle is the Earth's second layer

c. It is VERY hot and under great pressure

d. Made up of melted and solid rock

3. The core is found in the center of the Earth, and it is the

hottest layer

b. It is made up of solid nickel and iron.

© LoveLearning 2014

• Devices called seismographs can detect vibrations during an earthquake or

volcano.

o Seismologists study seismic waves

o The record made by a seismograph is called a seismogram

• Seismographs also help scientists predict earthquakes, volcanoes, and

tsunamis

o Tsunami – a huge wave caused by an earthquake under the ocean

Detecting Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Constructive Processes

• Many of Earth’s surface features form due to constructive processes.

• Constructive has the word construct in it, which means that these processes build up the Earth.

Sediment

• Deposition: the dropping of sediment or particles by water, wind, or ice.

o Sediment is picked up in one place, carried somewhere else , and then

deposited someplace else.

Delta

• The moving water in a river slows down near its mouth – the place where the

river flows into the ocean or lake

• As the river slows down, sediment settles on the bottom

• This builds up and forms a

flat piece of land called

a delta

© LoveLearning 2014

Floodplain

• When rainfall is very heavy, a river floods

o Water spreads over the land and deposits sediment

o This sediment forms a wide, flat area called a floodplain

Water

• Water is the main agent of deposition.

• Rain washes sediment off the land, into rivers, and they carry along.

• Beaches: ocean currents and waves help to form these. Rivers carry

sediment to the ocean and there, the longshore currents sweep it along.

o The waves then wash sediment onto the shore to form beaches.

Wind

• Wind is another agent of deposition.

o Wind carries sediment in desert areas. The soil is dry and the

particles don’t stick together. There are also few plants to keep the

soil in place.

o Sand Dunes: a mound of sand piled up by the wind. Dunes can also be

found along some beaches.

Glaciers

• Glacier: a huge sheet of slowly moving ice.

o As this huge sheet of ice moves across the land, it scrapes away soil

and rock under it. Once it melts, the glacier leaves behind the soil

and rock which forms features like moraines

Moraine: a ridge of sediment and rock left behind by a

glacier.

© LoveLearning 2014

Destructive Processes

Destructive has the word "destruct" in it. Destructive processes destroy the way that some things look on the

Earth.

Weathering

• Water also causes weathering.

• Water seeps into the cracks of a rock

• As the water freezes, the rock expands and

cracks

Blowing sand acts like sandpaper

Ocean waves break down rock cliffs because

the waves carry sand and pebbles

Plant roots grow

into the cracks of

rocks and pry the

rocks apart

Rocks Weathered Rocks Outcome

• The Earth’s surface is made up of mostly rock

• Although ice, wind and water can slowly break it apart

• Weathering: the breakdown of rock at or near the Earth's surface

o Wind and water can carry rock and other small pieces of sediment

Erosion

• After weathering breaks down rock into sediment (small pieces), erosion carries it away

• Erosion: the movement of weathered rock from place to place

Erosion by Water

Rivers remove rock and soil and carry it away

Erosion by Wind

Wind lifts sand and blows it away! The sand smashes

against rock surfaces, which polishes and smooths

away the rock

Erosion by Glaciers

• Glacier: a large, slow-moving piece of ice

o Glaciers erode rocks as they move across the

Earth

o Glaciers that pass through valleys deepen and

widen the valley

Erosion by Ocean Waves

• As ocean waves hit the shore they can deposit sand and

form beaches

o They can also remove sand from the beaches

• Waves also pound against and break down rock cliffs

• These cliffs can form new landforms

© LoveLearning 2014

• Erosion would not happen without gravity

• Gravity: the force that pulls all objects towards the Earth

o Gravity causes erosion by pulling rocks downhill

o When this happens suddenly, it is called a landslide

Controlling Constructive and Destructive Processes

• Dams – structures built across a river to control its flow o A dam can be opened to let some water through o Also hold back sediment that rivers usually carry

• Levees also hold back floodwaters

o Levee: a raised bank of earth built along the edges of a river to prevent flooding

• People have built structures that prevent erosion

• Groins - A structure built at right angles to the beach

• Seawalls - A structure built parallel to the shore

o Seawalls absorb the pounding of waves and

protects the coast behind it

• Beach nourishment - When sand from the ocean or nearby

rivers is brought in to build up a beach again.

• Farmers also use different methods to prevent the loss of

soil

• Contour plowing - A method in which farmers plow across

the sides of hills instead of down their slopes

• Terracing - method in which farmers plant crops on

terraces built on hillsides

• Both contour plowing and terracing prevent soil from

washing downhill

© LoveLearning 2014

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