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Earth Science at a Glance
Chapter 1: Earth’s Changing SurfaceChapter 2: Earth’s StructureChapter 3: Managing Earth’s
Changes
Standards:S5E1—Students will identify surface features of
the Earth caused by constructive and destructive processes.
S5E1a—Identify surface features caused by constructive processes.
S5E1b—Identify and find examples of surface features caused by destructive processes.
S5E1c—Relate the role of technology in the control of constructive and destructive processes.
Chapter 1—Earth’s Changing Surface
� Lesson 1: Features of Earth’s surface range from deep ocean trenches to tall
mountains. What are these features like?
� S5E1—Students will identify surface features of the Earth cased by constructive and
destructive processes.
� Lesson 2: Wind, water, ice and gravity—how do these agents wear down
Earth’s surface?
� S5E1b—Identify and find examples of surface features cased by destructive
processes.
� Lesson 3: Shifting sand, bubbling lave, moving crust, and flowing ice—how do
they build up Earth’s surface?
� S5E1a—Identify surface features caused by constructive processes.
2
Chapter 1 Lesson 1: What makes up
Earth’s Surface?
3
• Earth is the only planet in the solar system with a large amount of water
on its surface.
• Most of the water on Earth is salt water in oceans and seas.
• Mountains, hills valleys, canyons, plateaus, and plains are types of
landforms found on Earth’s crust.
• A coastline may have beaches or marshlands or it may be rocky with steep
cliffs and mountains.
• Pockets beaches (small and curve landward, with sand filling space, or
“pockets” between rocky cliffs) form at rocky shores; mainland beaches
form along straight shores free of large rocks and can stretch for miles.
Chapter 1 Lesson 1: Earth’s Surface?
4
• Barrier island often have long sandy
beaches.
• The continental margin of the ocean floor
has three parts; the continental
shelf, the continental slope, and the
continental rise.
• The ocean floor has similar features to dry
land, including mountains, canyons,
plains, and seamounts.
• The ocean basin is a region of deep
canyons and mountain chains beyond the
continental margin.
• A continuous mid-ocean ridge extends
more than 56,000km through the world
ocean.
• Topographic maps show the shape and
elevation of land with contour lines.
Chapter 1 Lesson 2: Wearing Down
Earth’s Surface
� Earth’s crust is broken down by two types of weathering, mechanical and chemical.
� Mechanical weathering, the breaking of large rocks into smaller pieces of known as sediment, is done by wind, water, ice, and living things.
� Chemical weathering, which changes rocks into other materials, is done by water and weak acids.
� Erosion is the process by which sediments are moved from one place to another.
� Moving water in streams and rivers, as well as in the oceans, carries sediments.
� Glaciers slowly move large amounts of soil and rock over great distances.5
Chapter 1 Lesson 2: Wearing Down
Earth’s Surface
6
• The landscape constantly changes due to erosion. Most of the time, changes happen slowly but sometimes they happen quickly.
• The slow processes of weathering and erosion can nevertheless, cause fast changes such as sinkholes and landslides.
• Earthquakes and volcanoes can also cause landslides.
Chapter 1 Lesson 3: How Is Earth’s Surface Built
Up?
7
• Sediments carried from place to place by erosion are eventually deposited in a new place.
• Deposition builds up the land and creates surface features.
• When moving water slows down, sediments drop out of the water and gradually build up to form new land features.
• When pressure causes magma to push up from below the crust, new features form on Earth’s surfaces. Mountains form when sections of Earth’s crust push into each other.
• The remains of living things my build up to form features on Earth’s surface.
Chapter 1 Lesson 3: How Is Earth’s Surface Built
Up?
8
• Glaciers formed from the buildup of snow and ice over thousands of years.
• The rock material deposited by a glacier as it moves is called till.
• Glacial deposits form different kinds of surface features, such as moraines and eskers.
Chapter 2—Earth’s Structure
� Lesson 1: Cool and crusty on the outside, hot on the inside: What is Earth’s structure like?
� S5E1a—Identify surface features caused by constructive processes.
� S5E1b—Identify and find examples of surface features cased by destructive processes.
� Lesson 2: Shaking earthquakes and erupting volcanoes: What forces of nature cause these dramatic events to occur?
� S5E1b—Identify and find examples of surface features cased by destructive processes.
� Lesson 3: Some mountains are tall and jagged. Others are rounded and covered in trees. How do mountains form and change?
� S5E1a—Identify surface features caused by constructive processes.
Foote 9
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 1: EARTH’S STRUCTURE
10
• Geysers, columns of hot water and steam shooting
into the air, are evidence of Earth’s hot interior.
• By studying deep holes in Earth’s crust scientists
know that Earth’s temperature increases with depth.
• Earth’s layers are the crust, mantle, and core.
• The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the
solid upper mantle.
• Earth’s lower mantle is partially melted, the outer
core is liquid, and the inner core is solid.
• Scientists think the lithosphere is broken into giant
sections that “float” on the lower mantle.
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 1: EARTH’S STRUCTURE
July 22, 2012Footer text here 11
• According to plate tectonics, Earth’s giant continental and oceanic plates
move slowly.
• Plates interact in various ways at their boundaries.
• Scientist think Earth’s plates have been moving far at least two billion
years.
• Fossils are physical remains or traces of plants or animals.
• The discovery of fossils far from where they are believed to have formed
supports the idea of plate movement.
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 2: EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES
July 22, 2012Footer text here 12
• A fault is a crack in Earth’s crust along which movement takes place
• When sudden movement occurs at a fault, seismic waves are generated.
• Faults occur at diverging, converging and sliding boundaries.
• Earthquakes, the violent shaking of Earth’s crust, vary in magnitude.
• Seismic waves move outward from the focus of an earthquake decreasing
in intensity as they go.
• There are two general types of seismic waves: body waves travel through
Earth’s interior, and surface waves travel along Earth’s surface.
• Volcanoes are openings in Earth’s surface through which melted rock, hot
gases, rock fragments, and ash erupt.
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 2: EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES
July 22, 2012 13
• During a volcanic eruption, magma and gases are forced outward.
• There are three classes of volcanic cones: shield volcanoes, cinder cones,
and composite volcanoes.
• Many earthquakes and volcanoes occur in a zone that borders the Pacific
Ocean.
• This are, called the Ring of Fire, outlines subduction zones where several
continental plates.
• Ocean trenches may form on the ocean floor along
subduction zones.
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 3: MOUNTAINS FORMATION
July 22, 2012Footer text here 14
• Most mountains form at plate boundaries.
• Fold mountains form where two plates collide.
• In the formation of fault-block mountains, blocks of rock may move in
several ways along one or more faults.
• Volcanic activity occurs at converging and diverging boundaries, as well
as at hot spots in the crust.
• Dome mountains form when magma rises to the surface but does not
break through.
• Erosion shapes mountains. A few mountains have been formed entirely by
erosion.
• The mountains of Georgia formed from a combination of tectonic activity
and other constructive and destructive forces.
• Landforms such as mountains can have a great impact on the culture and
economy of a region.
Chapter 3—Managing Earth’s
Changes
� Lesson 1: No one wants water flowing over streets and into houses. How can floods be controlled
� S5E1c—Relate the role of technology and human intervention in the control of constructive and destructive process (flood control)
� Lesson 2: Georgia’s beaches are sandy and beautiful. Where does beach sand come from?
� S5E1c—Relate the role of technology and human intervention in the control of constructive and destructive process (Beach reclamation)
� Lesson 3: Crops depend on healthy soil. Yet rains may wash away soil, or winds may blow it away. What factors affect soil erosion?
� S5E1c—Relate the role of technology and human intervention in the control of constructive and destructive process
15
Chapter 3 Lesson 1: Floods
July 22, 2012Footer text here
16
• Flood waters can cause severe damage wherever they flow.
• Floods form from many causes, including heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt
and overflowing rivers and lakes.
• Swamps, estuaries, and other wetlands absorb excess water and thus
provide a natural system of flood control. However, wetlands continue to
be lost to development.
• Technologies for controlling floods include storm drains, levees, dams and
reservoirs, and floodways.
• Technology for controlling floods has both advantages and disadvantages.
Levees and dams can fail with disastrous consequences.
Chapter 3 Lesson 1: Floods17
• The Everglades is a long, slow-moving river
in southern Florida. Attempts to control
flooding have harmed it in the past
• Floods are common throughout Georgia and
cause great damage every year.
• Georgia floods have been caused by
hurricanes, burst dams, and overflowing
rivers.
Chapter 3 Lesson 2: Beaches
July 22, 2012Footer text here
18
• Beaches form from river silt and other sediments that ocean waves
deposit.
• Beaches change from day to day and from year to year as beach sand
builds up and is eroded away.
• Human structures and activities such as dams, jetties, and dredging, can
interrupt the movement of sediments in rivers and oceans. When this
happens, beaches may erode.
• Beach nourishment and sea walls can slow beach erosion but cannot stop
it entirely.
• Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may be causing Earth’s
average temperatures to slowly rise, and event called global warming.
• Global warming may lead to rising ocean levels worldwide.
Chapter 3 Lesson 3: Soil and Farms
July 22, 2012Footer text here
19
• Soil is an important natural resource that needs to be managed wisely.
• Soil forms in distinct layers. Topsoil is the surface layer and is richest in
humus, which is decayed plant and animal matter.
• Poor farming practices and a long drought led to the Dust Bowl of the
1930’s.
• Today, practices such as contour plowing, cover crops, and wind breaks
help farmers preserve topsoil.
• Farming is vital to Georgia’s present and future. The state is a leading
producer of peanuts, cotton, peaches, and other crops.
• In the past, poor farming practices caused much of Georgia’s topsoil to
erode. Today, soil conservation programs help to reduce erosion and
allow Georgia Farmers to succeed.