earth quake damages

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Earthquakes : An IntroductionEarthquakes : An Introduction -- 11

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Definition of EarthquakeDefinition of Earthquake

An earthquake is shaking of ground due to various geo-physiological phenomena like sliding of faults, breaking offolds, eruption of Lava, etc. Due to these reasonslandslide occur and an enormous energy is releasedwhich cause ground motion.


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Earthquake HazardsEarthquake Hazards

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Earthquake DamagesEarthquake Damages

The Guatemala earthquake of February 4, 1976 had a magnitude of 7.5. This

earthquake killed about 23,000 people, injured 76,000, and caused just over 1billion dollars in property damage. The earthquake also caused a number of

landslides.

Source: USG


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Collapse of bridge spans due to excessive rocking movements of the

bridge piers during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, September 20, 1999,

Magnitude 7.6

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Shear failure of bridge piers during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan,

September 20, 1999, Magnitude 7.6


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Collapse of a high-rise building because of failure of the columns at the

first storey during the Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, September 20, 1999,

Magnitude 7.6

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A view of a parking lot on the campus of California State University. Columns of

reinforced concrete failed after the 1994 Northridge earthquake and itsaftershocks.

Source: USG


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Relative uplift of approximately 9.3 m through right abutment of Shihkang Dam;

vertical offset measured from top of dam south of fault to top of dam north of fault

(N 24.2832 E 120.7695; 9/30/99).

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Sand Boil Near El Centro, 1979


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Earthquake of June 16, 1964 in Niigata, Japan had a magnitude of 7.4.

Liquefaction of some soils in the area caused large apartment buildings to tip overon their sides.

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Structural failure #1Structural failure #1

Northridge, California EarthquakeJanuary 17, 1994

Magnitude 6.7 Photo Credit: J. Dewey,U.S. Geological Survey


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Structural failure #2

Loma Prieta earthquake,

October 17, 1989

Oakland, California

Magnitude: 6.9

Photo Credit: H.G. Wilshire,U.S. Geological Survey

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Structural failure #3Santa Monica Freeway

Northridge earthquake,

January 17, 1994

Magnitude 6.7

Photo credit: M. Celebi,U.S. Geological Survey


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Armenian Earthquake December 7, 1988

Spitak, Armenia

Magnitude 6.9Photo Credit: C.J. Langer,

U.S. Geological Survey

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San Francisco, CA, October 18, 1989

Loma Prieta earthquake

Magnitude 6.9Photo Credit: D. Perkins, U.S.

Geological Survey


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Izmit (Kocaeli) earthquake, August 17, 1999

Izmit, Turkey

Magnitude 7.4Photo Credit: National

Geophysical Data Center

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Landshift #7

Imperial Valley, California, Earthquake

October 15, 1979

Magnitude 6.5 Photo Credit:University of Colorado


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Landslide #10

El Salvador

January 13, 2001

Magnitude 7.6 Photo Credit: USGS

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Landslide #11

Puget Sound, Washington

May 2, 1996

Ma nitude 5.3 Photo Credit: USGS


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Landslide #12

Seattle, Washington, April 29, 1965, Magnitude 6.5

Damage to the Union Pacific Railway occurred when hillside fill slidaway from beneath a 121 m section

Photo Credit: University ofCalifornia, Berkeley

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Landslide #13

Alaska Earthquake

March 27, 1964

Magnitude 9.2

Photo Credit: U.S.Geological Survey, Menlo

Park, CA


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Liquefaction #14

Niigata, Japan

June 16, 1964

Magnitude 7.4Photo Credit: National

Geophysical Data Center

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Resulting fires #15

Great Alaska Earthquake

March 28, 1964

Valdez, Alaska

Magnitude 8.4

Photo Credit: EERI,Slides on Learning from Earthquakes, Set IV


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Resulting tsunami #16

Alaska Earthquake

March 28, 1964

Whittier, Alaska

Magnitude 9.2

Photo credit: U.S. Geological Survey

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Resulting tsunami #17

Flores Island, Indonesia

September 1, 1992

Magnitude 7.0 Photo Credit: Harry Yeh,University of Washington


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Earthquake Damages in IndiaEarthquake Damages in India

The Latur earthquake of 30th Sept. 1993 had a magnitude of 6.3. This

earthquake killed about 10,000 people

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The Latur earthquake of 30th Sept. 1993 had a magnitude of 6.3. This

earthquake killed about 10,000 people


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The Bhuj earthquake of 26th Jan. 2001 had a magnitude of 6.9. This

earthquake killed about 20,000 people. Damaged building in Bhuj

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The Bhuj earthquake of 26th Jan. 2001 had a magnitude of 6.9. This

earthquake killed about 20,000 people. Damaged building inGandhidham, ground storey has been collapsed.


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Bhuj Earthquake, India

Collapse of open ground storey RC frameresidential building in Bhuj.

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Loss of Property

Photo Credit: IITK


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Impact on Lifelines :Damaged Masonary Railway Bridge

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Failure of the upstream crest of theFatehgadh dam.


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Damage to highway pavement nearRapar due to lateral spreading of soil.

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Clock tower at Morbi: vertical splitting oflarge block masonry.

.


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Partially collapsed pagoda at the palaceat Morbi.

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A 15o tilt in the 6-storey control tower at Kandlaport due to liquefaction and consequent lateral

spreading towards the bay.


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Seismic RiskSeismic Risk

y Seismic risk is probability of damages and losses dueto earthquake.

y Assessment of seismic risk needs throughunderstanding about earthquakes

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BackgroundBackground

y What is an Earthquake?

y Where do most earthquake occur?

y Why do earthquake occur?

y How can we study and compare earthquakes?

y What are the earthquake induced hazard?


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BackgroundBackground

Earthquakes are one of the most devastating forcesin nature

Earthquakes disasters have been known sinceancient times

Earthquakes have been instrumental in changing thecourse of history

Some of the most significant disasters in the last 100

years have been caused by earthquakes

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Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

Records of every major earthquake in China duringthe last 3000 years

Records of every major earthquakes in India up tolast 2500 years

Records of major earthquakes over 2000 years in

Middle-East Legends about earthquakes in India and several other

ancient civilisations


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Earthquake Background :Earthquake Background :

Indian LegendIndian Legend

y The Earth is held up byfour elephants that standon the back of a turtle.The turtle is balanced ontop of a cobra. When anyof these animals move,the Earth trembles and

shakes.

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Earthquake Background :Earthquake Background :Japanese LegendJapanese Legend

y A great catfish, ornamazu, lies curled upunder the sea, with theislands of Japan restingon his back. A demigod,or daimyojin, holds aheavy stone over his

head to keep him frommoving. Once in a while,though, the daimyojin isdistracted, the namazumoves, and the Earthtrembles


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Earthquake Background :Earthquake Background :

Ancient LegendsAncient Legends

y Greece: Strong, wild winds are trapped and held

in caverns under the ground. They struggle to

escape, and earthquakes are the result of their

struggle.

y New Zealand: Mother Earth has a child within her

womb, the young god Ru. When he stretches and

kicks as babies do, he causes earthquakes.

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Modern StudiesModern Studies

Modern studies of seismology has been carried outover the last 45-50 years only (1960)

Most useful data has been collected using a world-wide network of seismological stations which consistof 120 stations in 60 countries.

Earthquake occurrence information (1977-1986)compiled from these seismograph networks

represented as shown in figure Records show that earthquakes are not uniformly

distributed but concentrated along well defined lines

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earth quake damages