Earth Masonry

Group No: 1

WHAT IS EARTH MASONRY?

EarthA stable, dense, non-volatile inorganic

substance found in the ground(The New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1998)

MasonryThe art of shaping, arranging and uniting

stone, brick, building blocks, etc., to form

walls and other parts of a building(Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, 1975).

MATERIALS OF EARTH MASONRY

• Bricks

• Rubble

• Sand

• Concrete rubble

• Cement

• Lime

• Mortar

• Grout materials

• Water

• Additives

HISTORY OF EARTH MASONRY

Jethawanaramaya Sri Lanka -Established in the 3rd century Pyramids in Egypt The Great Wall of China

BRICKS

The main constituents of brick-making claysare silica (sand) and alumina, but with varyingquantities of chalk, lime, iron oxide and otherminor constituents.

SIZE

215mm

Stretcher face

65mm

102.5mm

Header Face

CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS TYPES OF BRICKS

Clay bricksCalcium silicate bricksConcrete bricks

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Extraction of the raw material

Forming processes

Bricks Marking process

Drying

Forming process of clay bricks can be done by four methods:

Handmade- Pallet moulding- Slop moulding

Soft mud process Pressed bricks Extruded-wire cut bricks

Packaging and distribution

Firing

Compressive strength Permeability Fire Resistance Water absorption Thermal performance

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

LIMITATIONS

Starting in the twentieth century, the use of brickwork declined in many areas due to earthquakes.

The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 revealed the weaknesses of brick buildings in earthquake-prone areas. Most buildings in San Francisco collapsed during the earthquake, due to the cement-based mortar used to hold the bricks together. During seismic events, the mortar cracks and crumbles, and the bricks are no longer held together.

RUBBLERubble has been used as a building material for thousands of years.

Characteristics of Rubble

It has great durable, low maintenance and with high thermal mass.

It is a generic available in many shapes, sizes, colours and textures, and Stone blends well with the natural landscape

It can easily be recycled for other building purposes. Therefore, it can provide environmental friendly.

Uses for floors, walls, arches and roofs

CLASSIFICATION OF RUBBLE

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Sandstone

Limestone

Slate

Granite

TYPES OF RUBBLE Production & Transportation

Limestone

Sandstone

Granite

Slate

WHY WE USE RUBBLE ?

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF RUBBLE

DurabilityFire ResistanceWater ResistanceSound Insulation

SANDSand is Natural Material that divided from rock & mineral Particles.

Characteristics of Sand

Sand rich in magnetic – dark to black colour

Sand rich in iron – Deep yellow colour

Sand can be divided in mainly 2 parts.

sharp sand- concrete

soft sand - mortar

Sand mining From Rivers

Sand Mining From Sea

Pit Sand (Coarse

sand)

River Sand

Sea Sand

TYPES OF SAND CLASSIFICATION OF SAND

Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm)

Medium Sand (0.425 to 2 mm)

Coarse Sand (2.0 to4.75 mm)

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CEMENTCement is a fine powder which sets after a fewhours when mixed with water, and then hardens in afew days into a solid, strong material.

TYPES OF CEMENT

Gray Ordinary Portland Cement

White Portland Cement

Masonry or Mortar

Oil-well Cement

Blended Cement

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF CEMENT

Availability of Cement-Holcim Lanka Ltd- Galle & Puttalam in Srilanka

MORTARMortar is a workable paste used to bind constructionblocks together and fill the gaps between them

Characteristics of Mortar

Workability

Retentively & flow

Compressive Strength

Bond Strength

Wet Characteristics

Dry characteristics

TYPES OF MORTAR

Portland cement mortar

Polymer cement mortar

Lime mortar

http://www.wikipedia.org

MARTIALS & TOOLS OF EARTH MASONRY

Simplicity

Flexibility

Ease of Use

Minimum Cost

SUITABILITY OF MATERIALS OF EARTH MASONRY

LIMITATIONS OF EARTH MASONRY MATERIALS

Product availability Restrictions of finishes Water solubility Wet traders Transportation difficulties

REFERENCES Earth Masonry

Design & Construction Guidelines

By Tom Mortan

Forwarded By Rab Bennetts

First Edition 2008

Building Constuction

By P.C. Varghese

Introduction to construction of buildings

Stephen Emmitt & Christopher Gorse

Blackwell publishing LTD

published in 2005

Construction technology today & tomorrow

James F. Fales

Thank You