Early Transport

Early Motor Vehicles

Automobile

• Automobile is a self propelled vehicle used for transportation of goods and passengers on the ground

• Capton Nicholas Cugnot, a french man considered to be the father of the Automobile. In 1769 he built the first self propelled road vehicle with three wheeled coach, fitted with a steam engine.

In 1938 first motor car appeared in India

Types Of Automobiles

Automobiles are classified asWith respect to use:a) Auto cycles and mopedsb) Scooters, motor cyclesc) Carsd) Lorriese) Trucks and TractorsWith respect to capacityf) High transport vehicles-buses, coaches, trucks and tractorsg) Light transport vehicles- cars, jeeps, scooters, motor cyclesh) Medium vehicles- Tempo, minibus

With respect to fuel useda) Petrol vehicles-jeep, car, scooters, motor cycles.b) Diesel vehicles-jeep, car, buses, trucks, tractorsc) Gas vehiclesd) Electrical vehicles – heavy cranes, battery trucksWith respect to Makee) Leylandf) Tatag) Ambassador, Maruti, etch) Bajaj, Vespa, Lambretta and Rajdoot etcWith respect to Wheelsi) Two wheelers-motor cycles/scooters/luna/mopeds etcj) Three wheelers- Tempos, autorickshawsk) Four wheelers-cars, jeeps, busesl) Six wheelers

With respect to motiona) Reciprocating-piston engineb) Rotary- Wankel engine c) Gas turbinesWith respect to Suspensiond) Conventional-leaf springe) Independent-coil,f) Torsion bar, g) Pneumatics According to the cycle of operationh) Otto cycle engines, i) Diesel cycle engines, andj) Dual cycle engines

According to the method of fuel injection a) Carburettor engines, andb) Air injection engines.

According to the number of cylinders c) Single cylinder engines, andd) Multi-cylinder engines

With respect to Cylinder arrangemente) Horizontal opposed type enginesf) Vertical In-line type enginesg) V-type engines andh) Radial engines

Automobile chassis

Lorry chassis

Jeep Chassis

Coach chassis

Various Systems in an Automobile

• Fuel System: This consists of fuel tank, fuel filter, fuel pump, carburettor. But in case of diesel engine fuel injector is replaced by the carburettor

Unit II

Fuel System of a petrol engine

• Power UnitEngine which consist of cylinder, piston,piston pin,piston ring, connecting rod, crank shaft, Carburettor is connected to the engine cylinder through manifolds. Fuel injector replaces the spark plug in case of diesel engine and power generates in the cylider due to ignition of air-fuel mixture.

UNIT I

• Transmission systemConsist of clutch, gear box, universal joint, propeller shaft, differential and rear Axle. Through these parts power will be

transmitted from the engine to the rear wheels.• Steering systemThe vehicle will move on the road due to transmission of power from the engine to the wheel. Steering system is provided in order to give proper direction to the vehicles on the road.

UNIT V & UNIT VI

Transmission System

• Suspension systemsIf the road on which vehicle moving is not smooth, vehicle recieves the shocks and hence the passenger feels uncomfortable. Hence to solve this problem suspension system is provided in the vehicle.

• Brake systemAs power will be transmitted to the wheels from the engine vehicle will move on the road.When the vehicle is moving it must be stopped somewhere. Hence brake system is adopted in the vehicle.

UNIT VII

Suspension System

Brake System

• Ignition SystemThis system is provided in order to generate the power by ignition of the air fuel mixture in the cylinder of the engine.

• Electrical systemThis system is provided in the vehicle in order to give lighting and in the petrol engine to generate spark from the spark plug.

UNIT IV

Ignition System

• Cooling SystemDuring power generation in the cylinder of engine cylinder enormous amount of heat will be generated. If some heat is not removed it will damage the piston, Cylinder , piston pin, other moving parts. Hence this system is provided.

• Lubrication SystemThis system is provided in order to increase the engine performance and to increase the life of various moving parts by minimising the friction between the moving parts.

UNIT I• Superchargers and turbo chargers are provided to increase

the capacity and power output of the engineUNIT III

Cooling System

Lubrication System

Advantages of V-type engine over In-Line engine

• V-type engine permits a shorter, lighter and more rigid engine

• Shorter engine provides more space for passenger on small wheel base

• More rigid engine permits higher running speeds and higher combustion pressure with less difficulty from flexing or bending of the cylinder bock and crankshaft

• It permits use of intake manifoding that assures relatively even distribution of the air-fuel mixture to all cylinders r relatively close together

Comparision of SI and CI enginesSl No.

Description SI Engine CI Engine

1. Basic Cycle Based on Otto cycle Based on Diesel Cycle

2. Fuel Petrol or gasoline High self Ignition temperature is desirable

Diesel lo self ignition temperature is desirable

3. Introduction of fuel

Fuel and air introduced as a gaseous mixture in the suction stroke. Carburetor is necessary to provide the mixture

Fuel is injected directly into combustion chamber at high pressure at the end of compression stroke. Carburetor is eliminated but a high pressure fuel pump and injector are necessary

Throttle valve controls the quantity of mixture introduced

Quantity of fuel is regulated in the fuel pump

4. Ignition Requires an ignition system with spark plug in the combustion chamber

Self igniton due to high temperature caused by high compression of air when fuel is injected . Ignition system and spark plug are eliminated

10 Starting Easy, low cranking effort Difficult, high cranking effort

Sl No.

Description SI Engine CI Engine

5. Compression range

6 to 10.5 upper limit of compression ratio fixed by anti knock quality of fuel

14 to 22 upper limit of compression ratio is limited b the rapidly increasing weight of the engine structure as the compression ration is further increased

6. Speed Higher max. Revolution per minute due to light weight

Max. RPM is lower

7. Efficiency Max. efficiency lower due to low compression ratio

Higher max. efficiency due to higher compression ratio

8. Weight Lighter Heavier due to higher pressures

9. Distribution of fuel

Air fuel ratio is not optimum in multi cylinder engines

Excellent distribution of fuel in multi cylinder engines