Upload
lihthien-tang
View
250
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
1/63
1
Lecture 2Lecture 2
Early LeadershipEarly Leadership Theories Theories
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
2/63
Are Leaders Born or
Made?
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
3/63
3
What Is Leadership?
■ Many theories (trait, behavioral, etc.)
■ Is it the sae as ana!eent?
■ A de"inition o" leadership
■ #oral and in"oral leaders
■ Leadership and ana!eent
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
4/63
$
%arly &heories o" Leadership
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
5/63
'
The 3 Leadership TheoryThe 3 Leadership Theory
Classifications IncludeClassifications Include::
The 3 Leadership TheoryThe 3 Leadership Theory
Classifications IncludeClassifications Include::
TraitTrait
BehavioralBehavioral
ContingencyContingency
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
6/63
■ &rait theories■ Is there a set o" characteristics
that deterine a !ood leader?
* +ersonality?
* oinance and personal presence?
* -harisa?
* el" con"idence?
* Achieveent? * Ability to "or/late a clear vision?
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
7/63
0
■ &rait theories * Are s/ch characteristics
inherently !ender biased?
* o s/ch characteristicsprod/ce !ood leaders?
* Is leadership ore than /st brin!in! abo/t chan!e?
* oes this iply that leaders are born not bred?
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
8/63
2
Trait Theory Trait Theory
Leadership TraitsLeadership Traits represent the personal characteristicsthat diferentiate leaders rom ollowers.
• Historic fndings reveal that leaders and ollowersHistoric fndings reveal that leaders and ollowersvary by vary by - intelligence- dominance- sel-condence- level o energy and activity- task-relevant knowledge
• Contemporary fndings show that Contemporary fndings show that - people tend to perceive that someone is a leader when he or she ehi!its traits associated with intelligence" masculinity"and dominance- people want their leaders to !e credi!le- credi!le leaders are honest" orward-looking" inspiring" and competent
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
9/63
Trait Theory #continued$ Trait Theory #continued$
•Gender and leadershipGender and leadership- men and women were seen as displaying moretask and social leadership" respectively
- women used a more democratic or participativestyle than men" and men used a more autocraticand directive style than women
- men and women were e%ually assertive
- women eecutives" when rated !y their peers"managers and direct reports" scored higher thantheir male counterparts on a variety oefectiveness criteria
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
10/63
14
5reat Man (+erson) Approach
o/!ht to identi"y
the traits e""ective
leaders possessed
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
11/63
11
99Traits of Traits of
EffectiveEffectiveLeadersLeaders
IntegrityIntegrity
FlexibilityFlexibility
ensitivityto others
ensitivityto others
IntelligenceIntelligence
Locus ofControl
Locus ofControl
!igh energy!igh energy
"o#inance"o#inance
elf$confidentelf$confident
tabilitytability
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
12/63
16
7ey Leadership &raits to
evelop■ el"8-on"idence■ &r/st9orthiness
■ Assertiveness■ %otional tability■ ense o" :/or ■ el"8A9areness and el"8;bectivity
■ -o!nitive
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
13/63
13
&rait &heories
Liitations
= >o /niversal traits "o/nd that predict leadership
in all sit/ations
= nclear evidence o" the ca/se and e""ect o"
relationship o" leadership and traits
=Better predictor o" the appearance o" leadershipthan distin!/ishin! e""ective and ine""ective
leaders
Liitations
= >o /niversal traits "o/nd that predict leadership
in all sit/ations
= nclear evidence o" the ca/se and e""ect o"
relationship o" leadership and traits
= Better predictor o" the appearance o" leadership
than distin!/ishin! e""ective and ine""ectiveleaders
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
14/63
1$
Leadership
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
15/63
1'
■ Behavio/ral &heory■ Iply that leaders can be trained * "oc/s on
the 9ay o" doin! thin!s
* tr/ct/re based behavio/ral theories * "oc/s on
the leader instit/tin! str/ct/res * tas< orientated * @elationship based behavio/ral theories * "oc/s
on the developent and aintenance o"
relationships * process orientated
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
16/63
1
Io9a tate niversity
Leadership tyles
A/tocratic...........................eocratic
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
17/63
10
&he niversity o" Michi!an
;ne8iensional &9oLeadership tyles Model
ob -entered........%ployee -enteredob -entered........%ployee -entered
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
18/63
12
&ypes o" Leadership tyle
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
19/63
1
&ypes o" Leadership tyle
■ A/tocratic
* Leader a
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
20/63
64
&ypes o" Leadership tyle
■ eocratic■ %nco/ra!es decision a
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
21/63
61
&ypes o" Leadership tyle
■eocratic * May help otivation and involveent * Wor
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
22/63
66
&ypes o" Leadership tyle
■ LaisseD8#aire * ELet it beF * the leadership responsibilitiesare shared by all
* -an be very /se"/l in b/sinesses
9here creative ideas are iportant
* -an be hi!hly otivational,as people have control over their 9or
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
23/63
The Ohio State & University ofThe Ohio State & University of
MichiganMichigan
Two-Dimensional LeadershipTwo-Dimensional LeadershipStylesStyles
Ohio State UniversityHigh
Low Structure High Structure
and and
High onsideration High
onsideration
Low Structure High
Structure
and and
Low onsideration Low
onsiderationLow
!nitiating StructureLow Hi h
O
"
S
!
D
#
$
%
T
!
O
"
3$%
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
24/63
la'e( Mouton( and Mcansela'e( Mouton( and McanseLeadership )ridLeadership )rid
OO
""
##
$$""
--
**
##
OO
**
LL##
+ O"#$" for *$ODUT!O"O"#$" for *$ODUT!O" ,Low
High
Low
High
+(,ountry lu
+(+ ,(+
,(,
.(.
I#poverished
Tea# Leader
&iddle of the 'oad
(uthority$Co#pliance
3$)
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
25/63
-ontin!ency-ontin!ency
LeadershipLeadership
&heories&heories
6'
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
26/63
Follo*ersFollo*ersCapability
&otivation
Follo*ersFollo*ersCapability
&otivation
Leader Leader +ersonality traits
Behavior Experience
Leader Leader +ersonality traits
Behavior Experience
Contingency LeadershipContingency Leadership
Fra#e*or, -ariablesFra#e*or, -ariables
Contingency LeadershipContingency Leadership
Fra#e*or, -ariablesFra#e*or, -ariables
ituationituationTas,
tructureEnviron#ent
ituationituationTas,
tructureEnviron#ent
%$3
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
27/63
60
-ontin!ency Leadership Model
■sed to deterine i"oneFs style is tas< or
relationship oriented
and i" the sit/ation
atches the leaderFs
style to aCiiDe
per"orance.
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
28/63
FollowersFollowers
Leader . &e#ber 'elations
FollowersFollowers
Leader . &e#ber 'elations
Leader Leader Leader Leader
The Contingency LeadershipThe Contingency Leadership&odel -ariables /ithin&odel -ariables /ithin
The Contingency LeadershipThe Contingency LeadershipFra#e*or,Fra#e*or,
The Contingency LeadershipThe Contingency Leadership&odel -ariables /ithin&odel -ariables /ithin
The Contingency LeadershipThe Contingency LeadershipFra#e*or,Fra#e*or,
SituationSituation
Tas, tructure+osition +o*er
SituationSituation
Tas, tructure+osition +o*er
LeadershipLeadershipStylesStylesTas,
'elationship
LeadershipLeadershipStylesStylesTas,
'elationship
%$%
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
29/63
Leader$Leader$
#e#ber #e#ber relationsrelations
Tas, structureTas, structure
+osition po*er +osition po*er
33
-ariables of-ariables ofituationalituational
Favorableness0Favorableness0
33
-ariables of-ariables ofituationalituational
Favorableness0Favorableness0
%$1
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
30/63
34
■ -ontin!ency &heories
■ Leadership as bein! ore "leCible * di""erentleadership styles /sed at di""erent ties
dependin! on the circ/stance.
■ /!!ests leadership is not a "iCed series o"characteristics that can be transposed into
di""erent conteCts
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
31/63
31
■ Leadership are depend on these
sit/ations
* &ype o" sta""
*:istory o" the b/siness * -/lt/re o" the b/siness
* G/ality o" the relationships
* >at/re o" the chan!es needed * Accepted nors 9ithin the instit/tion
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
32/63
&he Leadership -ontin// Model
sed to deterine 9hich one o" seven
styles to select based on oneFs /se o"
boss-centered versus subordinateboss-centered versus subordinate
centeredcentered leadership to eet the sit/ation.
%$)
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
33/63
Tannenaum andTannenaum andSchmidt/sSchmidt/s
Leadership ontinuumLeadership ontinuumModelModel
+0Leader
ma'esdecisionandannounces it toemploye
eswithoutdiscussion0
10Leaderma'es adecisionand sellsit toemploye
es0
20Leaderpresentsideasandinvitesemploye
e3uestions0
40Leaderpresentstentativedecisionsu5ectto
change0
.0Leaderpresentsprolem(getssuggestions( and
ma'esdecision0
60Leaderde7neslimitsand as's
employe
es toma'e adecision0
80Leaderpermitsemployees toma'eongoing
decisions withinde7nedlimits0
%utocratic%utocratic*articipativ*articipativ
%$2
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
34/63
House *ath-)oalHouse *ath-)oal
Leadership ModelLeadership Model SituationalSituationalFactorsFactors
Subordinate•authoritative•locus ofcontrol•aility
Environment •tas'structure•formal
authority
•wor' group
LeadershipLeadershi p
StylesStyles
Directive
Supportive
*articipative
%chievement-oriented
GoalGoal
Achievement Achievement
*erformance
Satisfaction
%$4
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
35/63
3'
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
36/63
3
@obert :o/se and +ath85oal &heory
■ -lai that 9ay leader behaves 9ith respect to !oals and
"ollo9ers in"l/ences the leadership ipact
■ Leadership e""ectiveness is shaped by sit/ationalcirc/stances
■ In line 9ith conteporary theories at the tie, "oc/s onleaderFs consideration o" "ollo9ersF needs and the tas<
str/ct/re
■ it/ations o" abi!/ity dra9 ore on directional leadershipand repetitive 9or< conteCts re/ire ore consideration andenco/ra!eent
■ &ransactional nat/re o" early 9or< led :o/se to re"or/latetheory to be ore ali!ned 9ith ne9 leadership ideas
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
37/63
FollowersFollowers
Follo*er &aturity
FollowersFollowers
Follo*er &aturity
Leader Leader 5one
Leader Leader 5one
The ituational Leadership &odelThe ituational Leadership &odel-ariables /ithin-ariables /ithin
The Contingency LeadershipThe Contingency LeadershipFra#e*or, -ariablesFra#e*or, -ariables
The ituational Leadership &odelThe ituational Leadership &odel-ariables /ithin-ariables /ithin
The Contingency LeadershipThe Contingency LeadershipFra#e*or, -ariablesFra#e*or, -ariables
SituationSituationTas,
SituationSituationTas,Tellingelling
+articipating"elegating
Tellingelling+articipating"elegating
L’Ship StylesL’Ship Styles
%$
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
38/63
32
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
39/63
FollowersFollowers
ubordinates
FollowersFollowers
ubordinates
Leader Leader
5one
Leader Leader
5one
ubstitute for Leadershipubstitute for Leadership
-ariables /ithin the Contingency-ariables /ithin the ContingencyLeadership Fra#e*or, -ariablesLeadership Fra#e*or, -ariables
ubstitute for Leadershipubstitute for Leadership
-ariables /ithin the Contingency-ariables /ithin the ContingencyLeadership Fra#e*or, -ariablesLeadership Fra#e*or, -ariables
SituationSituationTas,
6rgani7ation
SituationSituationTas,
6rgani7ation
%$8
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
40/63
$4
Inspirational Approaches to
Leadership
-harisatic Leadership &heory#ollo9ers a
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
41/63
$1
7ey -haracteristics o" -harisatic
Leaders1. Hision and artic/lation. :as a visioneCpressed as an
idealiDed !oalthat proposes a "/t/re better than the stat/s /oJand is able to clari"y the iportance o" the vision in ters that are
/nderstandable to others
6. +ersonal ris
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
42/63
$6
Beyond -harisatic Leadership
■ Level ' Leaders * +ossess a "i"th diensiona paradoCical blend o" personal
h/ility and pro"essional 9illin addition to the "o/r basic
leadership /alities o" individ/al capability, tea s
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
43/63
$3
134Fs 1'4Fs * 14Fs 104Fs * 124Fs 14Fs 6444 * -/rrent
W:A&
&@AI& &:%;@K
A-&I;>
B%:AHI;@AL
&:%;@I%
O$" "OT M%D# M%D# "OT O$" " O O"# #ST ST:L# ;!SDOM
;hio tate
@%%A@
-:
&heory , K
. Michi!an
Mana!erial 5rid
&heory
:;W
I&A&I;>ALN
-;>&I5%>-K &:%;@I%
+ath85oal
:ersey8BlanebardFs
#iedlerFs
&ransactional Leadership
&rans"orational
Leadership
Hisionary Leadership
/per Leadership
:eoric Leadership
ervant Leadership
Moral Leadership
LM Leadership
A/thentic Leadership
Level ', 5ood to 5reatLeadership
A!natic Leadership
&oCic Leadership
I5"T'(LI(TI65 E'(
;56/LE"
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
44/63
Leader$&e#ber Exchange Theory
$$
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
45/63
;vervie9
$'
LM &heory escription
LM &heory +erspective
%arly t/dies
Later t/dies
+hases in Leadership Ma
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
46/63
$
e"inition
■Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory:–conceptualizes leadership as a process •that is centered on theinteractions between a leader andsubordinates
■ o#e theories focus on leaders: * trait approach, s
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
47/63
$0
iensions o" Leadership
L&? theory a
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
48/63
$2
LM &heory escription
+erspective+erspective
■ Development - L&? theory first described by"ansereau@
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
49/63
$
%arly t/dies
■ First studies ofL&? called D-ertical "yadLin,age -"L * #oc/s on the
vertical lin
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
50/63
'4
%arly t/dies
■ Leaders *or, unit as a *hole *as vie*ed as a series ofvertical dyads leader for#s uniGue relationship *itheach subordinate
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
51/63
'1
%arly t/dies, contFd.
■ 'esearchers found t*o general types of lin,ages orrelationships D those based on:
* %panded"negotiated role responsi!ilities &etra-roles' ( in-
group
= 'elationships #ar,ed by #utual trust@ respect@ li,ing@
and reciprocal influence= 'eceive #ore infor#ation@ influence@ confidence@ and
concern than out$group #e#bers
* Formal employment contract &defined-roles' ( out-group
= 'elationships #ar,ed by for#al co##unication based
on Hob descriptions
% l t di tFd
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
52/63
'6
%arly t/dies, contFd.
■ In$group.out$group status based on ho9 9ells/bordinate 9or
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
53/63
Su!ordinate
In-Group)ut-*roup
Leader
In$
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
54/63
Later tudies
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
55/63
Later tudies
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
56/63
Leadership &a,ing
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
57/63
+hases in Leadership Ma
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
58/63
Leadership &a,ing
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
59/63
Leadership &a,ing
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
60/63
Leadership &a,ing
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
61/63
■ Best /nderstood 9ithin the Leadership Making Model(Graen & Uhl-Bien)
* Leader "ors special relationships 9ith all s/bordinates
* Leader sho/ld o""er each s/bordinate an opport/nity "or ne9rolesNresponsibilities
* Leader sho/ld n/rt/re hi!h8/ality eCchan!es 9ith all s/bordinates
* @ather than concentratin! on di""erences, leader "oc/ses on 9ays to
b/ild tr/st O respect 9ith all s/bordinates * res/ltin! in entire 9or<
!ro/p becoin! an in8!ro/p
3rescriptively4
:o9 does LM
theory 9or
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
62/63
trengths
■ LM theory validates o/r eCperience o" ho9 people9ithin or!aniDations relate to each other and the leader
■ LM theory is the only leadership approach that a
8/18/2019 early theories of leadership .ppt
63/63
Criticis#s
■ Inadvertently s/pports the developent o" privile!ed!ro/ps in the 9or