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Early Societies and Early Exploration. Test Review. Why and how did Native American tribes form different types of societies?. Native Americans built tribes based on food availability, housing and shelter, protection, and education and culture. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Early Societies and
Early ExplorationTest Review
Why and how did Native American tribes form different types of societies?
Native Americans built tribes based on food availability, housing and shelter, protection, and education and culture
What is the difference between a society and a civilization?
Society vs. CivilizationO A group of people with common interests,
customs, and ways of lifeO Complex societies in which people share
important characteristics such as language, religion, art, dress, and political structure
A civilization is a larger, more complex society through which inhabitants develop education and organized culture.
What are the benefits of large, more complex societies?
O Build bigger citiesO Cultivate larger farmsO Store extra foodO Form immense armies
What are some possible reasons large societies disappeared or were destroyed?
O Catastrophic weatherO DiseaseO WarfareO Widespread famineO Internal political revolt
What were some Incan accomplishments?
O Accurate calendarO Early clockO System of paved roads
Why would these accomplishments made the Inca still important today?
All of these accomplishments led to further advancements in education and technology.
Why is the Aztec still an important civilization to our existence today?
The Aztec created a unified population with central government, using military alliances and warfare to control neighboring societies, enforced laws and collected taxed after conquering neighbors.
The Aztec form of government and military control has led future societies in centralized government and widespread control.
What is the role of religion in the societies and civilizations of ancient Americas?
O Native Americans – gods of sun, moon, sky, crops, rivers, animals
O Aztec – feared Cortes was a god; showered him with gifts
Many ancient civilization, including those in Europe, Africa, and the Americas rely on religious beliefs to guide culture, government, and other aspects of life.
How did slavery exist in Africa and ancient American civilizations before becoming what it
was in the United States?
Africans conquered smaller local tribes and enslaved enemies to:O Gain large populationO Deplete rival’s military strengthO Trade for crops, weapons, gold, and other
resources
What events changed Europe before nations began exploring the Americas?
O Hundred Years WarO Great FamineO Black DeathO ReformationO RenaissanceO Printing press
How do you think these events led to worldwide exploration?
Tragedy stripped nations of people and money so Europeans were looking for ways to build the economy.
The Renaissance opened doors to new possibilities.
Eventually, the Reformation made people want a land for religious freedom… but we’ll get there.
What nation originally led the race to colonize the Americas?
Spain.
What explorers sailed Spain and what accomplishments did they produce?
O Hernando Cortes – conquered Aztecs; won Mexico
O Christopher Columbus – found Caribbean Islands
O Ferdinand Magellan – sailed around tip of S. America
O Francisco Pizzaro – conquered Inca; won PeruO Cabeza de Vaca – searched for city of goldO Vazquez de Coronado – searched for city of goldO Hernando de Soto – searched for city of goldO Rodriguez Cabrillo – searched for city of gold
Why did Spain have conflict with other European nations as all nations expanded their
explorations? What were these conflicts – how did they
com about, who won, and what were the effects?
Territory and religion. Spain felt it had rights to new lands and wanted to spread Catholicism over Protestantism.
O Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain thought it had claim to all new lands west of this line agreed upon by Spain and Portugal.
O Spanish Armada – Spain, frustrated by English piracy, attacked England and lost. Small English ships zipped around Spanish fleet and drove them off.
O St. Augustine – Spanish unit attacked French colony and slaughtered colonists.
What were the goals of European exploration?
O MissionariesO WarO Trade
How did countries bring them about?
• Spread Christianity.• Expand empires.• Become richer.
How did the Spanish succeed in conquering native nations in South and Central America?
O Spanish weakened Aztec and Inca empires by making alliances with enemies.
O Spread of European diseases killed millions of Native Americans.
O Spanish acted brutally toward the Native Americans under their control.
Describe the structure of this empire, including government, infrastructure, hierarchy, and labor
and economic systems.
Spanish GovernmentO Viceroyalty – a colony ruled
according to the mother country’s rules and laws; ruled by a viceroy, a ruler acting in the king’s or queen’s name
Spanish InfrastructureO Roads stretched outward from
Mexico city and LimaO Quick and easy access to other areas
for soldiersO Improved economy; goods could be
transported efficiently
Spanish Hierarchy
Spanish-born colonists
Creoles – people of Spanish descent born in the colonies
Mestizos – people of mixed Spanishand Native American descent
Native Americans and enslaved Africans
Spanish Labor and Economic Systems
O Encomiendas – Native Americans work to pay tribute to conquerors
O Haciendas – farms where encomiendas were worked off
O Plantations – farms for cash crops; encomiendas could be worked off here or there may be slaves or hired help
O Goods exported to earn money for the colonies or for the crown
What was the influence of the Church throughout exploration, inlcuding the structure goals,
and products of missions?
O Mission – settlement that included a church, a town, and farmlands
Goals of Missions
O Created better food supplyO Protect Native Americans from enemiesO Educated native Americans (read and write)O Taught skills, such as carpentry and
metalworking
Products of Missions
• To convert Native Americans to Christianity• To civilize Native Americans to Spanish
customs• To increase Spanish control over land
What was Las Casas’ moral dilemma while teaching the colonies? What did he do to address
this problem?
O How can a person serve God and enslave Native Americans at the same time?
O He fought for the better treatment of Native Americans and became known as the “Protector of the Indians.”
What were the positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange?
O Positive:O Many crops and animals thrived in AmericaO American crops became staples of European dietO Blended goods and culture made the world a closer
international communityO Negative: Disease
O Native Americans did not have time to build immunity
O Wiped out communities and geographic areasO Smallpox, measles, and influenza were especially
deadly
What are the problems with using Native Americans as slaves in the Americas?
O Died from overwork and diseaseO Rebelled with help of locals
Why were Africans a better solution for slavery?
O Immune to most European diseasesO Had no friends or family in the
Americas to help them resist or escape enslavement
O Provided a permanent source of cheap labor; children, too, could be held on bond
How did the slave trade work?
O African kings capture inland AfricansO Kings traded captured Africans for
goodsO Europeans brought slaves to
Americas and sold them to plantation owners
O Trade strengthened coastal African tribes and weakened inland ones, perpetuating the slave trade
What were the conditions like on the Middle Passage?
O Cramped spaces – slaves did not have personal space or even their own bed
O Smells – no bathrooms or bathing; buckets stood for toilets and they often sat or slept in their own excrement
O Disease – many slaves died during the trip from various diseases; the unclean conditions bred germs
O Suicide – some jumped off ships to get any kind of freedom
What were the effects of slavery and racism?
O Europeans associated slavery with black Africans, and thus thought of dark-skinned people as inferior
O Slavery was part of the Columbian Exchange as African slaves brought culture to AmericaO Africans brought knowledge of farming and livestockO Americans took crops to Africa
How did Africans develop a cultural identity in the Americas?
O African HeritageO Mix of African tribes added depth to
African American cultureO Music, dance, and storytelling as
important piece of culture