Early Republic Unit 6. ★ Honesty ★ Courage ★ Inspirational ★ Thoughtful Leadership Qualities

Early RepublicUnit 6

★Honesty★Courage★ Inspirational★Thoughtful

Leadership Qualities

Washington (Washington, George)

And (Adams, John)

Jefferson (Jefferson, Thomas)

Get Mad (Madison, James)

On Monday (Monroe, James)

*Washington and Jefferson get mad on Mondays. *

1st 5 Presidents Acronym

1st President

1789-1797

George Washington

Examples of George Washington’s Leadership Qualities:

★ Led the Continental Army during the American Revolution★ Led the Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia Convention)★ Served as the First President of the United States for two

terms★ Established the role of the President

George Washington - 1st President

★ Took place in Philadelphia in 1787

★ George Washington was the leader

★ Goal: to fix The Articles of Confederation

★ The fix: Wrote the Constitution

★ Father of the Constitution - James Madison

Constitutional Convention

Issues faced by George Washington when he was President:

★ Domestic Problem : Whiskey Rebellion★ Setting up the nation’s courts : Judiciary Act of 1789★ Defining the authority of the central government :

Presidential Cabinet★ Creating a stable economy : National Bank


Maintaining National Security : Whiskey Rebellion★ What: a rebellion★ Who: farmers in Western Pennsylvania ★ Why: The government was taxing the grain that the farmers

used to make whiskey. The tax decreased the profits on the grain they produced.

★ Outcome: George Washington sent out federal troops to stop the uprising.

★ Realization: The federal government was too weak to stop uprisings.


Setting up the nation’s court system : Federal Judiciary Act 1789

★ Federal Judiciary Act 1789 - a law that designed the state and federal court system


Foreign Policy : Neutrality

★ George Washington declared neutrality in 1793 when the British and French went to war against each other.

★ He believed that the United States must remain a neutral third party in order to survive.


Defining the authority of the central government : Presidential Cabinet

Issue: The Constitution doesn’t mention a “cabinet.” It does state that the President may seek advice from heads of executive departments.

Solution: Washington set a “cabinet” that was used as a precedent for all Presidents.

Presidential Cabinet: Officers are nominated by the President. The nominees are either rejected or confirmed by The Senate. (example of checks & balances)



Creating a stable economy for the nation : National Bank

Issue: The United States had substantial debt after the American Revolution

Solution: Creation of a national bank

Justification: “Necessary and Proper Clause” This clause in the Constitution allows the federal government to carry out the government’s duties. In other words, it was necessary for the government to create a national bank in order to strengthen the nation’s economy.

Impact of George Washington’s Farewell Address:

★ Urged the nation to remain neutral and stay away from permanent alliances with any part of the foreign world.

★ Recognized that political parties were dangerous and that they could weakened the nation.

★ His advice contributed to many future U.S. foreign policies.


2nd President

1797 - 1801

John Adams - 2nd President

Examples of John Adams’ leadership qualities:

★ defended the British troops after the Boston Massacre★ Worked on The Declaration of Independence with Thomas

Jefferson★ Served on the Continental Congress★ First Vice-President of the United States★ 2nd President of the United States


Maintaining National Security: XYZ Affair

Issue: Britain and France were at war. The French were seizing American ships to keep the Americans from trading with Britain.

Details: French agents X,Y and Z met with American diplomats in France to negotiate with the French in order to stop the seizing of American ships. Agents X, Y and Z, demanded a bribe be paid before the American diplomats could begin formal negotiations. (Americans would have to give France a $10 million loan and pay a $250,000 bribe to Primes Minister Talleyrand of France.


Solution: John Adams refused to pay the bribe. Congress cancelled their treaties with France. John Adams avoided war with France even though many Americans disagreed with his decision.

Realization: John Adams realized that money needed to be set aside to strengthen the United States military.


Defining the authority of the central government : Alien & Sedition Acts

Issue: Laws targeting immigrants in order to “strengthen national security”

Background Info: This happened after the French seized Americans ships and demanded a bribe from American diplomats. The Alien & Sedition Acts were supported by the Federalists. Federalists said the acts would strengthen national security. Critics of the Alien & Sedition Acts said that it was an attempt to quiet voters that disagreed with the Federalist Party.


Details: The Naturalization Act required that immigrants had to live in the United States for 14 years before they could become citizens. Before the acts, the residency requirement was 5 years to become a citizen. During this time, immigrants could be removed from the United States or jailed for disagreeing with the United States government. They could also be removed or jailed for sedition. Sedition is saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government.

Outcome: When Thomas Jefferson won the Presidential election of 1801, he denounced (ended) the Alien & Sedition Acts.


Origin and development of political parties: Federalists & Democratic-Republicans

Origin: Political Parties started because Americans disagreed over the power of the federal government.

Federalists: Federalists were in favor of a strong central government. They interpreted the Constitution loosely. They favored the creation of a national bank and tariffs. Federalists promoted manufacturing over agriculture. They were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. Federalists were supported by Northern merchants and manufacturers.


Democratic Republicans: Democratic Republicans were in favor of limiting the power of the central government. They interpreted the Constitution strictly. Democratic Republicans promoted agriculture over manufacturing. They did not want a national bank or tariffs. Democratic Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They were supported by Southern farmers and workers.


3rd President1801 - 1809

Thomas Jefferson - 3rd President

Examples of Thomas Jeffersons’ leadership qualities:

★ Wrote the Declaration of Independence★ Fought for individual liberties★ First Secretary of the United States★ 3rd President of the United States


Setting up the nation’s court system:

Court Case: Marbury v. Madison - 1803

Issue: Thomas Jefferson ordered James Madison not to deliver John Adams’ last minute judicial appointments.

Details: John Adams had lost the 1801 Presidential election to Thomas Jefferson. John Adams was a Federalist. Adams had appointed Federalists to be judges.


Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic Republican. Jefferson did not approve of John Adams’ Federalist appointed judges. Thomas Jefferson, through his Secretary of State James Madison, prevented the judges from receiving their appointments. James Madison did not deliver the appointments to the Federalist judges. John Marbury sued James Madison because he didn’t get appointment to become a judge.


Court’s Decision:John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, said that the law that allowed John Marbury to sue James Madison was unconstitutional.

Significance:John Marshall’s decision set the precedent of judicial review. Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court to determine if a law is constitutional.


Defining the authority of the central government: Louisiana Purchase 1803

The deal: Thomas Jefferson paid France $15 million for the Louisiana Territory.

Significance: The size of the United States is doubled from this land purchase.


Foreign Policy: Embargo Act of 1807

What the act did: The act prohibited Americans from trading with foreign nations.

Purpose: The Embargo Act of 1807 was to prevent America from entering the Napoleonic Wars. (Series of wars between French Empires)


Outcome: The act failed and hurt the American economy.

★ Thomas Jefferson was following George Washington’s advice regarding neutrality and avoiding foreign involvement.


4th President

1809- 1817

James Madison - 4th President

Examples of James Madison’s leadership qualities:

★ Commander and chief during the War of 1812


http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-madison/videos/james-madison-and-the-war-of-1812

James Madison – 4th President




Significance of the War of 1812: America vs. Britain Established the United States as a powerful

force No territory was lost or gained No clear winner


Foreign Policy: Causes of the War of 1812

★ British impressment of soldiers★ Shipping interference★ British supported American Indian resistance against

Americans in the Northwest Territory★ War Hawks persuaded Congress to support a declaration of

war against Britain


Impressment:Step 1: France tried to involve the Americans in their war with Britain.Step 2: George Washington claimed neutrality and tried to discourage American involvement in the war. Step 3: Some French ships were seizing British vessels and stole their cargo.Step 4: The British got mad and targeted American ships that traded with the French. This is known as shipping interference.Step 5: The British also forced the American seamen into the Navy. The forcing of troops into your armed service is called impressment. Step 6: The British attacks and impressment pushed the Americans and Britain closer to war.


American Indian Resistance: Step 1: Ohio became a state in 1803. Step 2: White settlers wanted the land in the Ohio River Valley/Northwest Territory because of the potential for fur trading. Step 3: The white settlers were moving on this land because of the treaties between them and the Native Americans. These treaties made Native Americans give up millions of acres of land.Step 4: Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, brought Native Americans into a confederacy. This confederation was backed by the British. Tecumseh felt that a strong alliance with Britain would keep white settlers from moving on these lands.


War Hawks:Origin: War Hawks were young Republicans that were elected to Congress in 1810.Beliefs: ★ War Hawks wanted President Madison to go to war with

Britain. ★ War Hawks also wanted to expand the nation’s power.★ War Hawks wanted to expand the power of the U.S. military.


Important events during the War of 1812:

★ 1814 Attack on Washington D.C

★ Fort McHenry

★ Battle of New Orleans

★ Treaty of Ghent


1814 Attack on Washington D.C. The British attacked and occupied Washington D.C. They set fire to the public buildings there. A portrait of George Washington, painted by Gilbert Stuart hung in the White House. The portrait was saved by Dolley Madison before the White House burned down.

A storm put the fire out. The British didn’t stay there. They moved onto Baltimore.

It is rumored that the White House was painted white in 1814 to cover up the burn marks after the British set fire to it.


http://www.history.com/topics/first-ladies/dolley-madison/videos/dolley-madison-saves-washingtons-portrait





Gilbert Stuart Portrait ofGeorge Washington

Portrait rescued by Dolly Madison when the WhiteHouse was burning.


Fort McHenry:

On September 1814, the British bombarded Fort McHenry for 25 hours. The British ships could not make it to Boston Harbor because the Americans guarded it well, with 22 sunken ships and cannons. The British were able to get close enough to bombard Fort McHenry with rockets and mortars.

Francis Scott Key was a prisoner, watching as Fort McHenry was bombarded. In the morning, after all night bombardment, the United States Flag still flew. Francis Scott Key was so excited and emotional that he wrote a poem.


The poem was titled “Defence of Fort McHenry.” The Star Spangled Banner was derived from his poem.

http://youtu.be/mm-8a6YrCSo




Treaty of Ghent:The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The U.S and Britain went back to their “pre-war” relationship.

Battle of New Orleans:

The “Treaty of Ghent” was in the process when the war began. The “Treaty of Ghent” ended the War of 1812. The British were trying to seize the Port of New Orleans as well as the land America had bought with the Louisiana Purchase. General Andrew Jackson beat the British and this defeat made him an American hero.


Effects of the War of 1812:

● The United States gained international respect internationally for withstanding British attack.

● The professionalism of the U.S. Army improved.● Tha manufacturing capabilities of the U.S expanded.


Manufacturing Capabilities Expanded:

When the British blockaded the American coast, a shortage of cotton was created.

Prior to the blockade, the United States shipped cotton as a raw material, to Britain. The cotton was turned into cloth and sent back to the United States. This was the beginning of cotton-manufacturing.

Many cotton- manufacturing factories were located in the north. This is how the United States was able to become independent of Britain regarding the cotton industry.


• Interruption of trade during War of 1812 causes Americans to rely on U.S. manufactured goods which results in an increase of production of cotton cloth.

• Improvements were made to transportation routes

including the building of roads and canals. Ex.: Erie Canal

opens 1825

• Tariffs were placed on imported goods, which helped to

promote U.S. manufacturing.

War of 1812 – Economic Change

Established one of the basic principles of American foreign policy with The Monroe Doctrine.

James Monroe - 5th President

James Monroe - 5th President

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Early Republic Unit 6. ★ Honesty ★ Courage ★ Inspirational ★ Thoughtful Leadership Qualities