EARLY LATIN AMERICAChapter 19

c. 1500…before conquest

Vocabulary:

1. Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile

2. Encomiendas

3. Hispaniola

4. Hernán Cortés

5. Moctezuma II

6. Mexico City

7. New Spain

8. Francisco Pizarro

9. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado

10. Mita

11. Columbian Exchange

12. Haciendas

13. Galleons

14. Viceroyalties

15. Pedro Alvares Cabral

17. Rio de Janeiro

18. Sociedad de castas

19. Peninsulares

20. Creoles

21. Charles III

22. Tupac Amaru

23. Carribbean

24. Enlightened despotism

Spain & Portuguese ExplorationsA – ________________

B – ________________

C – ________________

D – ________________

E – ________________

F – ________________

G – ________________

Spain & Portuguese ExplorationsA – Dias…Portugal

B – Pizarro…Spain

C – da Gama…Portugal

D – Cabral…Portugal

E – Portugal

F – Cortez…Spain

G – Magellan…Spain

I. Spain and Portugal

A. Iberian Peninsula

1. Zone of cultural contact

a. Arab Muslims invade in 8th century

b. Long multicultural period

2. Reconquest (Reconquista)

a. Small Christian states move toward unification

b. 1492 – Last Muslim kingdom falls at Granada

c. Jews expelled from Castile

B. Ways of Life…Iberian Style1. Features

a. Strongly urbanized

b. People coming to the New World sought to raise their socialstatus…desired to own land

c. Encomiendas (large estates worked by Indians)

--Maintained a heavily patriarchal culture

d. Centralized, professional governments, as in Iberia

e. Government had close ties to the Roman Catholic Church

f. Iberian Slavery came to the

New World, mainly from Portugal

The merchants of Portugal and Spain

had extensive experience with the

slave trade and plantation agriculture

on the earlier colonized Atlantic

islands.

C. Conquest…a Timeline

1. First stage, 1492-1570

a. Foundations of administration and economy

2. Second stage, 1570-1700

a. New society, colonial institutions take shape

3. Third stage, 1700s

a. Colonial reform and reorganization paved the way for the discontent and unrest that was to come

D. The Caribbean Model of Colonization

1. Spanish actions in Latin America based on this system

Establish Colonies Cities Formed

Form Encomiendas

Indians as Laborers

Diseases decimate

Grid System

Central Plazas

Professional Bureaucrats

2. New People in Latin American Society

a. African slaves, Spanish women come to the Americas; beginning of a new society

b. Ranches and sugar plantations replace gold-searching

3. Church begins to build cathedrals and universities

4. Bartolomé de las Casas

a. Opposes abuses of Indians

Marks a shiftfrom conquestto settlement!

E. How the Conquests Happened

1. Conquests were not together…series of individual explorations

2. Mexico (1519)

a. Cortés attacks Aztecs

b. Tenochtitlancaptured

c. Moctezuma II killed

d. By 1535, central Mexico under Spain

--Kingdom of New Spain

Aztecs surrender to Cortes

3. Inca

a. Inca weakened by civil war

b. Francisco Pizarro begins conquest (1532)

c. Capital city of Cuzco falls in 1533

d. Spaniards build new capital at Lima

e. By 1540 Peru was under Spanish control

4. American Southwest

a. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

--Exploration in the 1540s

5. Chile

a. Pedro de Valdivia

--Conquers central Chile

--1541, founds SantiagoFrancisco Coronado

Pedro de Valdivia

F. Who were the conquerors?

1. Were regulated by contracts between the crown and the leaders of expeditions…followers get booty

2. Were not professional soldiers, wanted glory & fortune…the “three G’s – God, Gold, Glory”

3. Felt entitled to dominate Indian peasantry

4. They triumphed because of horses, weapons, ruthless leadership, and disease

5. By the late 1500’s this period of conquest was drawing to a close

G. Justification of Conquests???? HOW?, WHY?

1. Indians were not fully human…could and should be controlled.

2. Conversion to Christianity had to be done…even if it was forced conversion.

3. Again, the work of Father Bartolomé de las Casas helps the cause of the Indians.

a. Was really too late; Indian society had suffered irreparable damage.

II. How American Societies Changed

A. Using the Indians

1. Encomiendas – Land grants to conquerors

a. Natives used as labor and tax source…adds to decline of native populations

b. This system was modified by the crown, fearing a threat…was essentially gone by the early 1600s

2. Mita…Native system of forced labor…replaces the encomienda system

a. Natives used for state projects…especially mines

3. Enslavement prohibited by the mid 1500s

Populations decline drastically;Indians are moved to towns and their

lands are seized.

Population of New Spain (Mexico)

B. The Columbian Exchange…Again

Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

III. Colonial Politics…Colonial Economics

A. Silver Mining…by the mid 1500s in Mexico and Peru

1. Potosí, Bolivia was the largest

2. Zacatecas, Mexico

3. Demand for other goods by mines an miners helped the overall economy

Most people work in agriculture and ranching; mining was the most important. The economy was centered around the exchange of new world metals,

especially silver, in return for European manufactured goods.This made Latin America a dependent part of the world economic system.

Large urban areas grew around these

mines!!!!

Treasures from the Americas

B. Haciendas…Spanish agricultural estates

1. Produce for domestic use…almost no exports

2. Give rise to local aristocracy

3. Basically made Latin America self-sufficient

C. Business

1. Sheep raising led to the formation of a textile industry

2. Silver trade was the king

3. All trade was reserved only for Spaniards

4. Convoys cross Atlantic protected by galleons…ships with very heavy armament

5. Much of the silver imported by Spain left the country…this led to an increased level of inflation all across Europe

D. Governing a “New World” Empire

1. Spanish Empire

a. King at top…ruled through the council of Indies

b. Viceroyalties…Mexico City, Lima

--Leaders had extensive powers

c. Clergy

--Religious and secular functions; converted Indians, usually supported government actions

military, legislative & judicial powers

The Church played a vital role in almost all areas of colonial life!

Spaniards used upper class Indians to serve administrative purposes!

IV. Brazil

A. 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral…was searching for route to India

1. Original interest in Brazil was due to dyewood trees…eventually land grants led to sugar plantations.

2. Port cities begin to develop to serve the sugar industry.

Economy basedalmost totally

on Sugarplantations

B. Slavery

1. Sugar was extremely labor intensive

2. Brazil became the first “plantation colony”

Slaves working in a Brazilian sugar mill!

3. White plantation-owners dominate society

a. Slaves at bottom…great variety in between

b. By the end of the 17th century, slaves were half of the population

4. Government in Brazil

a. Large bureaucracy in charge

b. Regional governors had great power…reported directly to Lisbon

c. Missionaries run ranches, schools

d. Government wanted to stop any intellectual developments;therefore, no universities or printing

C. Brazil's Gold

1. Trouble in paradise

a. The Dutch, English, & French found sugar plantations in the Caribbean

--As a result, the price of sugar drops, and slaves become more expensive

2. Gold to the Rescue

a. Explorers into interior discover gold…new settlements were quickly formed…slaves worked the mines

b. Government controls production

c. Gold & diamonds open interior to settlement

--devastates Indian populations

--weakens coastal agriculture

Minas Gerais

3. Rio de Janeiro develops due to its proximity to the mines...eventually becomes a major port & the capital

V. Multiracial Societies

A. Castas…mixed races of Indian, European and African descent

1. By 1700s these are a major segment of the population

B. The Colonial Caste System

1. Miscengenation…mixing of the races, especially a white with another race…was the key to the development of society

a. Social distinctions were based on race AND place of birth

2. Sexual exploitation of Indian women was common

a. Society was still patriarchal…upper class women were confined to home…some lower class women worked

The Colonial Class SystemThe Colonial Class SystemThe Colonial Class SystemThe Colonial Class System

PeninsularPeninsulareses

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Spaniards born in Spain

Spaniards born inthe New World

Mixed blood – European and

Indian

Mixed blood – Slave and European

3. Creoles dominate local economy, strong sense of identity…will eventually help with independence movements

VI. Changes During the 18th Century

A. Spanish Decline

1. Poor rulers, foreign wars, internal strife

2. Conflict with France, England, Holland

a. Lost Caribbean islands

3. Silver imports drop

4. Colonies more self-sufficient

B. 1701-1713, War of the Spanish Succession…Bourbons victorious…opens the colonies to some foreign trade

Both the Spanish and Portuguese

Empires survived the intellectual

movements in Europe,

however, the seeds of their

demise had been planted.

C. Changes to the Bourbon Monarchy – take power after the war of Spanish succession

1. Charles III (1759 1788) – Bourbon Reforms

a. New dynasty strengthens Spain

b. Jesuits expelled from Spain, empire, 1767

--Church remains an ally

c. Taxation reformed

d. Ports open

e. America - new viceroyalties created

2. General reforms

a. Creoles lose high office…more efficient government

3. Spain and France as allies – Seven Years War

a. English take Havana

b. Reaction

--Better defenses of New World territory

--More Spanish troops are sent to the Americas…frontiers are extended; California settled

--State takes more control of theeconomy…monopoly companies develop new regions

--Caribbean trade opens up…hurts local industries

Changes helped the empire,but upset the colonists!

D. Brazil

1. Marquis of Pombal…very authoritarian; directed Portuguese affairs from 1755 to 1776

2. Reforms…18th Century

a. Suppressed opposition to government

b. Monopolies formed to stimulate agriculture

c. New regions flourish - including Amazon

d. Abolish slavery in Portugal but not Brazil…still dependent on it as ever

e. Increase population growth - mixed marriages encouraged

f. Rio de Janeiro the new capital

E. Changes Lead to ??????????

1. By the mid-18th century the Iberian colonies in America shared world growth in the economy, population and productive capacity

2. Reforms had disrupted old power patterns…the led to rebellions

a. New Granada…Comunero Revolt, 1781

b. Peruvian Indians…Tupac Amaru

Rebellionsdemonstrate

increased localdissatisfactionwith imperial

policies

Rebellionsdemonstrate

increased localdissatisfactionwith imperial

policies

Most rebellions failed because most racial and social groups

refused to work together against

the colonialgovernments

Most rebellions failed because most racial and social groups

refused to work together against

the colonialgovernments