5
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 86, p p . 9717-9721, December 1989 Biochemistry Quantitation o f mRNA b y t he polymerase chain reaction (transcriptional phenotype/cytokine/macrophage/atherosclerosis) ALICE M . WANG*t, MICHAEL V . DOYLEt, AND DAVID F . MARK*§ Departments o f *Molecular Biology a n d tCell Biology, Cetus Corporation, 1400 Fifty-Third Street, Emeryville, CA 94608 Communicated b y Hamilton 0 . Smith, September 14 , 1989 ABSTRACT A method f o r the quantitation o f specific mRNA species by t h e polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed b y using a synthetic R N A a s a n internal standard. T h e specific target mRNA a n d t h e internal standard are coamplified i n o n e reaction i n which th e same primers a r e used. Th e amount o f mRNA i s then quantitated b y extrapo- lating against t h e standard curve generated with t h e internal standard. T he synthetic internal standard RN A consists o f a linear array o f th e sequences o f upstream primers ofmultiple target genes followed b y t h e complementary sequences t o their downstream primers i n th e same order. This quantitative PCR method provides a rapid a nd reliable w a y t o quantify t h e amount o f a specific mRNA i n a sample o f <0.1 n g of total RNA. I n addition, the same internal standard R N A i s used, with appropriate primer pairs, to quantitate multiple different mRNA species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) i s a powerful tool to amplify small amounts o f DNA o r mRNA fo r various molecular analyses. I t h a s been used f o r RNA blot analysis (1), nuclease protection analysis (2), a n d mRNA phenotyping ( 3 ) for the study of short-lived, low-copy number, mRNA transcripts. I t h a s widespread applications i n genetic disease diagnosis ( 4 , 5 ) , disease susceptibility ( 6 , 7 ) , a n d cancer diagnosis (1, 8). However, i n most instances, th e P C R technique h as only provided qualitative results. T h e availability of quantitative P C R should provide valuable additional information f o r these a n d other applications. Quantitative P CR analyses have been used to study th e mRNA levels fo r dystrophin i n different tissues (9) a n d fo r thymidylate synthase i n tumors (10). However, these studies provide only relative comparisons o f t h e amounts o f mRNA. I t h a s been difficult t o quantitate t h e absolute amount o f specific mRNA without an internal standard of known con- centration. Because P C R amplification is a n exponential process, t h e extent o f amplification ( N ) i s given b y th e equation N = NO(l + eff)y, where No i s t h e initial amount of material, ef f i s t h e efficiency, a n d n i s t h e cycle number. Small differences i n efficiency could lead t o large differences i n t h e yield o f P C R product. Previous attempts t o quantitate P C R amplification o f mRNA sequences have involved th e us e o f a relatively invariant mRNA such a s 8-actin o r a n unrelated template a s an internal standard (9,11). However, this approach provides only comparative data, i n part b e - cause o f differences i n efficiency between t h e primer pairs f o r th e standard a n d t h e target mRNAs. Ideally, target mRNA could b e quantified most accurately b y using a n internal standard with t h e same sequence a s t h e target itself. How- ever, t o control f o r "tube effects," th e standard a n d th e target RNAs must b e amplified i n t h e same reaction tube. Unfortunately, i n this case, their P C R products cannot b e distinguished. A second approach i s to generate an allelic variant (e.g., a small deletion o r insertion i n t h e gene of interest) such that there is a smalldifference i n th e size o f t h e P C R product o f this internal standard a n d t h e P CR product o f t h e native mRNA. Creation o f a restriction enzyme site i n t h e target gene is another method that would permit distinc- tion between t h e P C R products o f t h e standard a n d target RNAs. These approaches require that a ne standard b e constructed f o r target gene. W e report herea technique i n which a synthetic RN A i s used a s a n internal standard fo r quantitating the amount o f specific mRNA b y PCR. T h e technique involves coamplification o f a target mRNA with t h e internal standard. This standard utilizes th e same primer sequences a s t h e target mRNA b u t yields a P C R product o f a different size. T h e t w o P C R products ca n then b e easily separated b y g e l electrophoresis after amplification. I n t h e exponential phase o f t h e amplification, the amount o f target mRNA c a n b e quantitated b y extrapolatingagainstthe stan- dard curve. I n addition, t h e internal standard developed here contains th e primer sequences f o r multiple genes so that th e same standard c a n b e used t o quantitate a number o f different mRNAs o f interest. T o demonstrate i ts utility, this technique h a s been applied t o t h e quantitation o f t h e mRNA levels for several lympho- kines i n human monocyte-derived macrophages i n response t o stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) a n d to th e expression o f mRNAs i n human atherosclerotic plaque tis- sue. MATERIALS A ND METHODS R N A Preparation. A synthetic gene w a s constructed b y a technique of oligonucleotide overlap extension a n d amplifi- cation by PCR. Our procedure w a s similar to t h e o ne recently published b y H o e t al. (12) f o r u s e i n site-directed mutagen- esis. After construction, th e synthetic gene w a s subcloned into a n Okayama-Berg vector containing th e T 7 polymerase promoter a n d a polyadenylylated sequence. This plasmid, pAW108, w a s used a s a template fo r transcription b y t h e T 7 polymerase according to t h e transcription protocol o f Promega Biotec. T he resulting AW108 complementary RNA (cRNA) product w a s purified b y oligo(dT) chromatography a n d quantitated b y absorbance a t 260 nm. Total cellular RNA w a s isolated from macrophages and tissues b y t h e method o f acid guanidium thiocyanate/phenol/chloroform extraction (13). Oligonucleotides Used f o r Amplification. Oligonucleotides were synthesized o n a Biosearch DNA synthesizer. Most o f th e primers a re RNA-specific primers. T h e 5 ' primers spanned t h e junction of t h e first tw o exons a n d th e 3 ' primers spanned th e junction o f t h e next t w o exons. Alternatively, th e 5' primers spanned t h e junction o f t h e first a nd second Abbreviations: PCR, polymerase chain reaction; LPS, lipopolysac- charide; cRNA, complementary RNA; IL-la, interleukin l a ; PDGF, growth factor. t T o whom reprint requests should b e addressed. §Present address: Department of Microbial Chemotherapeutics a n d Molecular Genetics, R80Y-315, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N J 07065-0900. 9717 Th e publication costs o f this article were defrayed in part b y pagecharge payment. This article must therefore b e hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 1 8 U.S.C. §1734 solely t o indicate this fact.

Early History of Microbiological Technique

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8/3/2019 Early History of Microbiological Technique

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P r o c .N a t i .A c a d .S c i .USAVo l .8 6 ,p p .9 7 1 7 - 9 7 2 1 ,D e c e m b e r1 9 8 9B i o c h e m i s t r y

Q u a n t i t a t i o no f mRNA b y t h e p o l y m e r a s ec h a i n r e a c t i o n( t r a n s c r i p t i o n a lp h e n o t y p e / c y t o k i n e / m a c r o p h a g e / a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s )

A L I C EM . WANG*t , M ICHAELV . DOY L E t ,AND DAVIDF . MARK*§D e p a r t m e n t so f *M o l e c u l a rB i o l o g ya n d t C e l lB i o l o g y ,C e t u sC o r p o r a t i o n ,1 4 0 0F i f t y - T h i r dS t r e e t ,Eme r y v i l l e ,CA9 4 6 0 8

C o m m u n i c a t e dby H am i l t o n0 . S m i t h ,S e p t e m b e r1 4 ,1 9 8 9

ABSTRACT A m e t h o df o r t h e q u a n t i t a t i ono f s p e c i f i cmRNAs p e c i e sb y t h ep o l y m e r a s ec h a i n r e a c t i o n( P C R )h a sb e e n d e v e l o p e db y u s i n g a s y n t h e t i cRNA a s a n i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d .T h es p e c i f i ct a r g e tmRNAa n d t h ei n t e r n a ls t a n d a r da r e c o a m pl i f i e di no n er e a c t i o ni nw h i c ht h es a m ep r i m e r sa r eu s e d .T h e a m o u n to fmRNA i s t h e n q u a n t i t a t e db y e x t r a p o -l a t i n ga g a i n s tt h es t a n d a r d c u rv eg e n er a te d w i t ht h ei n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d .T h e s y n t h e t i ci n t e r n a ls t a n d a r dRNAc o n s i s t so fal i n e a ra r r a y o ft h es e q u e n c e so f u p s t r e a mp r i m e r so f m u l t i p l et a r g e tg e n e sf o l l o w e db y t h ec o m p l e m e n t a r ys e q u e n c e st ot h e i rd o w n s t r e a mp r im e r si nt h es a m eo r d e r .T h i sq u a n t i t a t i v ePCRm e t h o dp r o v i d e sa r a p i d a n d r e l i a b l ew a y t o q u a n t i f yt h ea m o u n to fa s p e c i f i cmRNA i n a s a m p l eo f < 0 . 1 n g o f t o t a lRNA. I n a d d i t i o n , t h es a m ei n t e r n a ls t a n d a r dRNAi s u s e d ,w i t ha p p r o p r i a t ep r i m e rp a i r s ,t oq u a n t i t a t em u l t i p l ed i f f e r e n tmRNA s p e c i e s .

P o l y m e r a s ec h a i nr e a c t i o n( P C R )i sa p ow e r f u lt o o lt oam p l i f ys m a l la m o u n t so f DNA o r mRNA f o r v a r i o u smo l e c u l a ra n a l y s e s .I t h a s b e e nu s e df o rRNA b l o ta n a l y s i s( 1 ) ,n u c l e a s ep r o t e c t i o na n a l y s i s( 2 ) ,a n d mRNA p h e n o t y p i n g( 3 )f o r t h es t u d yo f s h o r t - l i v e d ,l o w - c o p yn um b e r ,mRNA t r a n s c r i p t s .I th a s w i d e s p r e a da p p l i c a t i o n si ng e n e t i cd i s e a s ed i a g n o s i s( 4 ,5 ) ,d i s e a s es u s c e p t i b i l i t y( 6 ,7 ) ,a n d c a n c e rd i a g n o s i s( 1 , 8 ) .H o w e v e r ,i n m o s t i n s t a n c e s ,t h ePCR t e c h n i q u eh a s o n l yp r o v i d e dq u a l i t a t i v er e s u l t s .T h e a v a i l a b i l i t yo f q u a n t i t a t i v ePCRs h o u l dp r o v i d ev a l u a b l ea d d i t i o n a li n f o r m a t i o nf o rt h e s ea n d o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s .Q u a n t i t a t i v ePCR a n a l y s e sh a v e b e e n u s e d t o s t u d y t h e

mRNA l e v e l sf o rd y s t r o p h i ni n d i f f e r e n t t i s s u e s( 9 )a n d f o rt h ym i d y l a t es y n t h a s ei n t u m o r s( 1 0 ) .H o w e v e r ,t h e s es t u d i e sp r o v i d eo n l y r e l a t i v ec o m p a r i s o n so f t h ea m o u n t so fmRNA.I t h a s b e e n d i f f i c u l tt o q u a n t i t a t et h ea b s o l u t ea m o u n to fs p e c i f i cmRNA w i t h ou t a ni n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d o fk n o w nc o n -c e n t r a t i o n .B e c a u s ePCR a m p l i f i c a t i o ni s a n e x p o n e n t i a lp r o c e s s , t h e e x t e n t o f a m p l i f i c a t i o n( N ) i s g i v e nb y t h ee q u a t i o nN = NO ( l+ e f f ) y ,w h e r eN oi s t h ei n i t i a la m o u n to fm a t e r i a l ,e f fi s t h ee f f i c i e n c y ,a n d n i s t h ec y c l en u m b e r .Sm a l ld i f f e r e n c e si ne f f i c i e n c yc o u l dl e a dt o l a r g ed i f f e r e n c e si n t h ey i e l do f PCRp r o d u c t .P r e v i o u sa t t e m p t st oq u a n t i t a t ePCR a m p l i f i c a t i o no f mRNA s e q u e n c e sh a v e i n v o l v e dt h eu s e o f a r e l a t i v e l yi n v a r i a n tmRNA s u c h a s 8 - a c t i no r a n

u n r e l a t e dt e m p l a t ea sa n i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d( 9 , 1 1 ) .H o w e v e r ,t h i sa p p r o a c hp r o v i d e so n l yc o m p a r a t i v ed a t a ,i n p a r tb e -c a u s eo fd i f f e r e n c e si ne f f i c i e n c yb e t w e e nt h ep r im e rp a i r sf o rt h es t a n d a r da n d t h et a r g e tmRNAs . I d e a l l y ,t a r g e tmRNAc o u l d b e q u a n t i f i e dm o s t a c c u r a t e l yb y u s i n ga n i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r dw i t h t h es a m es e q u e n c ea s t h et a r g e ti t s e l f .How-e v e r ,t o c o n t r o lf o r " t u b e e f f e c t s , "t h es t a n d a r da n d t h et a r g e tRNAsm u s t b e a m p l i f i e di n t h es a m er e a c t i o nt u b e .U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,i n t h i sc a s e ,t h e i rPCR p r o d u c t sc a n n o tb ed i s t i n g u i s h e d .A s e c o n da p p r o a c hi s t o g e n e r a t e a n a l l e l i cv a r i a n t( e . g . ,a s m a l ld e l e t i o no r i n s e r t i o ni n t h eg en e o f

i n t e r e s t )s u c ht h a tt h e r ei sa s m a l l d i f f e r e n cei nt h es i z eo f t h ePCR p r o d u c to f t h i si n t e r n a ls t a n d a r da n d t h e PCR p r o d u c to f t h en a t i v emRNA.C r e a t i o no f a r e s t r i c t i o ne n z y m es i t ei nt h et a r g e tg e n ei s a n o t h e rm e t h o dt h a tw o u l dp e rm i td i s t i n c -t i o nb e t w e e nt h ePCR p r o d u c t so f t h es t a n d a r da n d t a r g e tRNAs. T h e s e a p p r o a c h e sr e q u i r et h a ta new s t a n d a r db ec o n s t r u c t e df o re a c h t a r g e tg e n e .Wer e p o r t h er e a t e c h n i q u ei nw h i c ha s y n t h e t i cRNA i s u s e da sa n i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r df o rq u a n t i t a t i n g t h ea m o u n to f s p e c i f i cmRNA b y P C R . T h et e c h n i q u ei n v o l v e s c o a mp l i f i c a t i o no f a t a r g e tmRNA w i t ht h ei n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d .T h i s s t a n d a r du t i l i z e st h es a m ep r im e rs e q u e n c e sa s t h et a r g e tmRNA bu t y i e l d sa PCR p r o d u c to fa d i f f e r e n ts i z e .T h e t w o PCR p r o d u c t sc a n t h e n b e e a s i l ys e p a r a t e db y g e le l e c t r o p h o r e s i sa f t e ra m p l i f i c a t i o n .I n t h ee x p o n e n t i a lp h a s eo f t h ea m p l i f i c a t i o n , t h ea m o u n to f t a r g e tmRNA c a n b e q u a n t i t a t e db y e x t r a p o l a t i n g a g a i n s t t hs t a n -d a r d c u r v e . I na d d i t i o n ,t h ei n t e r n a ls t a n d a r dd e v e l o p e dh e r ec o n t a i n st h ep r im e rs e q u e n c e sf o rm u l t i p l eg e n e s s o t h a tt h es a m es t a n d a r dc a n b e u s e dt oq u a n t i t a t ea n u m b e ro f d i f f e r e n tmRNAso fi n t e r e s t .T o d e m o n s t r a t ei t su t i l i t y ,t h i st e c h n i q u eh a s b e e n a p p l i e d

t o t h eq u a n t i t a t i o no f t h emRNA l e v e l sf o rs e v e r a ll y m p h o -k i n e si nh u m a nm o n o c y t e- d e ri v e d m a c r o p h a g e si n r e s p o n s et o s t i m u l a t i o nw i t h l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e( L P S ) a n d t o t h ee x p r e s s i o no f mRNAsi n h u m a na t h e r o s c l e r o t i cp l a q u et i s -s u e .

MATERIALSANDMETHODSRNAP r e p a r a t i o n .A s y n t h e t i cg e n ew a s c o n s t r u c t e db y a

t e c h n i q u eo fo l i g o n u c l e o t i d eo v e r l a pe x t e n s i o na n d a m p l i f i -c a t i o nb y P CR . O u rp r o c e d u r ew a ss i m i l a rt ot h eo n er e c e n t l yp u b l i s h e db y Ho e t a l .( 1 2 )f o ru s e i n s i t e - d i r e c t e dm u t a g e n -e s i s .A f t e rc o n s t r u c t i o n ,t h es y n t h e t i cg e n e was s u b c l o n e di n t oa n O k a y a m a - B e r gv e c t o rc o n t a i n i n gt h eT 7 p o l y m e r a s ep r o m o t e ra n d a p o l y a d e n y l y l a t e ds e q u e n c e .T h i s p l a s m i dp AW 1 0 8 ,w a su s e d a s a t e m p l a t ef o rt r a n s c r i p t i o nb y t h eT 7p o l y m e r a s ea c c o r d i n gt o t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o np r o t o c o lo fP r o m e g aB i o t e c .T h er e s u l t i n gAW108c o m p l e m e n t a r yRNA( c R N A )p r o d u c tw a s p u r i f i e db y o l i g o ( d T )c h r o m a t o g r a p h ya n dq u a n t i t a t e db y a b s o r b a n c ea t2 60 n m .T o t a lc e l l u l a rRNAw a si s o l a t e df r o mm a c ro p h a g e s a n dt i s s u e sb y t h em e t h o do f

a c i dg u a n i d i u mt h i o c y a n a t e / p h e n o l / c h l o r o f o re x t r a c t i o n( 1 3 ) .O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e sU s e df o rAm p l i f i c a t i o n .O l i g o n u c l e o t i

w e r es y n t h e s i z e do n a B i o s e a r c hDNA s y n t h e s i z e r .M o s to ft h e p r i m e r sa r e RNA - s p e c i f i cp r i m e r s .T h e 5 ' p r i m e r ss p a n n e dt h ej u n c t i o no f t h ef i r s tt w oe x o n sa n dt h e3 ' p r i m e r ss p a n n e dt h ej u n c t i o no f t h en e x t t w o e x o n s .A l t e r n a t i v e lt h e5 ' p r i m e r ss p a n n e dt h ej u n c t i o no f t h ef i r s ta n d s e c o n d

A b b r e v i a t i o n s :P CR ,p o l ym e r a s ec h a i nr e a c t i o n ;L P S ,l i p o p o l y s a cc h a r i d e ;c R N A ,c om p l em e n t a r yRNA;I L - l a ,i n t e r l e u k i nl a ;P D G F ,p l a t e l e t - d e r i v e dg r o w t hf a c t o r .t To whomr e p r i n t r e q u e s t ss h o u l db e a d d r e s s e d .§ P r e s e n ta d d r e s s :D e p a r t m e n to f M ic r o bi a lC h e m o t h e r a p e u t ia n dMo l e c u l a rG e n e t i c s ,R 8 0 Y- 3 1 5 ,M e r c kS h a r p& Dohme R e s e a r c hL a b o r a t o r i e s ,R a h w a y ,N J 0 7 0 6 5 - 0 9 0 0 .

9 7 1 7

T h ep u b l i c a t i o nc o s t so ft h i sa r t i c l ew e r ed e f r a y e di np a r tb y p a g e c h a rg ep a y m e n t .T h i sa r t i c l em u s tt h e r e f o r eb e h e r e b ym a r k e d" a d v e r t i s e m e n t "i n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h 1 8U . S . C .§ 1 7 3 4s o l e l yt o i n d i c a t et h i sf a c t .

8/3/2019 Early History of Microbiological Technique

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P r o c . N a t l .A c a d .S c i .USA8 6 ( 1 9 8 9 )

e x o n s , a n d t h e3 ' p r i m e r s s p a n n e dt h ej u n c t i o no f t h es e c o n da n d t h i r dex on s . T h e s e s e q u e n c e s a re s h o w ni n Ta b l e 1( 1 4 - 2 4 ) .

Amp l i f i c a t i o nM e t h o d .RNA was r eve r s e t r a n s c r i b e di n t oc DNAa s d e s c r i b e d( 2 5 ) .A 1 0 - , lr eve r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o nreac-

t i o nm i x t u r ec o n t a i n i n g1 , u go f t o t a lc e l l u l a rRNA, 1 . 7 7xi O 2 - 1 0 6mo l e c u l e so f AW108cRNA, 1x PCRb u f f e r( 2 0mMTr i s - HC I ,pH 8 . 3 / 5 0 mM K C l / 2 . 5mM M g C l 2 / 1 0 0/ k go fb o v i n eserum

a l b u m i npe r

m l ) ,1 mM d i t h i o t h r e i t o l ,0 . 5mM

dNTP, 1 0 u n i t so f R N a s i n( P r o m e g aB i o t e c ) ,0 . 1 , u go fo l i g o ( d T ) 1 2 _ 1 8 ,a n d 1 0 0u n i t so f BRLM o l o n e ym u r i n el e u k e -m i av i r u sr e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t a s e( B e t h e s d aR e s ea r c h L a bo r a -t o r i e s )was i n c u b a t e da t 3 7 ° Cf o r6 0m i n ,h e a t e d t o 9 5 ° Cf o r5 - 1 0m i n ,a n d t h e n q u i c k - c h i l l e do n i c e .PCRwas p e r f o r m e da t a f i n a lc o n ce n t r a t i o n o f1 x PCRb u f f e r / 5 0, u Md N T P s / 0 . 1, u Me a c h 5 ' a n d 3 ' p r im e r s / 1 x 1 0 6cpm o f 3 2 P - e n d - l a b e l e dp r im e r / 1 u n i to f T h e r m u sa q u a t i c u sDNA p o ly m er a s e ( Ta qp o l y m e ra s e ) ( P er k i n - E l me r / C e t u s )i na t o t a lv o lo f 5 0 , u l .T h em i x t u r ewas o v e r l a i dw i t hm i n e r a lo i la n d t h e na m p l i f i e dw i t ht h e P e r k i n - E l m e r / C e t u st h e r m a lc y c l e r .T h e a m p l i f i c a t i o np r o f i l ei n v o l v e d d e n a t u r a t i o na t 9 5 ° C f o r 3 0 s e c , primera n n e a l i n ga t 5 5 ° Cf o r3 0 s e c , a n d e x t e n s i o na t 7 2 ° Cf o r1 m i n .O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e sw e r e l a b e l e d w i t h [ _ 3 2 P ] AT P b yu s i n g

p o l y n u c l e o t i d ek i n a s e ,a n d u n i n c o r p o r a t e dn u c l e o t i d e sw e r er e m o v e do n a B i o - G e lP4 c o l u m n .Q u a n t i t a t i v eA n a l y s i s .Te n m i c r o l i t e r so f e a c h PCR r e a c -

t i o nm i x t u r ewas e l e c t r o p h o r e s e di n8% p o l y a c r y l a m i d eg e l si nT r i sb o r a t e / E D TAb u f f e r .G e l sw e r e s t a i n e dw i t h e t h i di u mb r o m i d ea n d p h o t o g r a p h e d .A p p r o p r i a t eb a n d sw e r e c u t o u tf r o mt h e g e la n d r a d i o a c t i v i t ywas d e t e r m i n e db y C e r e n k o vc o u n t i n g .T h e amount o f r a d i o a c t i v i t yr e c o v e r e df r o m t h ee x c i s e dg e lb a n d swas p l o t t e d a g a i n s tt h et e m p l a t econ cen -t r a t i o n so r t h e n u m b e ro f PCR c y c l e s .N o r t h e r nB l o tA n a l y s i s .RNA was e l e c t r o p h o r e s e di n a

1 . 5 %ag a r o s e g e lc o n t a i n i n gf o r m a l d e h y d ea n d w a s t r a n s -f e r r e dt o a n i t r o c e l l u l o s ef i l t e ri n 2 0 x SSC ( 1 x SSC = 0 . 1 5M N a C I / 0 . 0 1 5M s o d i u mc i t r a t e ) .T h e b l o twas h y b r i d i z e dw i t h2 x 1 0 6cpm o f 3 2 P - e n d - l a b e l e do l i g o n u c l e o t i d e spe r m l .

H y b r i d i z a t i o nwas f o r4 h r a t 5 5 ° Ci n0 . 7 5M N a C I / 0 . 0 7 5Ms o d i u mc i t r a t e ,pH 7 . 0 / 2 0mM s o d i u mp h o s p h a t e ,pH 7 . 0 / 5mM EDTA/200 j i g o f y e a s t RNA pe r ml/1% S a r k o s y l( S i g m a ) .T h eb l o twas w a s h e di n 1x SSC a t 5 5 ° Cf o r3 0m i na n d was a u t o r a d i o g r a p h e dw i t h i n t e n s i f y i n gs c r e e n s a t- 7 0 0 C .M a c r o p h a g eC u l t u r e s .Human p e r i p h e r a lb l o o dm o n o c y t e s

w e r e i s o l a t e df r o m b u f f y c o a t p r e p a r a t i o n s b y F i c o l l /H y p a q u eg r a d i e n tc e n t r i f u g a t i o nf o l l o w e db y a d h e r e n c et op l a s t i cf o r 1 h r . A d h e r e n tc e l l sw e r e t h e n r e m o v e da n d

r e p l a t e da t 1 0 6c e l l spe r w e l lo n t os i x - w e l lp l a t e si nRPMI1 6 4 0m e d i u ms u p p l e m e n t e dw i t h 2% f e t a lc a l fserum a n d 2 0 0 0u n i t so f r e c o m b i n a n tm a c r o p h a g ec o l o n y - s t i m u l a t i n gf a c t o rpe r m l ( C e t u s ) .A ft e r 1 0 d ay s ,h a l fo f t h e c u l t u r e sw e r e t r e a t e dw i t h S , u go f LPS pe r m l ( S i g m a ) .A l lt h e c u l t u r e swereh a r v e s t e df o rn u c l e i c a c i di s o l a t i o n5 h r l a t e r .Human T i s s u eS a m p l e s .T h ec a r o t i de n d a r t e r e c t o m ys am -

p l ewas o b t a i n e dt h r o u g ht h e c o u r t e s yo f D a l e S t r a w n( Ve t -e r a n s

A dm i n i s t r a t i o nH o s p i t a l ,Ma r t i n e z ,CA) d u r i n gt h e

cou rse o f a s u r g i c a lo p e r a t i o na n dw i t h t h e i n f o r m e dc o n s e n to f t h e p a t i e n t .T h e RNA p re pa ra t i o n o fa h i s t o l o g i c a l l yn o r m a lc o r o n a r y a r t e r y f r o ma h e a r tt r a n s p l a n tr e c i p i e n twas

a g e n e r o u s g i f tf r o mt h el a b o r a t o r yo f R u s s e l lR o s s( U n i v e r -s i t yo f Wa s h i n g t o n ) .

RESULTSI n t e r n a lS t a n d a r dAW108cRNA. T h eAW108cRNAwas

s y n t h e s i z e da s a s e n s e s t r a n df r o mpAW108b y T 7 p o l ym e r -a s e . T h es t r u c t u r e o f t h e p l a s m i dpAW108i s s h o w ni nF i g .1 .T h e r ea r e t w o f u n c t i o n so f t h i sAW108cRNAi n v o l v e di nt h eq u a n t i t a t i o nm e t h o d .F i r s t ,i t s e r v e s a s a n i n t e r n a lmRNAc o n t r o lf o rt h er e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o n r e a c t i o n .S e c o n d ,i t i su s e dt o

g e n e r a t eas t a n d a r d

cu rvef o r q u a n t i t a t i n g

t h es p e c i f i ct a r g e t mRNAsf r o m e x p e r i m e n t a ls am p l e s . T h e p l a s m i d

e n c o d i n gt h i ss y n t h e t i ccRNAh a s t h e 5 ' p r i m e r so f 1 2 t a r g e tmRNAsc o n n e c t e di n s e q u e n c e f o l l o w e db y t h e c o m p l e m e n -t a r y s e q u e n c e s o f t h e i r3 ' p r im e r si nt h esame o r d e r( s e eTa b l e1 ) .T h e PCR p r o d u c tf r o m e ac h p ri m e rs e t i s 3 0 0 - 3 0 8b a s ep a i r s ( b p )d e p e n d i n go n t h e p r i m e ru s e d a n d i s d e s i g n e dn o tt o o v e r l a p i n s i z ew i t h t h ePCR p r o d u c t sf r o m t h e s e t a r g e tmRNAs. T h e s i z ed i f f e r e n c eb e t w e e n t h e PCR p r o d u c t sp e rm i t se a sy s e p a r a t i o no f t h e cRNAp r o d u c tf r o mt h e t a r g e tmRNA p r o d u c tb y g e le l e c t r o p h o r e s i s .L i n k e r s c o n t a i n i n gu n i q u er e s t r i c t i o nenzyme r e c o g n i t i o ns i t e sw e r e p l a c e da f t e rt h es e t o f 5 ' p r i m e r s a n d a f t e rt h es e t o f 3 ' p r i m e r s t o a l l o wi n s e r t i o no f a d d i t i o n a l p a i r sa s n e e d e d .T h e u n i q u eBamHIs i t e i s u s e d t o l i n e a r i z et h e p l a s m i d t o p r o d u c e r u n - o f f

t r a n s c r i p t s .T h eAW108cRNAc o n t a i n sa p o l y a d e n y l y l a t e ds equ en c e a t t h e3 ' e n d t o f a c i l i t a t ep u r i f i c a t i o no f t h e i n v i t r os y n t h e s i z e dcRNA a n d t o p e rm i t r e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o nt o -g e t h e r i n t h e same r e a c t i o nw i t h t h e t a r g e t mRNA.S i n c et h esame p r i m e r s a re u s e d i n t h e PCR a m p l i f i c a t i o no f b o t ht e m p l a t e s ,t h e r e a re n o p r i m e re f f i c i e n c yd i f f e r e n c e sb e t w e e nt h e s t a n d a r da n d t h e t a r g e t RNAs . When d i l u t i o n s e r i e so fm ix t u re s o ft h et a r g e t mRNA a n d AW108cRNAa re c o am -p l i f i e di n t h e same t u b e a n d t h e r ea c t i o ni s t e r m i n a t e di n t h ee x p o n e n t i a lp h a s e o f a m p l i f i c a t i o n ,t h e amount o f t a r g e t

Ta b l e 1 . O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e so f 5 ' p r i m e r sa n d 3 ' p r i m e r so f 1 2t a r g e tg e n e sS i z eo f PCRp r o d u c t ,b p

mRNA s p e c i e s 5 ' p r i m e r s 3 ' p r i m e r s mRNA cRNA

TN F 5 ' -CAGAGGGAAGAGTTCCCCAG-3 ' 5 ' - C C T F G G T C T G G TA G G A G A CG - 3 '3 2 5 3 0 1M-CSF 5 ' - G A A C A G 7 TG A A A GA T C CA G T G - 3 ' 5 ' - T C G G A CG CA G G C C T TG T C A TG - 3 '1 7 1 3 0 2PDGF-A 5 ' - C C T G C C C AT f C G G A G G A A G A G - 3 ' 5 ' - T f G G C C A C C I T G A C G C T G C G - 3 ' 2 2 5 3 0 1PDGF-B 5 ' -GAAGGAGCCTGGGTTCCCTG-3 ' 5'-TTTCTCACCTGGACAGGTCG-3' 2 1 7 3 0 0a p o E 5 ' -TTCCTGGCAGGATGCCAGGC-3 ' 5 ' -GGTCAGTTGTTCCTCCAGTTC-3 ' 2 7 0 3 0 1LDL-R 5 ' -CAATGTCTCACCAAGCTCTG-3 ' 5 ' - TCTGTCTCGAGGGGTAGCTG-3 ' 2 5 8 3 0 1HMG 5 ' - TACCATGTCAGGGGTACGTC-3 ' 5 ' - CAAGCCTAGAGACATAATCATC- 3 '2 4 6 3 0 3I L - l a 5 ' -GTCTCTGAATCAGAAATCCTTCTATC - 3' 5 ' -CATGTCAAATTTCACTGCTTCATCC -3 '4 2 0 3 0 8I L - 1 , 8 5 ' -AAACAGATGAAGTGCTCCTTCCAGG-3 ' 5 ' -TGGAGAACACCACTTGTTGCTCCA-3 ' 3 8 8 3 0 6I L - 2 5 ' - G A AT G G A A 7 TA ATA A I TA C A A G A AT C C C - 3 '5 ' - T G T T T C AGAT C C C T h T I A G T T C C AG - 3 '2 2 2 3 0 5PDGF-R 5 '-TGACCACCCAGCCATCCTTC-3 ' 5 ' -GAGGAGGTGTTGACTTCATTC-3 ' 2 2 8 3 0 0LPL 5 ' -GAGATITCTCTGTATGGCACC-3 ' 5'-CTGCAAATGAGACACTTTCTC-3' 2 7 7 3 0 0

T N F ,t u m o rn e c r o s i sf a c t o r( 1 4 ) ;M - C S F ,m a c r o p h a g ec o l o n y - s t i m u l a t i n gf a c t o r( 1 5 ) ;P D G F - A ,p l a t e l e t - d e r i v e dg r o w t hf a c t o rA ( 1 6 ) ;PDGF-B( 1 7 ) ;a p o E ,a p o l i p o p r o t e i nE ( 1 8 ) ;L D L - R ,l o wd e n s i t yl i po p ro t e in r e c e p t o r( 1 9 ) ;HMG ,3 - h y d r o x y - 3 - m e t h y l g l u t a r y lc o e n z y m eA r e d u c t a s e( 2 0 ) ;I L - l a ,i n t e r l e u k i nl a ( 2 1 ) ;I L - 11 3( 2 1 ) ;I L - 2 ( 2 2 ) ;t y p e , BPDGFr e c e p t o r( 2 3 ) ;L P L , l i p o p r o t e i nl i p a s e( 2 4 ) .

9 7 1 8 B i o c h em i s t r y :Wa n ge t a l .

8/3/2019 Early History of Microbiological Technique

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F I G .1 . S t r u c t u r eo f p AW 1 0 8 .T h e p l a s m i dc o n t a i n s5 ' p r im e r s o f 1 2 t a r g e t g e n e s c o n n e c t e di n sequence f o l l o w e db y t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r ys eq u en ce s o f t h e3 ' p r im e r s i n t h esame o r de r . R e s t r i c t i o nenzyme l i n k e r sar e p l a c e da f t e rt h es e t o f 5 ' p r im e r sa n d a f t e rt h e s e t o f 3 ' p r i m e r s .T h em u l t i p l ep r i m e rr e g i o ni s f l a n k e du p s t r e a mb y t h eT 7 p o l y m e r a s ep r o m o t e ra n d d o w n s t r e a mb y p o l y a d e n y l y l a t e ds e q u en c e s .

mRNA ca n b e d e t e r mi n edb y e x t r a p o l a t i n ga g a i n s tt h eAW108cRNAs t a n d a r dcurve .Q u a n t i t a t i v eA n a l y s i s .As a n e x a m p l eo f t h i sa p p r o a c ht o

mRNA q u a n t i t a t i o n ,we h a v e u s e dt h eAW108i n t e r n a ls t a n -d a r d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e amount o f i n t e r l e u k i nl a ( I L - l a )mRNA i s o l a t e df r o m L P S - i n d u c e dc u l t u r e so f human mac -r o p h a g e s .Twod i f f e r e n tp r o t o c o l sw e r e u s e d t o c o n d u c tt h i sa n a l y s i s .( i )P r o t o c o lA : 5 0n g o f t o t a lm a c r o p h a g eRNA a n d1 . 7 7x 1 0 6mo l e c u l e so f AW108c RNAw e r e c o m b i n e da n dt h e n r ev e r se t r a n s c r i b e d i n t ocDNA. S e r i a l1 : 3d i l u t i o n so fo n e - t e n t ho f t h e c DNAm i x t u r ew e r e a m p l i f i e db y u s i n gt h eI L - l a s p e c i f i cp r i m e r s l i s t e di n Ta b l e 1 . 3 2 P - e n d - l a b e l e d5 'p r im e r ( 1 x 1 0 6c p m ) was i n c l u d e d i n t h ea m p l i f i c a t i o n .R e a c t i o np r o d u c t sw e r e r e s o l v e db y g e le l e c t r o p h o r e s i sa n dv i s u a l i z e db y e t h i d i u m b r o m i d e s t a i n i n g( F i g .2 A ) .T h eamounts o f r a d i o a c t i v i t yr e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e e x c i s e d g e lb a n d sw e r e p l o t t e da g a i n s tt h e t e m p l a t ec o n c e n t r a t i o n s( F i g .2 B ) .In t h i se x p e r i m e n t ,t a r g e t mRNA a n d AW108c RNAw e r e a m p l i f i e da f t e rs e r i a l1 : 3 d i l u t i o n s ,a n d t h e r e s u l t sd e m o n s t r a t et h a tt h e m e t h o dca n r e s o l v e< 3 - f o l dd i f f e r e n c e si n RNA c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .T h e f a c tt h a tt h er e a c t i o nr a t e s o fAW108cRNAa n d I L - l a mRNA a m p l i f i c a t i o na r e i d e n t i c a lw i t h i n t h i se x p o n e n t i a lp h a s e o f t h e PCR r e a c t i o na l l o w sc o n s t r u c t i o no f a s t a n d a r d cu r v e f o r AW108cRNA a n de x t r a p o l a t i o nt o a copy number f o rt h e I L - l a mRNA p r e s e n ti n t h e m a c r o p h a g e s .As s h o w ni n F i g .2 B , 1 n g o f L P S -i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g et o t a lRNA a n d 1 x 1 0 4mo l e c u l e so fAW108cRNAg a v e t h e same amount o f I L - l a PCRp r o d u c t .I n o t h e r w o r d s , 1 n g o f L P S - i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g eRNAc o n t a i n e d1 x 1 0 4mo l e c u l e so f I L - l a mRNA .( i i )P r o t o c o lB :5 0 0 n g o f t o t a lm a c r o p h a g eRNA was r ev e r se t r a n s c r i b e dw i t h 1 . 7 7x 1 0 6m o le c u l es o fAW108cRNA. A l i q u o t scon -t a i n i n go n e- t en t h o ft h e cDNAm i x t u r ee a c h w e r e s u b j e c t e dt o 1 4 ,1 6 ,1 8 ,2 0 , 2 2 , 2 4 ,2 6 ,o r 2 8 c y c l e s o f a m p l i f i c a t i o nu n d e rt h e same c o n d i t i o n sa s i n p r o t o c o l A . Th e amounts o fr a d i o a c t i v i t yr e c o v e r e df r o m t h e e x c i s e db a n d sw e r e p l o t t e da s a f u n c t i o no f t h e n u m b e ro f c y c l e s ( F i g .2 C ) .Th e r a t e s o fa m p l i f i c a t i o nw e r e e x p o n e n t i a lb e t w e e n1 4 a n d 2 2 c y c l e sf o rb o t h t e m p l a t e s .A t 2 4 ,2 6 ,a n d 2 8 c y c l e s ,t h e r a t e s d e c r e a s e dd r a s t i c a l l ya n d a p p r o a c h e da p l a t e a u( d a t an o t s h o w n ) .Th ee f f i c i e n c i e so f a m p l i f i c a t i o nw e r e c a l c u l a t e df r o mt h e s l o p e so f t h e s e cu rve s a n d f o u n dt o b e 88% f o rb o t hAW108c RNAa n d I L - l a mRNA .S i n c et h e a m p l i f i c a t i o ne f f i c i e n c ywas t h esame f o r b o t h c o am p l i f i e dt a r g e t s w i t h i n t h e e x p o n e n t i a lp h a s e , t h e amount o f I L - l a mRNA ca n b e c a l c u l a t e d b yc o m p a r i s o nw i t h t h e AW108c RNA i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d . Th eamount o f I L - l a mRNA i n 1 n g o f L P S - i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g et o t a lRNA c a l c u l a t e d b y t h i sm e t h o dwas 1 . 1 x 1 0 4mo l e -c u l e s .T h u s ,t h e r e s u l t su s i n ge i t h e ro f t h e s e t wo a l t e r n a t i v ep r o t o c o l sf o rq u a n t i t a t i o na re t h e s ame .N o r t h e r nB l o t A n a l y s i s .Th e amount o f I L - l a mRNA i n

L P S - i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g e sd e t e r m i n e db y t h e q u a n t i t a t i v ePCR m e t h o dwas v e r i f i e db y N o r t h e r nb l o ta n a l y s i s .T h ePCR a n a l y s i s( s e ea b o v e ) d e m o n s t r a t e dt h a t1 n g o f mac-r o p h a g eRNA a n d 1 x 1 0 4m o l ec u le s o fAW108 c RNAp r o d u c e dt h e same amount o f I L - l a PCRp r o d u c t .T h u s ,5 , go f m a c r o p h a g eRNA a n d5 x 1 0 7mo l e c u l e so fAW108c RNA

s h o u l dg i v es i m i l a rs i g n a li n t e n s i t i e sb y N o r t h e r nb l o ta n a l -y s i s .S e r i a ld i l u t i o n s( 1 : 2 )o f m a c r o p h a g eRNA a n dAW108

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F IG . 2 . Q u an t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i so f I L - l a mRNA l e v e l si n L P S -

i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g e s .( A )E t h i d i u mb r o m i d es t a i n i n go f PCR p r o d -u c t s s e p a r a t e di n 8% p o l y a c r y l a m i d e .L a n e s :M , m o le c u l a r w e i g h tm a r k e r s ;1 - 6 ,I L - l a PCR p r o d u c t sf r o m s e r i a l1 : 3d i l u t i o n so f a

m i x t u r ec o n t a i n i n g5 n g o f L P S - i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g et o t a lRNA p l u s1 . 7 7x 1 0 5m ol ec u le s o fAW108cRNAa f t e ra m p l i f i c a t i o nf o r 2 5c y c l e s ;7 , c o n t r o lr e a c t i o nw i t h o u tt e m p l a t e a n d a m p l i f i e df o r2 5c y c l e s .T h e 4 2 0 - bp p ro d u c t sf r o mm a c r o p h a g eRNA a n d t h e 3 0 8 - b pp r o d u c t sf r o mAW108cRNAa re i n d i c a t e d .( B )B a n d ss h o w ni nAw e r e c u t o u t f r o m t h eg e la n d r a d i o a c t i v i t ywas d e t e r m i n e db yC e r e n k o vc o u n t i n g .T h e v a r i a b l et e m p l a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n so f t h ei n t e r n a ls t a n d a r dAW108cRNAa n d m a c r o p h a g et o t a lRNA we r ep l o t t e d a g a i n s tt h er a d i o a c t i v i t yo f t h e i rPCR p r o d u c t s .( D a t a f r o mg e ll a n e1w e r e n o t p l o t t e d . )( C )T h eI L - l a PCRp r o d u c t so f a m i x t u r ec o n t a i n i n g5 0 ng o f L P S - i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g et o t a lRNA p l u s1 . 7 7 x

1 0 5mo l e c u l e so f AW108cRNA, q u a n t i t a t e db y c o u n t i n gt h e r a d i o -a c t i v i t yo f t h e e x c i s e dg e lb a n d s ,w e r e p l o t t e da g a i n s tt h e number o fa m p l i f i c a t i o nc y c l e s .

F // ~ ~acrophage RNAJ 0 / / * AW1 O 8cRNA

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d .S c i .U SA 8 6 ( 1 9 8 9 )

M a c r o p h a g eRNA AW10 8 cRNA

( & g ) (M o l e c u l e sx 1 0 - 7 )

5 2 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 6 2 5 5 2 . 5 1 . 2 5 0 . 6 2 5

Kb

9 . 4 9 -7 . 4 6 -

4 . 4 0 -

2 . 3 7 - o1 . 3 5 -

2 2 0 0n t

--1026 n t

0 2 4 -

F I G .3 . N o r t h e r nb l o ta n a l y s i s .S am p l e sc o n t a i n i n ge i t h e r5 , A go fL P S - i n d u c e dm a c r o p h a g et o t a lR N Ao r 5 x 1 0 7m o l ec u l es o fAW108c RNAw e r e s e r i a l l yd i l u t e d1 : 2 ,e l e c t r o p h o r e s e di n a 1 . 5 %ag a ro s eg e lc o n t a i n i n gf o r m a l d e h y d e ,a n d t r a n s f e r r e dt o a n i t r o c e l l u l o s ef i l t e r .T h e b l o twas h y b r i d i z e dw i t h a 3 2 P - l a b e l e dI L - l a p r o b e .T h ea u t o r a d i o g r a mwas e x p o s e df o r7 2 h r a t - 7 0 ° C .T h ep o s i t i o n so f t h eI L - l a mRNA ( - 2 2 0 0n u c l e o t i d e s )a n d o f t h eAW108cRNA( 1 0 2 6n u c l e o t i d e s )a re i n d i c a t e d .k b ,K i l o b a s e s ;n t , n u c l e o t i d e s .

cRNAw e r e s u b j e c t e dt o N o r t h e r nb l o ta n a l y s i sb y p r o b i n gw i t h t h e I L - l a 3 ' p r i m e r .T h e s i z e so f t h e t a r g e t RNAmo l e c u l e sw e r e e s t i m a t e dt o b e - 2 2 0 0n u c l e o t i d e sf o rI L - l amRNA i n m a c r o p h a g e sa n d 1 0 2 6n u c l e o t i d e sf o rAW108cRNA. P o s i t i v eh y b r i d i z a t i o ns i g n a l so f e q u a l i n t e n s i t i e sw e r e d e t e c t e d a t a l l t h ed i l u t i o n so f m a c r o p h a g eRNA a n dAW108cRNAa s s h o w ni nF i g .3 . T h i s r e s u l td em o n s t r a t e st h a tt h e amount o f mRNA e s t i m a t e db y t h e q u a n t i t a t i v ePCRm e t h o dc o r r e l a t e sw i t h t h er e s u l t so f N o r t h e r nb l o t a n a ly s i s .Q u a n t i t a t i o no f S p e c i f i cmRNAsi n U n t r e a t e da n d L P S -

I n d u c e dM a c r o p h a g e s .A m a j o ra d v a n t a g e o ft h i sPCR qu an -t i t a t i v et e c h n i q u ei s t h e a b i l i t yt o a n a l y z e s e v e r a lt a r g e tmRNA s p e c i e si n p a r a l l e l .Ta b l e 2 s h o w st h er e s u l t sf r o mq u a n t i t a t i o no f t h ee x p r e s s i o nl e v e l so f s i xc y t o k i n emRNAsi nhuman m a c r o p h a g e si n r e s p o n s e t o LPS t r e a t m e n t . Q u a n -t i t a t i v ea n a l y s i si n t h e e x p o n e n t i a lr e a c t i o np h a s ewas p e r -

f o r m e db y u s i n g s e r i a ld i l u t i o n so f t h e cDNAr e a c t i o nm i x -t u r e s a n dPCRa m p l i f i c a t i o nf o r2 5 c y c l e s .Th e l e v e l so f I L - 1 , 8a n d I L - l a mRNAs ,a f t e rLPS i n d u c t i o n ,i n c r e a s e d- 5 0 - f o l d .T h el e v e l so f mRNAsf o rp l a t e l e t - d e r i v e dg r o w t hf a c t o rt y p eA ( P D G F - A ) ,m a c r o p h a g ec o l o n y - s t i m u l a t i n gf a c t o r ,a n dtumor n e c r o s i sf a c t o ri n c r e a s e d5 - t o 1 0 - f o l d .H o w e v e r ,t h ePDGF-B mRNA l e v e lr e m a i n e dc o n s t a n t f o r c o n t r o la n dL P S - t r e a t e dc e l l s .T h i s a p p r o a c hp r o d u c e sa d e t a i l e d ,y e tm u l t i f a c e t e d , p i c t u r eo f t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n a lp h e n o t y p ei nb o t ht h e r e s t i n ga n d t h e i n d u c e ds t a t e s a n d u se s o n l y f r a c t i o n so fm i c r o g r a m so f t o t a lRNA .Q u a n t i t a t i v eA n a l y s i so fN o r m a la n dA t h e r o s c l e r o t i cHuman

B l o o dVe s s e l s .B e c a u s ea c c u r a t eq u a n t i t a t i v er e s u l t sca n b e

Ta b l e 2 . S p e c i f i cmRNA l e v e l s( m o l e c u l e spe r c e l l )i nL P S - i n d u c e da n d u n i n d u c edhuman m a c r o p h a g e s

mRNA s p e c i e s U n i n d u c e d I n d u c e d I n d u c e d / u n i n d u c e d

I L - l a 1 . 4 6 9 4 9

I L - 1 , 8 5 1 2 9 5 0 5 8PDGF-A 0 . 0 5 0 . 4 8 1 0PDGF-B 0 . 4 7 0 . 4 7 1M-CSF 0 . 0 6 0 . 4 7 8TN F 1 . 8 8 . 4 4 . 7

Mo l e c u l e spe r c e l l = mo l e c u l e spe r j i g o f RNA ( c a l c u l a t e da s

d e s c r i b e di nF i g .2 ) x , u go f RNA i s o l a t e dpe r c e l l .Mo n o c y t e - d e r i v e dm a c r o p h a g e sw e r e c u l t u r e df o r1 0 d a y s ;5 h r p r i o rt o h a r v e s t ,h a l fo ft h e c u l t u r e sw e r e e x p o s e dt o 5 ug o f LPS pe r ml . M - C S F ,mac r o -

p h a g ec o l o n y - s t i m u l a t i n gf a c t o r ;TNF, tumor n e c r o s i sf a c t o r .

Ta b l e 3 . S p e c i f i cmRNA l e v e l s( m o l e c u l e sp e r g go f t o t a lRNA)i n a n o r m a la n d i n a n a t h e r o s c l e r o t i cb l o o dv e s s e l

mRNA s p e c i e s A t h e r o s c l e r o t i c N o r m a l

PDGF-A 1 . 8x 1 0 5 3 . 3x 1 0 4PDGF-B 7 . 6x 1 0 4 2 . 2x 1 0 4PDGF-R 1 . 1x 1 0 4 1 . 4x 1 0 4LDL-R 4 . 0x 1 0 3 1 . 3x 1 0 4I L - l a 1 . 0X 1 0 2 ND

I L - 1 p 6 . 4x 1 0 4 1 . 0X 1 0 2mRNA l e v e l sw e r e c a l c u l a t e da s d e s c r i b e di n F i g .2 . ND, n o t

d e t e c t a b l e ;LDL - R ,l o wd e n s i t yl i p o p r o t e i nr e c e p t o r .

o b t a i n e db y t h i sPCR t e c h n o l o g ye v e nw i t hs m a l la m o u n t so fm a t e r i a l ,i t p r o v i d e sa n i m p o r t a n tt o o lf o rt h ea n a l y s i so fs a m p l e st h a ta r ei n l i m i t e dq u a n t i t y .As a n e x am p l e ,Ta b l e3c o m p a r e st h er e s u l t so fq u a n t i t a t i o no f s i xd i f f e r e n tmRNAs p e c i e sf r o m a h u m a na t h e r o s c l e r o t i cc a r o t i da r t e r yw i t ht h o s eo fa n o r m a lc o r o n a r ya r t e r y .T h ed a t ao b t a i n e df r o mt h eq u a n t i t a t i v ea n a l y s i ss h o wa 3 -t o5 - f o l de n h a n c e m e n ti n t h el e v e lo f PDGF-Aa n d - B mRNAs, n o c h a n g ei n t h et y p e f 8PDGFr e c e p t o r ,a n d a 3 - f o l dd e c r e a s e i n t h el o w d e n s i t yl i p o p r o t e i nr e c e p t o ri nt h e a t h e r o s c l e r o t i cv e s s e l .T h e r ew e r ei n c r e a s e si n t h e l e v e l so f I L - l a a n d I L - 1 , 8mRNAsi n t h ed i s e a s e d t i s s u e .H i s t o l o g i c a l l y ,t h e a t h e r o s c l e r o t i ct i s s u es h o w e da f i b r o u sc a p ,s o m en e o v a s c u l a r i z a t i o n ,a n d a r e a s o fc a l c i f i c a t i o na n d c h o l e s t e r o lc l e f t s .

DISCUSSIONT h eq u a n t i t a t i v ePCRm e t h o dp r e s e n t e dh e r e c a n a c c u r a t e l yd e t e rm i n et h ea m o u n t so fl o wa b u n d a n c es p e c i f i cmRNAsi nv e r y l i m i t e da m o u n t s( < 0 . 1 n g )o f s am p l e .By r e v e r s e t r a n -s c r i p t i o na n d a m p l i f i c a t i o no ft h et a r g e tmRNA a n dAW108cRNAi n t e r n a ls t a n d a r di nt h es a m et u b e ,v a r i a b l ee f f e c t sd u et o d i f f e r e n c e si n s am p l ep r e p a r a t i o n ,c o n d i t i o n so f t h er e -v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,o r t h ePCR a m p l i f i c a t i o na r ei n t e r n a l l yc o n t r o l l e da n dw i l la f f e c tt h ey i e l do fPCRp r o d u c te q u a l l yf o rt h et a r g e tmRNA a n d t h e s t a n d a r d cRNA. T h e s y n t h e t i c

i n t e r n a ls t a n d a r d

c o n t a i n sm u l t i p l ep r i m e r

s e t s ,w h i c h

a l l o w st h i ss i n g l ecRNAs t a n d a r dt o b e u s edt oq u a n t i t a t ea n u m b e ro fd i f f e r e n tmRNAsi n p a r a l l e l .A c c u r a t eq u a n t i t a t i o no fmRNA l e v e l sb y t h et e c h n i q u e s

d e s c r i b e dh e r e i s a f f e c t e db y t h ee f f i c i e n c i e so fb o t h cDNAs y n t h e s i sa n d PCR a m p l i f i c a t i o n .D i f f e r e n c e si n n u c l e o t i d es e q u e n c e s ,l e n g t ho fp o l y ( A )t a i l s ,a n d t h ed i s t a n c eb e t w e e nt h ePCR p r i m e r sa n d t h ep o l y ( A )t a i la r e among t h e f a c t o r st h a tmay a f f e c tt h ee f f i c i e n c yo f cDNAs y n t h e s i so ft h et a r g e tmRNA a n d t h eAW108cRNA. T h e a g r e e m e n tb e t w e e nt h er e s u l t so f t h eN o r t h e r nb l o t( F i g .3 )a n d t h ePCRq u a n t i t a t i o n( F i g .2 B a n d C) i n d i c a t e st h a tt h e r ew e r e n o a p p a r e n td i f f e r e n c e si nt h ecDNAs y n t h e s i sa n dt h ePCRa m p l i f i c a t i oe f f i c i e n c i e sf o r I L - l a mRNA a n d t h eAW108 cRNA. As i m i l a rc o r r e l a t i o no f r e s u l t sw a sf o u n dw i t h t h eq u a n t i t a t i o no f I L - 2 mRNA i nT c e l l s( u n p u b l i s h e dd a t a ) .A l t h o u g ht h e r ew e r e n o p r o b l e m sf o re i t h e ro f t h e s et w o mRNA s p e c i e s ,p o s s i b l ed i f f e r e n c e si n t h ee f f i c i e n c yo f cDNA s y n t h e s i ss h o u l db e t e s t e d f o re a c h t a r g e tmRNA.T h e r e a r emany v a r i a b l e st h a tc o u l d i n f l u e n c et h ee f f i -

c i e n c yo ft h ePCRa m p l i f i c a t i o n .Some o f t h ep a r a m e t e r st h a tc a n b e e a s i l yc o n t r o l l e da r e t h ec o n c e n t r a t i o n so f t e m p l a t e ,d N T P s ,MgC l 2 ,p r i m e r s ,p o l y m e r a s e ,a n d t h ePCR c y c l ep r o f i l e .H o w e v e r ,d i f f e r e n c e si n p r im e re f f i c i e n c ya r e d i f f i -c u l tp a r am e t e r s t o r e g u l a t ef o rq u a n t i t a t i v ea n a l y s e s .T h ec o n c e n t r a t i o no f AW108cRNAr e q u i r e dt o y i e l da n e x p o -n e n t i a lr e a c t i o np h a s eb y u s i n gd i f f e r e n tp r im e rs e t sa n d t h es a m ePCR a m p l i f i c a t i o nc o n d i t i o n sv a r i e do v e r a r a n g e o fs e v e r a lo r d e r so fma g n i t u d e .F o r i n s t a n c e ,t h eI L - 1 f 3p r i m e r sw e r e 1 0 5 - f o l dm o r ee f f i c i e n tt h a n t h ea p o Ep r im e r s ( u n p u b -l i s h e dd a t a ) .T h u s , i t i s c r i t i c a lt o u s e t h es a m ep r i m e r sf o r

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