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Early History:
1st civilizations Indus Valley (2500 years ago)
developed a writing system, strong central government, rich overseas trade
Environmental changes led to decline of this civilization
Stranded cities
Hittite Script
Early Indian Civilizations
• Aryans: warlike people– Spread north into India
and gradually spread culture
– Dravidians were pushed south to farm (today: Deccan plateau)
– Spoke Sanskrit: Hindi developed from sanskrit
• Example Himalaya: meaning “Home of Snows”
• Aryan Religion– Basic ideas became
part of Hinduism– Pantheon: all the gods
of a religion
• Introduced strict system of social class– Caste System:
developed in which people could not change their social status
Early Indian Civilizations
Islamic Empires
• Muslims arrive in the north in 1000c.e.– Kingdom was founded
in 1200 c.e. in Delhi
• 1398 Timur invaded India and sacked Delhi
• 1500’s Genghis invades India
Empires
• 1500’s Genghis invades India
• Grandson Akbar: allowed people to practice their own religion– Muslim– Indians still practiced
Hinduism
• Shah Jahan– Built Taj Mahal– Religious tolerance ended with
Aurangzeb
• Europeans will soon take an opportunity to rule the area
European Influence
• Europeans arrive in 1490’s– Wanted to trade– Expand their empires– Expand Christianity
• New companies– Britain’s East India
Company– Indian Cotton became
important to Britain
• Fight over India– Britain and France
British Rule• 1700’s British Rule
– Defeated French and took over majority of subcontinent
– East India Controls region from Britain
• Foreign rule angers Indians– Rebellion breaks out among
sepoys– Sepoys killed officers and their
families– Both side report vicious acts of
cruelty– Britain crushed revolt
• Ended East India Company’s rule and ruled them directly in 1858
British Rule• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
and Sri Lanka = British Colony
• “Jewel in the Crown”• Cotton, Jewels, and tea
flowed into Britain• To ensure efficient flow of
goods built:– Railroads– Roads– Ports
• Introduced– English Language– Education system– Law and government
Independence
• Indians did not like the treatment they received at the hands of the British– Many spoke of
Independence
• 1885: Indians organized Indian National Congress– Asked for more rights– Larger share of
government jobs– British refused
Independence
• Mohandas K. Gandhi – Led independence
movement– Mahatma or “Great Soul”– Believed in nonviolent non-
cooperation was best way to achieve independence
– Boycott British goods– When thrown in jail he went
on a hunger strike– Efforts were effective – After WWII Britain granted
independence
Independence• Hindu’s vs. Muslim
– Muslim demanded a separate state in the north
• To avoid civil was separation of two states was granted: India and Pakistan
• Kashmir was divided between the two regions
• Lines did not solve the problem– Fighting broke out– 16million people fled to the
country with their religion– 1million people died
• 1948 Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu extremist
Independence
• Today Worlds most populous democracy
• Large number of people vote
• India has 28 states• Government is
shaped after Britain’s government
Religions
• Hinduism: see other power point
• Islam
• Sikhism
• Jainism
• Christianity
Religion
• Islam– Largest majority in
India– 2nd largest Muslim
population in the world– 11-14% of population – Reflects the heart of
the former Muslim empire
Religion
• Christianity – Arrived in 500 c.e. – Est. along west coast– 20million Indians
• Buddhism: – less than 1% of population
• Sikhism– Combines Muslim belief in
one God with Hindu belief in reincarnation and karma
– Rejects the caste system• Jainism
– Strict moral code based on preserving life
Culture
• Clothing Sari– Cloth that is wrapped
around the body – Choli is warn
underneath– Men wear the lungi:
length of fabric wrapped around the waist
– Skihs and turbans
Culture
• Food: – Curry flavors gravy base
served over rice– Varies widely country’s
different climate, crops, and culture
• Festivals– Each religion has special
days– Holi: northern and central
India = celebrates spring and triumph of good over evil
– Pongal = three day harvest festival of southern India parades cattle elaborately decortaed
The Indian Perimeter
Pakistan
History
• Empires– Persians– Alexander the Great– The Mauryan and the
Gupta– Turkic Muslims in 1000
c.e.• Brought Islam with
them• Became the main
religion
The Modern Period
• Region Granted independence in 1947
• Divide by religious lines• West and East Pakistan
(Bangladesh)– Major cultural differences
(i.e. languages were different)
– Government was in West Pakistan, east felt they had no power
– 1971 East Pakistan broke away became Bangladesh
Bangladesh
The Modern Period • Sri Lanka
– British colony 1802 – 1948 became independent
• Maldives– British Protectorate: gave up
certain decision making processes for protection
– Full independence in 1965• Bhutan
– British Protectorate – Fully independent in 1949– India still runs foreign policy
• Nepal– Ruled by series of dynasty’s– Constitutional Monarchy– Ethnic troubles, illiteracy, and
poverty – Hard to build a strong
Democracy
People and Languages
• Pakistan– Religion: Islam– Language: Urdu and
regional languages• Similar to Hindi
– Persian Script – Read right to left– Many also speak
English
People and Language
• Nepal:– Indo-Aryan ancestry– Speak Nepali– North speak Sino-Tibetan
Languages
• Bhutan– 3 major ethnic groups
• Bhote
• Nepalese
• Tribal People
– Speak: Dzongkha; English is used in Schools
People and Languages
• Bangladesh– Bengalis– Mix of Turks and
Southwest Asians– Speak Bengali
• Sri Lanka– 75% are Sinhalese– 25% are Tamils
• Live in north and east
– Decades of bloody conflicts
Education
• Generally low literacy rate
• Too few schools • Too few teachers• Women are less likely
than men to be able to read– Result of cultural
attitudes
Religion
• Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Maldives are Muslim
• Nepal and Bhutan are Hindu – Tibetan region: Buddhist – Nepal only official Hindu
state
• Sri Lanka– Sinhalese – Buddhist– Tamils – Hindus
• Religion is reflected in traditions and customs
Badshahi Mosque
Influence of Religion
• 1. Powerful influence on daily life
• 2. Prayer flags flap in the wind, sending out sacred messages called mantras
• 3. In India sadhus (Hindu teachers) can be found every where
– wear yellow robes– carry a bowl and blanket– live on gifts from those who
– want to improve their karma• 4. Consider cows to be sacred• 5. Women in Pakistan dress
modestly in accordance with Islamic law