Early Exploration Years

1.1 Key Terminology: •Migration: a movement of people or animals from one region to another

•Culture: a group’s set of common values and traditions

•Iroquois League: a political confederation on the present day East coast, established by the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca nations.

•Federation: governments linking different groups

Cultural Clashes: White Europeans v. Native Americans.

Early Migrations

•Early migrations took place in what is known as the “Ice Age,” periods of extremely cold temperatures before 10,000 B.C.

•Those who migrated traveled from Asia to various parts of the Americas, many as nomads, traveling for place to place, hunting and searching for food to survive.

The Growth of Cultures

•Eventually, nomadic people did settle down in regions, establishing their religious beliefs, common customs, artistic styles, and ways of protecting themselves.

Early Mexican/ South American Tribes

•Ancient civilizations were built up long before European exploration in the Americas. Some ancient groups included the Olmec (1200 BC-400 BC), the Mayan (1000 BC-AD 800), the Aztec (beginning around AD 1325), and the Inca (AD 1200).

•Each group set up its own culture, with ways to hunt and gather food.

•Important were their theocratic beliefs, and their establishment of an economy.

North American Peoples

•Native Americans inhabited the land of North America long before Europeans traversed there themselves.

•Indian tribes such as the Hohokam (Arizona), Anasazi (Utah, Colorado, Arizon, and New Mexico), Inuit (northern regions),Chinook (west), Dakota (plains), and Iroquois (northeast) also established their own cultures.

•The Iroquois and Cherokee helped established formal law codes called federations, giving women positions of power, and making sure their land was governed peacefully.

Iroquois Constitituon

•When the Europeans began settling into the Americas, the Iroquois people created their own constitution, showing their desire for peace:

“I am Dekanawidah and with the Five Nations’ Confederate Lords I plant the Tree of Great Peace. . . Roots have spread out from the Tree of the Great Peace, one to the north, one to th east, one to the south and one to the west. The name of these roots is the Great White Roots and their natures is Peace and Strength.”

Clashes between Native and “New” Americans:

Why do you think there may have been clashes? Jot your answer below:

There may have been clashes between white Europeans and Native Americans because of

White Europeans:

• Use the land for economic needs • Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property • Divided the land and selling it for monetary value

Native Americans:

• Relationship with environment as part of their religion • Need to hunt for survival • Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself.

Indirect Causes of European Exploration

Earlier Explorations

1. Islam and the Spice TradeàSilk Road

2. New PlayeràEurope

• Nicolo, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 • Expansion becomes a state enterpriseàmonarchs had the authority and the resources • Better seaworthy ships

Motives for European Exploration

1.Crusades à by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2.Renaissance à curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3.Reformation à refugees & missionaries.

4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5.Technological advances.

6.Fame and fortune.

The Middle Ages The era in European history from about A.D. 500 to 1300 is known as the Middle Ages, or the medieval period.

Warriors invading the former Roman Empire caused instability in the early Middle Ages. Feudalism developed:

• Servants worked the land on the manors of powerful nobles in exchange for protection.

• The Roman Catholic Church governed many aspects of European society. Aside from the clergy, few people were educated.

• In the late Middle Ages, economic growth created a middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans. Powerful monarchs, or rulers, increased their wealth.

• The Crusades — From 1096 to 1291, the Church organized a series of military campaigns, known as the Crusades, to take Jerusalem from the Turks.

• The Crusades failed, but they increased Europeans’ awareness of the rest of the world and accelerated economic change.

The Growth of Cities — Centers of trade grew into towns and cities, especially in northern Italy and northern France

• This growth had three major effects: o Created a middle class, a social class between the rich and poor. o It revived a money economy. o Eventual breakdown of the feudal system.

“Black Death” — In the 1300s, the bubonic plague, carried by fleas and rats, destroyed one third of Europe’s population.

From the devastation came a loss of religious faith and doubts about the Church.

Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe Economy Culture Politics

Nations competed for ________trade

Ancient Greek, Roman, and Muslim _____ and learning were rediscovered.

Reformation: Revolt against the ___________church

Improved ______________ technology aided exploration and trade

Philosophy of ____________: use of reason and experimentation in learning

Government by __________and the __________ declined.

___________ and ____________competed to explore the trade routes.

Michaelangelo, Leonardo DaVinci, Shakespeare

The rise of nations

European Exploration: 1400-1600

Effects:

•Europeans reach and settle Americas

•Expanded knowledge of world geography

•Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism

•Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations

•Introduction of the institution of slavery

•Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa.

* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes * Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine * Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO * Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis

* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice * Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley * Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats * Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE * Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox * Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria * Diptheria * Whooping Cough

European Colonization

•Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….

–Spain

–England

–France

–Portugal

This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

The Spanish

•Spanish first to pursue colonization

•Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)

•First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain

–St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

Explorers Traveling from Hispaniola

•De Leon - colonist of Hispaniola - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508

•Balboa - colonist of Hispaniola - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513

•de Coronado - Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540

•de Soto - Spain - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541

Explorers Sailing for Spain and Portugal

•Vespucci - Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s - Amerigo is his first name (where we get “America”) - 1501

Conquistadors

•Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain.

•Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population.

With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans

First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs

Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico

Montezuma II died, and the Mexians surrendered to Cortes.

First Spanish Conquests: The Incas

Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532

Cycle of Conquest and Colonization

The Colonial Class System

Explorers Sailing from Portugal

•Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460

•Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488

•da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498

•Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500

The French

•French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada

–Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America

–Develop a fur trade

–Couier do Bois

Explorers Sailing from France

•Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535

•Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

The Dutch

•Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements

–Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River

–New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system

•Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons

Explorers Sailing for the Netherlands

•Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609

European Exploration: Homework Assignment

Directions: Choose from one of the following European explorers to create a presentable biography on (these will be our new wall decorations). You will then create a bio of this individual with the following required pieces. This will be due on Friday, October 25th. Use this website for more information on your individual: http://cybersleuth-kids.com/sleuth/History/Explorers/

Name of explorer at bottom (approximately ¾ inch letters, or size 50 font) and picture of you, the explorer, nicely illustrated (you may trace a picture from the computer, but it still must be hand-drawn).

A map tracing the voyage from the sponsoring country to the New World and back. Show your explorations on a detailed map.

On a separate, cut-out sheet to be placed below your bio: Information about you, the captain. Explain your experience, early life, and why you are exploring. (What are you looking for?)

Flag of Monarchy you are coming from, small, to place below your bio.

Specific information about the area(s) explored. This should include items such as plants, land, animals, minerals, agriculture, and people you met on your journey. Include sketches and bring back samples of anything you can. This is placed below, so small, below your bio.

Amerigo Vespucci Antarctic Explorers Cabeza de Vaca Christopher Columbus David Livingstone Estevanico the Moor Ferdinand Magellan Francisco Coronado Francisco Pizarro Frederick Cook Henry Hudson Henry Morton Stanley

Henry the Navigator Hernan Cortes Hernando de Soto Jacques Cartier James Cook John Cabot John Wesley Powell Juan Ponce de Leon Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Leif Ericsson Lewis and Clark Marco Polo

Matthew Henson Pierre Le Moyne Iberville Ponce de Leon Richard Byrd Roald Amundsen Samuel Hearne Samuel de Champlain Sir Ernest Shackleton Sir Francis Drake Sir Richard Francis Burton Thor Heyerdahl Vasco Nunez de Balboa Vasco da Gama William Dampier William Marmot III