Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Early Detection of Aquatic Invasive Species—finding the needle in the
haystack
Jim Grazio, Ph.D.
PA DEP- Office of the Great Lakes
19 March 2019
Presentation Outline
• Share current AIS monitoring research
• Discuss regional AIS monitoring initiatives
Primary Sources
• Hoffman et al. 2011. Effort and potential efficiencies for aquatic non-native species early detection. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, 2064-2079.
• Trebitz et al. 2017. Early detection monitoring for aquatic non-indigenous species: Optimizing surveillance, incorporating advanced technologies, and identifying research needs. Journal of Environmental Management 202, 299-310
Options for Finding the Needle
• Detection is only “early” if organisms are found while still few and localized (i.e., rare).
• Rare organisms are inherently difficult to find
What to Monitor
• What to Monitor
– Target Species Monitoring/ “Active” Surveillance
• Look for a needle
– Broad Spectrum Monitoring/ “Passive” Surveillance
• Look for Anything that’s not hay
Where to Monitor
• Where to Monitor
– Consider
• Ecology
• Known ranges
• Pathways– Needles occur in hay
bales, not alfalfa bales
How to Monitor
• No survey can prove something absent
• Goal should be reasonable certainty that effort was sufficient to detect rare species
• Early Detection can be resource intensive– Risk v. resources
• Sampling Design– Usually random (stratified
cluster) or grid (spatially balanced)
• When Detection becomes easier, control becomes harder
Like searching for a needle using point-intercept design
Species-Effort Curves
• How many times do you need to look before you find all of the different types of needles?– To detect 95% of:
• Zooplankton- 750 samples
• Benthic inverts- 150 samples
• Fish- 100 samples
Source: Hoffman et al. 2011. Effort and potential efficiencies for aquatic non-native species early detection. Can. J. Fish.Aquat. Sci. 68, 2064-2079.
What to Look For• Look for an organism directly
or indirectly?– Entire organism v. eDNA
• Taxonomic approach– Limited effectiveness and efficiency
– “Gold Standard”
• eDNA– Efficient and Effective
– Limitations• Organism alive or dead?
• Quantification?
• DNA persistence?
eDNA
• Two eDNA based approaches:
– DNA target marker approach
• PCR-based
• Species-specific primers
– DNA barcoding
• Determine base-pair sequences
• Compare against reference sequences in database (e.g., GenBank)
• Metabarcoding examines sequences across a broad number of taxa
Zebra mussel gel
Assessing Survey Performance
• Aspects to assess include:
– detection probability attained for a given effort (i.e., sensitivity)
– efficiency with which detection is achieved,
– uncertainty in the survey outcome
• Quantifying and communicating why you didn’t find the needle
Conclusions
• The effort required for high-probability, early detection of aquatic non-native species is substantial
• Proper sampling design can increase efficiencies
– For early detection, targeted area/stratified cluster sampling (SCS) is (relatively) more efficient
• Consider and communicate uncertainty
– Create rarefaction curves
Regional AIS Surveillance Program
Regional AIS Surveillance Project
• GLRI-funded initiative
– MIDEQ sponsor, TNC facilitator, 8 State writing team
• Goals:
– 1) detect and track aquatic invasive species in the U.S. waters of the Great Lakes,
– 2) provide up to date information needed by decision makers for evaluating potential response actions
• Supports the Great Lakes and St Lawrence Governors
and Premiers signed Mutual Aid Agreement
2014 Mutual Aid Agreement
The Plan• Incorporates recent research
• Scope
– Fishes; Benthic Inverts, Plants
– US Waters of Great Lakes Basin, including St. Lawrence Seaway
Plan Content• Content
– Develops a species watch list.
– Identifies 25 priority locations for surveillance.
– Provides guidance on monitoring protocols for surveillance.
– Establishes a process for regional decision making and coordination across state agencies.
– Establishes protocols for sharing information.
– Identifies a collaborative adaptive management process
Species Watch Lists
• Species Watch Lists based on NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System (GLANSIS)
• 138 species across three taxonomic groups (fish, invertebrates, and plant/algae)
• Conventional sampling using multiple gears plus eDNA for high-risk target species (e.g., Asian Carp and ruffe)
Priority Surveillance Sites
• 25 throughout the Great Lakes
• Selected primarily based on propagule pressure and human population
Site Rank Location State Averaged Index Score
1 Chicago/Chicago River Mouth IL 151
2 Toledo/Maumee River Mouth OH 108
3 West Harbor/Marblehead/Lake Erie OH 79
4 Oswego/Oswego River Mouth NY 75
5 Saginaw Bay/Saginaw River Mouth MI 69
6 Portage/Portage-Burns Waterway IN 68
7 Sandusky/Sandusky Bay OH 68
8 Buffalo/Niagara River NY 65
9 Benton Harbor/Saint Joseph River Mouth MI 65
10 Grosse Pointe Shores/Lake St. Clair MI 64
11 Calumet River Mouth/Lake Michigan IN 63
12 Lake St. Clair/Clinton River Mouth MI 57
13 Cleveland/Cuyahoga River Mouth OH 55
14 East Chicago/Indiana Harbor Canal IN 54
15 Evanston/North Shore Channel Mouth IL 53
16 Lakeside/ Lake St. Clair MI 50
17 Rochester/Genesee River Mouth NY 50
18 Detroit River/Rouge River Mouth MI 48
19 Grand Haven/Grand River Mouth MI 45
20 Green Bay/Fox River Mouth WI 44
21 Fairport Harbor/Grand River Mouth OH 39
22 Milwaukee/Kinnickinnic River Mouth WI 38
23 Erie/Presque Isle Bay PA 37
24 Toussaint River Mouth OH 36
25 Lorain/Black River Mouth OH 34
Priority Plant Surveillance Sites
Plant Invasion Risk
Survey Methods• Stratified random (SCS) design
• Uses a variety of sampling gears to sample a variety of habitats (stratification variable)
• Fishes
– Fyke nets, boat electrofishing, bottom trawls
• Invertebrates
– Ponars, sweep nets, Hester-Dendy
• Plants
– Rake Toss, videography, diving
• Adaptive- Assess and modify as appropriate
Regional AIS Surveillance Program
Other Great (Lakes) Stuff
• Post-Delisting Monitoring Year
• Collaborative Science Monitoring year on Lake Erie
• Lake Erie LAMP 5-year report
• PA Sea Grant Mock AIS response workshop 21 March 2019
Contact Information
• Jim Grazio, PhD
Great Lakes Biologist
814-217-9636