Upload
andres
View
27
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Early Cold War. Founding of the U.N. Idea from League of Nations and Atlantic Charter Begins in 1945 General Assembly Security Council – 15 nations Permanent members with US, USSR, France, Britain, China. Europe – Post WWII. Nuremberg Trials 1945-6 Top Nazi leaders tried for war crimes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Early Cold War
Founding of the U.N. Idea from League of Nations and Atlantic Charter Begins in 1945 General Assembly Security Council – 15 nations
o Permanent members with US, USSR, France, Britain, China
Europe – Post WWII Nuremberg Trials 1945-6
o Top Nazi leaders tried for war crimeso Showed cooperation between allies
Satellite nations in Eastern Europeo Communist manipulated elections o “Soviet Bloc” of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,
Hungary, and Czechoslovakia Occupation of Germany
o Split 4 ways by US, France, Britain, and USSRo Soviet controlled area becomes East Germanyo Other 3 sectors – West Germany
“Iron Curtain” – Communist Eastern Europe
Asia – Post WWII Japan – Under control of US occupation until 1951
o US troops stayed (against communists?) Philippines – 1946 became independent country China
o Civil War• Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek (for Democracy, but
corrupt)• Communists led by Mao Zedong
o Two Chinas• Peoples Republic (Red China)• Formosa/Taiwan - Nationalists
• Guess which one US supported?• What was the effect on Truman?
Marshall Plan After war and harsh 1946-7 winter, Europe in bad
shape George Marshall outlined program of economic
helpo Economic aid to European countrieso Soviets and Eastern Bloc turned down aido Western Europe economic growing by 1950s
Was the Marshall Plan actually a plan against communism?
Cold War Conflict between the USSR and US from mid-1940s to early
1990s Early Roots
o Red Scare after WWIo Potsdam Conference
• How was the relationship of Truman different than FDR?o Truman’s policies
• Some saw it as reasonable response to USSR effort to increase communism
• Conservatives said he was soft on communism• Others say he overreacted to USSR’s historic need for
border security
Truman Doctrine After threat of communist takeover in Greece and
Turkey ’46 Truman asks Congress for economic aid to assist
freedom Idea was to Contain communism. Containment idea - Dean Acheson and George
Kennan (Mr. X) NSC-68 (1950- after China) – secret at time
o Increase defense spendingo Alliances w/ non-communist countrieso Work against “domino effect”
Restructure of the Military
Atomic Energy Commission established in 1946 National Security Act – 1947
o Organized Military under Department of Defense – “Pentagon”
o CIA – Central Intelligence Agencyo National Security Council – coordinate foreign policy in
Executiveo Fell in line with Truman Doctrine and cold war strategy
Selective Service System and peacetime draft – 1948
Early “shots” of Cold War
Berlin Airlift 1948o Soviets cut off land
access to West Berlin
o Massive Airlifto “candy bombers”o Soviets later open
roads
Atomic Arms raceo Soviets test atomic
bomb in 1949• Rosenbergs/Hiss
o US – H-bomb in 1952
Good guys vs. Bad guys
NATO - 1949o North Atlantic Treaty
Organizationo Military alliances with
Western Europe, Canada, and US
o What would Washington think of this?
Warsaw Pact – 1955o Military alliance of
Communist nations of Eastern Europe
Korean War 1950 – North Korea (Communist) invade South
Korea UN authorized force to defend South Korea
o Why did USSR not use their veto vote of Security Council?
Gen. MacArthur stops invasion and pushes backo But goes beyond orders including bombing Chinao Truman removes MacArthur despite public approval
Armistice would establish 38th Parallel in 1953 More than 54,000 Americans killed
Brinkmanship Eisenhower’s policy led by John Foster Dulles Idea of Massive Retaliation
o Dulles advocated more reliance on nuclear weapons
Suez Crisis 1956 – Egypt got funds for Aswan Dam from Soviet
Union. Egypt then nationalized French/British-owned Suez
Canal. Britain, France, Israel attach Egypt and retake
Canal. Eisenhower was furious that allies had not
contacted him. U.S. joins U.N. and world in condemnation. After crisis, U.S. dominate force in middle east, not
Brit or Fra.
Eisenhower Doctrine After Suez Crisis, Eisenhower pledged economic aid
to Middle Eastern counties. Also pledged to aid militarily against communism
spread. Builds upon Truman Doctrine with military and
middle east focus.
Asia and Latin America Conflicts France retook control of
Indochina after WWII. U.S. aided France in Vietnam
against communist forces. SEATO – Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization – 1954o Made to try to prevent Indochina
from becoming Communist.
CIA involved in several overthrows in the 1950s.o Produced Anti-U.S.
feeling Cuba- 1959
o Dictator Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro-led communists.
o American-owned businesses nationalized and alliance with USSR
o Later Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis with JFK
1950s Events 1956 – Hungarian Revolt – New gov’t established,
but Moscow sends in troops and restores communist gov’t.o US did not help as Ike feared WWIII
1957 - Sputnik I and II – shock U.S.o US National Defense and Education Act 1958o Explorer I – U.S. first satellite 1958o NASA started in 1958 to direct U.S. space effort
• 1961 – Alan Shepard in Space• 1962 – John Glenn first to orbit• 1969 – Neil Armstrong on moon
1960 and 1961 U2 Crisis – U.S. spy plane w/ Frances Gary Powers
shot down.o Scheduled peace summit with Khrushchev and
Eisenhower cancelled Eisenhower’s Farewell address
o Warned about the “unwarranted influence…by the military-industrial complex.”