Early Civilizations the Mayans (1)

8/8/2019 Early Civilizations the Mayans (1)

1/26


2/26


3/26


4/26


5/26


6/26


7/26


8/26


9/26


10/26


11/26


12/26


13/26

1. What river cuts through the desert and forms a border between Mexico and the United S tates?

2. What mountains in the western portion of S outh America home to many ancient civilizations run roughly parallelto the Pacific coast for more than 5, 000 miles?

3. What is the main mountain range in western Mexico that runs roughly parallel to the Pacific coast?

4. What is the huge plateau that covers most of central Mexico and is surrounded by mountains?

5. What are the highlands in the northern portion of S outh America that separate V enezuela, S uriname, &F rench Guiana from B razil?

6. What is the large lake in the northern tip of the S outh American continent that has a small opening into thethe Atlantic Ocean?

7. What is the major river in the northern portion of S outh America that winds from the Guiana Highlands to theAtlantic Ocean?

8. What is the large peninsula in Mexico much of which is covered by rain forest that extends into the Gulf of Mexico?

9. What is the long river in S outh American that winds from Peru through an immense rain forest in northern B razil,and empties into the Atlantic Ocean?

10. What is the main mountain range in eastern Mexico containing Mexico s highest peak that begins south of theRio Grande?

11. What lake is situated high in the Andes mountains and forms part of the border between Peru and B olivia?

12. What is the plain the extends through northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern B olivia?


14/26


15/26

1. What river cuts through the desert and forms a border between Mexico and the United S tates? Rio Grande

2. What mountains in the western portion of S outh America home to many ancient civilizations run roughly parallelto the Pacific coast for more than 5, 000 miles? Andes Mountains

3. What is the main mountain range in western Mexico that runs roughly parallel to the Pacific coast? S ierra Madre Occide

4. What is the huge plateau that covers most of central Mexico and is surrounded by mountains? Plateau of Mexico

5. What are the highlands in the northern portion of S outh America that separate V enezuela, S uriname, &F rench Guiana from B razil? Guinea Highlands

6. What is the large lake in the northern tip of the S outh American continent that has a small opening into thethe Atlantic Ocean? Lake Maracaibo

7. What is the major river in the northern portion of S outh America that winds from the Guiana Highlands to theAtlantic Ocean? Orinoco River

8. What is the large peninsula in Mexico much of which is covered by rain forest that extends into the Gulf of Mexico? Yucatan Peninsula

9. What is the long river in S outh American that winds from Peru through an immense rain forest in northern B razil,and empties into the Atlantic Ocean? Amazon River

10. What is the main mountain range in eastern Mexico containing Mexico s highest peak that begins south of theRio Grande? S ierra Madre Oriental

11. What lake is situated high in the Andes mountains and forms part of the border between Peru and B olivia? Lake T iticac

12. What is the plain the extends through northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern B olivia? Gran Chaco


16/26

13. What is the grassy plateau located in southern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern B olivia? Patagonia

14. What is the fertile plain that covers most of central Argentina? Pampas

15. What is the desert located in northern Chile that is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the AndesMountains to the east? Atacama D esert

16. What is the vast river basin that covers most of northern B razil and parts of B olivia, Peru, E cuador, Colombia,and V enezuela? Amazon River

C ont

Questions taken & S ited from: V ersion 1.1 of T eachers Curriculum Institute /Civilizations of the Americas


17/26

T he Mayans, Incas & AztecsReligion Art Writings

Calendars Math F ood

Warfare Royalty / Govt. Architecture


18/26

Great Mayan CitiesT ikal Copan Palenque

Lies deep in the jungle inthe Peten province of Guatemala. S ituated onhigh ground surrounded bylarge, swampy depressionswhich protected it fromneighboring cities.

Lies along the Copan River in a low tropical mountainvalley in what is nowHonduras.

Lies a few miles from thegreat Usumacinta River andlow in the foothills of nearby mountains.Overlooks a vast lowland

plain and delta region.S maller than Copan.

A city-state governed bykings. One of the largest of all Mayan cities.

An independent city-stategoverned by its own line of kings.

An independent city-state,ruled by a line of kings.Pacal or S hield lived intohis 80 s & ruled over 60

years. No local source of water.D epended on artificialreservoirs during the dryseason. Labor to maintain.

Ceremonial center of a richagricultural area, and its artand buildings are famousfor their high quality.

Its architecture isconsidered by many to bethe most beautiful of anyMayan city.


19/26

T enochtitlanT he Great City of the Aztec

B uilt before Columbus arrived in the Americas

One of the most advanced civilizations in the western hemisphereAn Aztec capital with a population of over 200,000 peopleB uilt on an island in Lake T excoco now the site of Mexico CityE nclosed by tropical rain forests & high latitude it enjoys a mild climate3 major city-states = T enochtitlan, T exaco, and T latelolco which

became the Aztec E mpire


20/26

Sacred Round Calculations Using the Mayan Calendar ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

D ay 1 D ay 2 D ay 3 D ay 4 D ay 5 D ay 6

________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ D ay 7 D ay 8 D ay 9 D ay 10 D ay 11 D ay 12


_______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ D ay 19 D ay 20 D ay 21 D ay 22 D ay 23 D ay 24


________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

D ay 31 D ay 32 D ay 33 D ay 34 D ay 35 D ay 36 ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________

D ay 37 D ay 38 D ay 39 D ay 40 D ay 41 D ay 42



21/26

Mayan Math

= represented the number 0 zero

. = represented the number 1 one _ = represented the number 5 five

Ex ample: .. is 7


22/26

Tribes: E verydayLife

Food Religion SocialOrganization

Achievements Fall of theE mpire

Maya Hard work S lash & B urnPlantingB uilding /

ArchitectureIrrigation

B irds,Rabbits,Monkeys,D

eer Wild fruits NutsVegetables

corn, squash, beans, etc.

Manydifferent gods13 layers of

heavens abovethe earth9 underworldsS acrificesWorship D ead

Lord NoblesPriests

Merchants /ArtisansPeasantsS laves

LegendsArchitectureHieroglyphicsB all GameCalendarsAstronomyMathematicsIrrigationRaised fields

Abandonedtheir cities and

just walked

away / left NaturalD isaster

D isease

Inca

Large E mpireRoadsT errace

farmingHard work PlantingAndes Mts.,

rain forests,coastal deserts

PotatoesCornT omatoesAvocadosPeppersS trawberries

NutsB eansChocolate

Many godsand goddessesGod of nature

V iracochaS un god IntiD aily prayersFestivals

S apa Incadescendant of the S un god wife C oya NoblesGovt OfficialsLittle contact

with theMayans &Aztecs

RoadsT errace

F armingIrrigationT amed llamasCounting

system/ quipus

S panisharrived andconquered

Aztec

S teambathLarge

householdsFarming

CraftingT rade

Maize (corn)B eansS quashChili Peppers

T omatoesWild game

GodsGoddessesA Patron God

for each

village

RoyalF amily/Upper class noblesCommonersS

erfsS laves

ArchitectureCalendarsT rade / CanalsMarkets

S culpturesWeaving

(S panish)CortesConquistadors


23/26

RELIGION

Mayans Incas AztecsT he Mayans worshippedmany different gods.B elieved their rulers wereliving gods.

T he Inca worshippedmany gods andgoddesses.

Worshiped many godsand goddesses.

B elieved there were 13layers of heavens abovethe earth and 9underworlds below.

T he major Incan god wasthe god of nature,V iracocha, the creator.Another Incan god wasInti the sun god. Goldwas his symbol & he wasthe father of Incan rulers.

E ach village &occupation had its own

patron god. A differentgod for each daywatched over them.

Ceremonies of giftsand sacrifices, such asvaluables, their own

blood and humansacrifices.

B elieved in diviningwhich is studying objectsto find magic signs thegods wanted them toknow. Had offerings andsacrifices as well.

Human sacrifices, menwomen and sometimeschildren.


24/26

Ru ersMAYAN S INCA S AZ T E CS

Lord Cacao-King of Tikal18 G opher-Ruler of CopanPacal Ruler of Palenque

LordWas considered a god-king

Responsible for politicalleadershipLords mostly men, but

women had great influence on political decisions

Pachacuti (1438-1463)Vision to use warfare to

spread Inca culturePromise peace and gifts

backed by threats

Forced conqueredpeoples to obey leaders &learn the language; butcould keep nativelanguage, leaders & gods.Huyayna CapacAtahualpa >Huscar > His 2 sons

Montezuma (1440-1468/9)E xpanded the empirefrom the Atlantic toPacific coasts & to CentralAmerica to what is nowG uatemala.

Montezuma II hisgrandson became emperorin 1502. He ruled whenthe empire was at its peak.


25/26

Machu Picchu was rediscovered in 1911 by e x plorer Hiram Bingham . It sits one and a half miles high on a mountaintop in Peru once inhibited by

the Inca civilization. Bingham thought it must have been a special religious city because of the fine stonework, however archaeologistsbelieve it was some type of vacation resort for Inca nobles .Over 3,000 steps connect the levels of the city and farming terraces.

It could only be reached by a log bridge on a sheer cliff. If enemiesthreatened the citizens there, they would simply draw back the bridge.

Clipart picture taken fromMicrosoft clips online


26/26

Possible Causes of Collapse of Classic Mayan Civilization

Lack of Resources * E normous Population-Water - F ood - Materials -Lack of modern agricultural

tools like the plow.-Revolution against the G overnment - D epletion of the soil-Attack against the kings -Peasant uprising - T oo many people to feed

-Invasion

-foreign - tribal; T oltecs

-Trade routes-S hifting toward the North - Increase use of water routes

-Location-Possible weather / climate concerns - E arthquakes, hurricanes-E pidemics of disease

-Calendar prophesies-T hey Mayans believed they were headed for collapse because their calendar said they

were, therefore they thought they should move to new centers

Documents

Early Civilizations the Mayans (1)