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7/31/2019 Early Civ of India and Pakistan
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Early Civilizations
of India and
Pakistan
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Geography of the IndusSubcontinent
Indus Valley Located in region known as South Asia orIndia
Today it includes: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,Nepal, Bhutan
3 major zones: fertile Gangetic plain in the north, dryDeccan plateau, coastal plains on both sides calledDeccan
Whats a plateau???
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Indus valley
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Terrain
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Monsoons!
Affect climate
In October, winter monsoons blow from the northeast
Indians rely on monsoons for the growing of crops
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Monsoon
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Rise and Fall of Indus Civilization
2600 BCE, Indus civilization comes about and flourishes for700 years
No real remnants of kings, queens, taxes, etc.just someremnants of accounts on clay tablets
Government: Cities well-planned, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were thought to have been twin capitals
Cities had complex plumbing systems, baths, drains,sewers
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Harappa
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Mohenjo-Daro
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The Society
Most people in the region were either farmers, merchants,or traders
Grew cotton, grain and traded in copper, pearls, and ivory
Religion: Thought to be polytheistic-Mother Goddess wassource of creation
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The Decline!
By 1900 BCE quality of life declines
Crude pottery replaces finer work, writing ceases to exist
Unsure why the society declineearthquake? Invasion?
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Aryan Civilization!
Between 2000 and 1500 BCE a nomadic people calledAryans arrived in India
Built no cities and left behind little archeological evidence
Most of what we know from them comes from the Vedas,a collection of hymns, chants, and ritual instructions
Vedas depicted Aryans as warriors who fought in chariots
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Vedas
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Aryan Society
Eventually, Aryans conquered the Indus region and movedto farming and settling
Aryan tribes were led by their leaders or rajahs
Society was divided into ranked groups 1. Brahman(priest), 2. Kshatriyas (warriors), 3. Vaisyas (herders,farmers, merchants)4. Sudras (little or no Aryan heritage)
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Aryan Religion
Were polytheistic and worshipped gods and goddessesthat embodied natural forces
Chief deity=Indra, god of war
Aryan religion begins to change.notion of brahmancomes about having to do with spiritual power existingbeyond the gods
Mystics come into play, practicing meditation and yoga
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Aryan Life
By 500 BCE, Indian civilization had many rival kingdoms
Sanskrit begins to flourish as the written language that
was used
Mahabharata=Indias great epic talks about the origins ofthe Indians within the region
Ramayan=Teaches value and behavior, talks about thedeeds of the hero Rama and Sita
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Mahabharata
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Ramayana
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Hinduism and Buddhism
Both religions profoundly shape Indian society
Hinduism has no single founder, grew out of overlapping
beliefs
Hinduism became one of the worlds most complexreligions with gods and goddesses
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Hinduism
Hindus believe in an all powerful spiritual force calledbrahman
They worship a variety of gods including: Brahma theCreator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva the Destroyer
Some Hindus worship various forms of the powerfulgoddess Shakti; both a cruel and kind, a creator anddestroyer
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Brahma
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Vishnu
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Shiva
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Shakti
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Sacred Texts
Vedas record Hindu teachings
The Upanishads are a section of the Vedas that address
mystical questions related to Hinduism
These works were used to vividly convey images thatexamine complex ideas about the human soul andconnectedness in life
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Moksha-The Goal in life
Ultimate goal of existence is to achieve Moksha: a unionwith brahman
How do you do this? Free yourself of selfish desires!
If you cannot achieve this in one lifetime, no problem, youcan also be reincarnated into another bodily form
Reincarnation allows individuals to work towards moksha
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Moksha (cont.)
You can also get closer to moksha by obeying the law ofkarma: all actions affect a persons fate in the current ornext life
Dharma: religious and moral duties
Ahimsa: nonviolence
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Jainism
Religion that grew out of Hindu traditions
Emphasis on meditaion, self denial
Founded by Mahavira
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Caste System
Closely linked to Hindu beliefs, was created to ensurespiritual purity
Rules included: where people lived, rules that governedlife, how one dresses, how one earns a living
People could not change their caste during their lifetime,but, they could in a future one
Modern times=thousands of major castes
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Teachings of Buddha
Originally known as Siddhartha Guatama, his teachingsspread across Asia
Buddhas quest for answers was based on the idea ofhuman suffering
Sought out Hindu scholars, one day sat under a tree andreached enlightenment, from that point on he hadbecome the Buddha
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Four Noble Truths
All life is suffering, pain, and sorrow
The cause of suffering is hatred and desire
Only cure for suffering is to overcome non-virtue
Only way to overcome non-virtue is to follow the Eightfoldpath: right views, right aspirations, right speech, right
conduct, right livliehood, right effort, right mindfulness,right contemplation
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Buddhism (cont.)
Final goal of Buddhism is to achieve Nirvana, or union withthe universe
Buddhas teachings were collected in the Tripitaka, orThree Baskets of Wisdom
Buddhism breaks off into two sects: Theraveda (follow theclosest teachings of Buddha) and Mahayana (easier
following for ordinary people); spread to China, Tibet,Korea, Japan
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Powerful Empires of India
Northern India was often a battleground among the rajahs
321 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya created the 1st Indian
Empire
Capitol was known as Pataliputra, was a walled city was530 towers and 64 gates
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Pataliputra
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Chandragupta
Gained power in the Ganges Valley, then conquerednorthern India
From 321 BCE to 185 BCE, Maurya dynasty ruled a vastand united empire
Chandraguptas government was highly organized butbrutal, trained women warriors as guards for his palace
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Asoka
Most honored Maurya emperor, turned to Buddhism as hisreligion and rejected further conquest
Asoka adhered to Buddhist beliefs, sent missionaries onreligious missions, promoted tolerance for other religions
Asokas rule brought peace and prosperity to the regionand helped a diverse set of peoples within the empire
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Division and Disunity
After Asokas death, Maurya power declined
By 185 BCE, unity was shattered as rival princes battled
over control
Distance and cultural differences always seemed toseparate the north from the south
Also, foreigners would frequently use the mountain passesinto northern India..
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Map
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Kingdoms cross the Deccan
After decline of Maurya power, Deccans in the southdivided into many kingdoms
Deccans were Dravidians with very different languagesand customs
They generally tolerated all religions
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Guptas and the Golden Age
500 years after the Maurya dynasty, the Gupta dynastyunited much of India (320ad-540ad), this was their GoldenAge
Much power was left in the hands of the villages
Trade and farming flourished across the empire, farmersharvested wheat, rice, sugar cane
Artisans made cotton cloth, pottery, metalware for export
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Gupta Society
Students educated in religious schools
Learning not limited to religion and philosophy, also
taught mathematics, medicine, physics, languages
Indian mathematics discovered the idea of zero and thedecimal system
During this time, simple surgeries were performed anddoctors even vaccinated
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The Gupta Empire (cont.)
Many writers wrote poems and stories in Sanskrit
Greatest write of the time, Kalidasa wrote Shakuntala, a
famous Indian play
Ultimately, Gupta Empire declined due to civil unrest,foreign invaders, and weak rulers. India once again splitinto many kingdoms
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Family and Village Life
Vast majority of Indians were peasants, everythingrevolved around the rules of the caste
Joint Family Structure= Parents, children, offspring shareda common dwelling, families were patriarchal, fatherswere thought to have wisdom but made decisions afterconsulting with wife (note to all guysthis is ALWAYS a
good idea)
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Family/Village Life (cont.)
Family trained children in traditions and duties of their caste
For parents, duty was to arrange good marriages base on caste andfamily interest
In northern India, a dowry was not uncommon
Role of women=During Gupta times, upper-class women restricted tothe home, lower-class labored in the field
Women were thought to have shakti a creative energy that men
lacked
Rebirth into a higher existence was gained through devotion of thehusband
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Family/Village (cont.)
Village is the heart of daily life
Each village included people of different castes
A village headman or council made decisions, they were incharge of ensuring cooperation on village projects
Farming was based on the rains brought by the monsoons
Landlords owned much of the land, as a result, many farmers
had to give part of the harvest to the owner
Family/Village (cont.)
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The Rise of China
Geography: Long distances and physical barriers separatedChina from the other civilizations
Chinese believed they were the center of the earth, leadingthem to be called jahng gwoh, or the Middle Kingdom
West and southwest= brutal deserts and high mountain ranges
Southeast=thick rain forests
East= Pacific Ocean
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Geography
China did trade despite being isolated
They reached the Middle East and beyond
Most people they encountered were nomadic invaderswho were absorbed into their society
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Varied Regions
Along the east coast, supported the largest populationsbecause of the Yellow River (provided fertile land)
Beyond the heartland are outlying regions of Xinjiang andMongolia. Had harsh climates and rugged terrain
Chinese history began in the Yellow River Valley, the needto control the water led to a large central government
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Yellow River
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The Shang Dynasty
The first dynasty took place under the Shang in 1766 BCE
Archeologists have uncovered large palaces and tombs
within a walled city
Loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land
Shang society included royal family and a class of noble
warriors
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Society (cont.)
Early Chinese cities supported artisans and merchants,majority of people in Shang China were peasants
Family members worked in fields using stone tools, whennot in the fields, peasants worked to repair dikes andfought in wars with their lords
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Zhou Dynasty
1122 BCE-256 BCE, Zhou come into power after defeatingShang
Mandate of Heaven justifies rebellionwhat is this?
Dynastic cycle is what drives the overthrow of power
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Dynastic Cyle
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Feudal State and Economy
Under Zhou, China developed a feudal system
After the 800s BCE, feudal lords had the real power
During Zhou period, economy of China grew
Iron axes and iron plows replaced stone, peasants beganto grow new crops like soybeans
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Feudalism
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Economy (cont.)
Commerce expands, Chinese begin to use money for thefirst time
Merchants benefited from new roads and canals thatfeudal lords constructed
Economic expansion led to people moving closer to innerChina and began to farm in the Change River Basin
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Zhou Dynasty Ends
By 256BCE, China was large and prosperous
Zhou were unable to control feudal lords who ignored the
emperor
Battles broke out between the feudal lords
Out of these wars rose a new leader and began the Qin
dynastyto be continued..
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Religious Beliefs
By Shang times, complex religious beliefs had beendeveloped
Shang Di was known as the supreme god
Prayers of rulers and nobles to their ancestors werethought to serve the community as a whole
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Confucius
Born in 551BCE to a noble but poor family
Studied ancient texts to learn the rules of conduct that
guided his ancestors
Was known for his wisdom, his pupils wrote down hisknowledge in the Analects
Developed a philosophy on worldly goals, social order, andgood government
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Confucius (cont).
Believed harmony occurred when people accepted theirplace in society
Confucius put respect for parents (filial piety), above allother duties
Other values included hard work, concern for others andthe golden rule
He believed that rulers should be virtuous and should leadby good example
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Confucius (cont.)
Confucianism introduced a long-lasting belief that theuniverse was a delicate balance of good/bad or yin/yang
Yin was linked to Earth, darkness and female forces whileyang stood for heaven, light , and male forces
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Daoism
Teaches harmony with nature, developed my Laozi or Old
Master
Daoism not concerned much with human affairs, rather, theywere concerned with harmony with nature
Daoists turned from the unnatural ways of society, they viewed
government as the cause of many problems
In the end, many people blended both Confucianism and
Daoism
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Achievements
Movements of the planets were studied
Bronze was introduced and great weapons were created
Learned how to make silk- led to great amounts of trade in later
dynasties
Through Oracle bones, a complex writing system was
developed
Under the Zhou, the 1stbooks were made, Book of Songs was
one of the great books of the time
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Strong Rulers
Classical age enters China under the Qin Dynasty
Shi Huangdi (Qin) unifies China with the help of legalism-
imposed harsh punishments
He tortured, killed, or enslaved many who opposed his rule
To end dissent, Huangdi would often order book burnings
Huangdi also abolished feudalism and replaced it with 36military districts
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Strong Rulers (cont.)
Huangdi redistributed noble lands to peasants, but theystill paid high taxes
His most remarkable feat was the construction of theGreat Wall
Its main purpose was to demonstrate the emperorsability to mobilize Chinas vast resources
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Qin Collapse and the Han
Huangdi dies in 210 BCE, Quin power officially collapses in206 BCE, Gao Zu defeated rival armies and founded theHan dynasty
Gao Zu cpolicies created strong foundations for the Handynasty which lasted from 202 BC to 220 AD
Emperor Wudi takes China to new heights, reorganized
the government economically, took complete control ofiron and salt
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Han Dynasty (cont.)
In 220 AD, the last Han emperor was overthrown
Achievements of the Han included: advances in science,medicine, measurement of earthquakes, and acupuncture
Invented a method to make paper out of wood pulp, wereadvanced shipbuilders, used fishing reels andwheelbarrows for the 1st time
Han architecture included temples, palaces, and elegantparks
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Acceptance of Buddhism
By 100 AD, missionaries had spread Mahayana Buddhismfrom India to China
Chinese saw this as appealing because it was a religion ofescape from suffering
By AD 400, Buddhism spread all throughout China withmonastaries, they also absorbed many daoist and
Confuciun traditions
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