Early Civ of India and Pakistan

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    Early Civilizations

    of India and

    Pakistan

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    Geography of the IndusSubcontinent

    Indus Valley Located in region known as South Asia orIndia

    Today it includes: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,Nepal, Bhutan

    3 major zones: fertile Gangetic plain in the north, dryDeccan plateau, coastal plains on both sides calledDeccan

    Whats a plateau???

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    Indus valley

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    Terrain

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    Monsoons!

    Affect climate

    In October, winter monsoons blow from the northeast

    Indians rely on monsoons for the growing of crops

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    Monsoon

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    Rise and Fall of Indus Civilization

    2600 BCE, Indus civilization comes about and flourishes for700 years

    No real remnants of kings, queens, taxes, etc.just someremnants of accounts on clay tablets

    Government: Cities well-planned, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were thought to have been twin capitals

    Cities had complex plumbing systems, baths, drains,sewers

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    Harappa

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    Mohenjo-Daro

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    The Society

    Most people in the region were either farmers, merchants,or traders

    Grew cotton, grain and traded in copper, pearls, and ivory

    Religion: Thought to be polytheistic-Mother Goddess wassource of creation

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    The Decline!

    By 1900 BCE quality of life declines

    Crude pottery replaces finer work, writing ceases to exist

    Unsure why the society declineearthquake? Invasion?

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    Aryan Civilization!

    Between 2000 and 1500 BCE a nomadic people calledAryans arrived in India

    Built no cities and left behind little archeological evidence

    Most of what we know from them comes from the Vedas,a collection of hymns, chants, and ritual instructions

    Vedas depicted Aryans as warriors who fought in chariots

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    Vedas

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    Aryan Society

    Eventually, Aryans conquered the Indus region and movedto farming and settling

    Aryan tribes were led by their leaders or rajahs

    Society was divided into ranked groups 1. Brahman(priest), 2. Kshatriyas (warriors), 3. Vaisyas (herders,farmers, merchants)4. Sudras (little or no Aryan heritage)

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    Aryan Religion

    Were polytheistic and worshipped gods and goddessesthat embodied natural forces

    Chief deity=Indra, god of war

    Aryan religion begins to change.notion of brahmancomes about having to do with spiritual power existingbeyond the gods

    Mystics come into play, practicing meditation and yoga

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    Aryan Life

    By 500 BCE, Indian civilization had many rival kingdoms

    Sanskrit begins to flourish as the written language that

    was used

    Mahabharata=Indias great epic talks about the origins ofthe Indians within the region

    Ramayan=Teaches value and behavior, talks about thedeeds of the hero Rama and Sita

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    Mahabharata

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    Ramayana

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    Hinduism and Buddhism

    Both religions profoundly shape Indian society

    Hinduism has no single founder, grew out of overlapping

    beliefs

    Hinduism became one of the worlds most complexreligions with gods and goddesses

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    Hinduism

    Hindus believe in an all powerful spiritual force calledbrahman

    They worship a variety of gods including: Brahma theCreator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva the Destroyer

    Some Hindus worship various forms of the powerfulgoddess Shakti; both a cruel and kind, a creator anddestroyer

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    Brahma

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    Vishnu

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    Shiva

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    Shakti

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    Sacred Texts

    Vedas record Hindu teachings

    The Upanishads are a section of the Vedas that address

    mystical questions related to Hinduism

    These works were used to vividly convey images thatexamine complex ideas about the human soul andconnectedness in life

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    Moksha-The Goal in life

    Ultimate goal of existence is to achieve Moksha: a unionwith brahman

    How do you do this? Free yourself of selfish desires!

    If you cannot achieve this in one lifetime, no problem, youcan also be reincarnated into another bodily form

    Reincarnation allows individuals to work towards moksha

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    Moksha (cont.)

    You can also get closer to moksha by obeying the law ofkarma: all actions affect a persons fate in the current ornext life

    Dharma: religious and moral duties

    Ahimsa: nonviolence

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    Jainism

    Religion that grew out of Hindu traditions

    Emphasis on meditaion, self denial

    Founded by Mahavira

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    Caste System

    Closely linked to Hindu beliefs, was created to ensurespiritual purity

    Rules included: where people lived, rules that governedlife, how one dresses, how one earns a living

    People could not change their caste during their lifetime,but, they could in a future one

    Modern times=thousands of major castes

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    Teachings of Buddha

    Originally known as Siddhartha Guatama, his teachingsspread across Asia

    Buddhas quest for answers was based on the idea ofhuman suffering

    Sought out Hindu scholars, one day sat under a tree andreached enlightenment, from that point on he hadbecome the Buddha

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    Four Noble Truths

    All life is suffering, pain, and sorrow

    The cause of suffering is hatred and desire

    Only cure for suffering is to overcome non-virtue

    Only way to overcome non-virtue is to follow the Eightfoldpath: right views, right aspirations, right speech, right

    conduct, right livliehood, right effort, right mindfulness,right contemplation

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    Buddhism (cont.)

    Final goal of Buddhism is to achieve Nirvana, or union withthe universe

    Buddhas teachings were collected in the Tripitaka, orThree Baskets of Wisdom

    Buddhism breaks off into two sects: Theraveda (follow theclosest teachings of Buddha) and Mahayana (easier

    following for ordinary people); spread to China, Tibet,Korea, Japan

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    Powerful Empires of India

    Northern India was often a battleground among the rajahs

    321 BCE, Chandragupta Maurya created the 1st Indian

    Empire

    Capitol was known as Pataliputra, was a walled city was530 towers and 64 gates

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    Pataliputra

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    Chandragupta

    Gained power in the Ganges Valley, then conquerednorthern India

    From 321 BCE to 185 BCE, Maurya dynasty ruled a vastand united empire

    Chandraguptas government was highly organized butbrutal, trained women warriors as guards for his palace

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    Asoka

    Most honored Maurya emperor, turned to Buddhism as hisreligion and rejected further conquest

    Asoka adhered to Buddhist beliefs, sent missionaries onreligious missions, promoted tolerance for other religions

    Asokas rule brought peace and prosperity to the regionand helped a diverse set of peoples within the empire

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    Division and Disunity

    After Asokas death, Maurya power declined

    By 185 BCE, unity was shattered as rival princes battled

    over control

    Distance and cultural differences always seemed toseparate the north from the south

    Also, foreigners would frequently use the mountain passesinto northern India..

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    Map

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    Kingdoms cross the Deccan

    After decline of Maurya power, Deccans in the southdivided into many kingdoms

    Deccans were Dravidians with very different languagesand customs

    They generally tolerated all religions

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    Guptas and the Golden Age

    500 years after the Maurya dynasty, the Gupta dynastyunited much of India (320ad-540ad), this was their GoldenAge

    Much power was left in the hands of the villages

    Trade and farming flourished across the empire, farmersharvested wheat, rice, sugar cane

    Artisans made cotton cloth, pottery, metalware for export

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    Gupta Society

    Students educated in religious schools

    Learning not limited to religion and philosophy, also

    taught mathematics, medicine, physics, languages

    Indian mathematics discovered the idea of zero and thedecimal system

    During this time, simple surgeries were performed anddoctors even vaccinated

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    The Gupta Empire (cont.)

    Many writers wrote poems and stories in Sanskrit

    Greatest write of the time, Kalidasa wrote Shakuntala, a

    famous Indian play

    Ultimately, Gupta Empire declined due to civil unrest,foreign invaders, and weak rulers. India once again splitinto many kingdoms

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    Family and Village Life

    Vast majority of Indians were peasants, everythingrevolved around the rules of the caste

    Joint Family Structure= Parents, children, offspring shareda common dwelling, families were patriarchal, fatherswere thought to have wisdom but made decisions afterconsulting with wife (note to all guysthis is ALWAYS a

    good idea)

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    Family/Village Life (cont.)

    Family trained children in traditions and duties of their caste

    For parents, duty was to arrange good marriages base on caste andfamily interest

    In northern India, a dowry was not uncommon

    Role of women=During Gupta times, upper-class women restricted tothe home, lower-class labored in the field

    Women were thought to have shakti a creative energy that men

    lacked

    Rebirth into a higher existence was gained through devotion of thehusband

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    Family/Village (cont.)

    Village is the heart of daily life

    Each village included people of different castes

    A village headman or council made decisions, they were incharge of ensuring cooperation on village projects

    Farming was based on the rains brought by the monsoons

    Landlords owned much of the land, as a result, many farmers

    had to give part of the harvest to the owner

    Family/Village (cont.)

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    The Rise of China

    Geography: Long distances and physical barriers separatedChina from the other civilizations

    Chinese believed they were the center of the earth, leadingthem to be called jahng gwoh, or the Middle Kingdom

    West and southwest= brutal deserts and high mountain ranges

    Southeast=thick rain forests

    East= Pacific Ocean

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    Geography

    China did trade despite being isolated

    They reached the Middle East and beyond

    Most people they encountered were nomadic invaderswho were absorbed into their society

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    Varied Regions

    Along the east coast, supported the largest populationsbecause of the Yellow River (provided fertile land)

    Beyond the heartland are outlying regions of Xinjiang andMongolia. Had harsh climates and rugged terrain

    Chinese history began in the Yellow River Valley, the needto control the water led to a large central government

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    Yellow River

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    The Shang Dynasty

    The first dynasty took place under the Shang in 1766 BCE

    Archeologists have uncovered large palaces and tombs

    within a walled city

    Loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land

    Shang society included royal family and a class of noble

    warriors

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    Society (cont.)

    Early Chinese cities supported artisans and merchants,majority of people in Shang China were peasants

    Family members worked in fields using stone tools, whennot in the fields, peasants worked to repair dikes andfought in wars with their lords

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    Zhou Dynasty

    1122 BCE-256 BCE, Zhou come into power after defeatingShang

    Mandate of Heaven justifies rebellionwhat is this?

    Dynastic cycle is what drives the overthrow of power

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    Dynastic Cyle

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    Feudal State and Economy

    Under Zhou, China developed a feudal system

    After the 800s BCE, feudal lords had the real power

    During Zhou period, economy of China grew

    Iron axes and iron plows replaced stone, peasants beganto grow new crops like soybeans

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    Feudalism

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    Economy (cont.)

    Commerce expands, Chinese begin to use money for thefirst time

    Merchants benefited from new roads and canals thatfeudal lords constructed

    Economic expansion led to people moving closer to innerChina and began to farm in the Change River Basin

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    Zhou Dynasty Ends

    By 256BCE, China was large and prosperous

    Zhou were unable to control feudal lords who ignored the

    emperor

    Battles broke out between the feudal lords

    Out of these wars rose a new leader and began the Qin

    dynastyto be continued..

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    Religious Beliefs

    By Shang times, complex religious beliefs had beendeveloped

    Shang Di was known as the supreme god

    Prayers of rulers and nobles to their ancestors werethought to serve the community as a whole

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    Confucius

    Born in 551BCE to a noble but poor family

    Studied ancient texts to learn the rules of conduct that

    guided his ancestors

    Was known for his wisdom, his pupils wrote down hisknowledge in the Analects

    Developed a philosophy on worldly goals, social order, andgood government

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    Confucius (cont).

    Believed harmony occurred when people accepted theirplace in society

    Confucius put respect for parents (filial piety), above allother duties

    Other values included hard work, concern for others andthe golden rule

    He believed that rulers should be virtuous and should leadby good example

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    Confucius (cont.)

    Confucianism introduced a long-lasting belief that theuniverse was a delicate balance of good/bad or yin/yang

    Yin was linked to Earth, darkness and female forces whileyang stood for heaven, light , and male forces

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    Daoism

    Teaches harmony with nature, developed my Laozi or Old

    Master

    Daoism not concerned much with human affairs, rather, theywere concerned with harmony with nature

    Daoists turned from the unnatural ways of society, they viewed

    government as the cause of many problems

    In the end, many people blended both Confucianism and

    Daoism

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    Achievements

    Movements of the planets were studied

    Bronze was introduced and great weapons were created

    Learned how to make silk- led to great amounts of trade in later

    dynasties

    Through Oracle bones, a complex writing system was

    developed

    Under the Zhou, the 1stbooks were made, Book of Songs was

    one of the great books of the time

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    Strong Rulers

    Classical age enters China under the Qin Dynasty

    Shi Huangdi (Qin) unifies China with the help of legalism-

    imposed harsh punishments

    He tortured, killed, or enslaved many who opposed his rule

    To end dissent, Huangdi would often order book burnings

    Huangdi also abolished feudalism and replaced it with 36military districts

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    Strong Rulers (cont.)

    Huangdi redistributed noble lands to peasants, but theystill paid high taxes

    His most remarkable feat was the construction of theGreat Wall

    Its main purpose was to demonstrate the emperorsability to mobilize Chinas vast resources

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    Qin Collapse and the Han

    Huangdi dies in 210 BCE, Quin power officially collapses in206 BCE, Gao Zu defeated rival armies and founded theHan dynasty

    Gao Zu cpolicies created strong foundations for the Handynasty which lasted from 202 BC to 220 AD

    Emperor Wudi takes China to new heights, reorganized

    the government economically, took complete control ofiron and salt

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    Han Dynasty (cont.)

    In 220 AD, the last Han emperor was overthrown

    Achievements of the Han included: advances in science,medicine, measurement of earthquakes, and acupuncture

    Invented a method to make paper out of wood pulp, wereadvanced shipbuilders, used fishing reels andwheelbarrows for the 1st time

    Han architecture included temples, palaces, and elegantparks

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    Acceptance of Buddhism

    By 100 AD, missionaries had spread Mahayana Buddhismfrom India to China

    Chinese saw this as appealing because it was a religion ofescape from suffering

    By AD 400, Buddhism spread all throughout China withmonastaries, they also absorbed many daoist and

    Confuciun traditions

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