Early Anatomy Studies

Huang Ti, “The Yellow Emperor”Father of Chinese Medicine

-2600 BC , wrote “Canon of Medicine”

-Confucian doctrine considered dissection a defilement of the human body and forbade it.

-Still was able to determine blood of the body is under the control of the heart.

Early Asian Influence

Hippocrates,460-370 BC

-“Father of Medicine”

- Proponent of Humorism, focusing on restoring the balance of the “humors”

- Human body is filled with 4 substances: Black bile (earth), Yellow bile (fire),Phlegm (water), and Blood (air)

Greco - Roman Influences

Egyptian Influence

King Ptolemy I, 300 BC

-Allowed and often witnessed human dissections

-Encouraged physicians to dissect criminals

-Greek physician Herophilus (“Father of Anatomy”) moved to Egypt and performed scientific dissections of human cadavers. He supposedly even dissected living criminals obtained from the prisons of kings!

Galen, 129- 199 ADGreek physician (settled in Rome)

-Imbalance in humors related to disease

-Performed dissections on animals, but not human cadavers

-Anatomy studies dominated scientific thinking for almost two millenia

Greco - Roman Influences

Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519- Detailed drawings of the human body.

Renaissance Influences

Andreas Vesalius, 1514-1564Flemish physician

-Moved to Italy, where he taught and performed dissections on cadavers.

-1543, Published “On the Structure of the Human Body”

-First accurate and detailed study of human anatomy

-Ended the influence of Galen.

Renaissance Influences

Age of Enlightenment

Anton van Leeuwenhoek,1632-1723

- Dutch scientist, “Father of Microbiology”

- detailed microscopic observations, including blood cells and germ cells.

Jacques Fabien Gautier D’Agoty(1717-1785)

-French author/artist/printer

-Color studies of human anatomy

Age of Enlightenment

Body snatching in the 17th - 19th centuries-“Resurrectionists” profited from stealing corpses and selling them to medical schools for dissection

-Anatomy Act of 1832 in England made body snatching a criminal offense

Toward Modern Anatomy

X-ray technology, 1895 - present

-Best for viewing hard, bony, and dense structures

“X-ray technology uses electromagnetic radiation to make images. The image is recorded on a film, called a radiograph. The parts of your body appear light or dark due to the different rates that your tissues absorb the X-rays. Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white on the radiograph. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less, and look gray. Air absorbs least, so lungs look black.”

Ultrasound techniques“Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to look at organs and structures inside the body. Health care professionals use them to view the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, liver and other organs. During pregnancy, doctors use ultrasound tests to examine the fetus. Unlike x-rays, ultrasound does not involve exposure to radiation.

During an ultrasound test, a special technician or doctor moves a device called a transducer over part of your body. The transducer sends out sound waves, which bounce off the tissues inside your body. The transducer also captures the waves that bounce back. Images are created from these sound waves. “

1950’s - present

CT scans, 1970’s-present(Computed Tomography)

“Computed tomography (CT) is a diagnostic procedure that uses special X-ray equipment to create cross-sectional pictures of your body. CT images are produced using X-ray technology and powerful computers.

The uses of CT include looking for•Broken bones•Cancers•Blood clots•Signs of heart disease•Internal bleeding

During a CT scan, you lie still on a table. The table slowly passes through the center of a large X-ray machine. The test is painless. During some tests you receive a contrast dye, which makes parts of your body show up better in the image.”

MRI, 1970’s-present(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

“Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord.

During the scan, you lie on a table that slides inside a tunnel-shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is painless. The MRI machine makes a lot of noise. The technician may offer you earplugs.”

PET scans, 1970’s-present(Positron Emission Technology) “A positron emission

tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for disease in the body.

The PET machine detects energy given off by the radioactive substance and changes it into 3-dimensional pictures. The images are sent to a computer, where they are displayed on a monitor for the health care provider to read. The PET scan shows how organs and tissues are working.”

Fluorescent ProteinsRoger Tsien – Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2008)

http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/humanatlas1/vmc_white.asp?anid=0172(short video animations of CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and X-Ray)

MEDICAL IMAGING ANIMATIONS:

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3057007(animations of CT, PET, and other technologies)

http://www.sciencedaily.com/videos/2009/0106-detecting_asthma.htm(detecting asthma with an MRI)

http://discovermagazine.com/photos/07-brain-saving-mind-blowing-hi-tech--medical-imaging?utm_campaign=The%20Brain%27s%20Math%20Instinct%3B%20Sleep-Learning%3B%20and%20More&utm_content=aross@cbu.edu&utm_medium=Email&utm_source=VerticalResponse&utm_term=Brain-Saving%2C%20Mind-Blowing%2C%20Hi-Tech%20Medical%20Imaging

HUMAN ANATOMY TERMS

Body Planes and Sections

1. Sagittal – longitudinal cut dividing right and left

2. Frontal (Coronal) - lengthwise cut dividing anterior (front) and posterior (back)

3. Transverse - horizontal cut dividing superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

Orientation and Directional Terms

Anterior vs. Posterior – front vs. backSuperior vs. Inferior – above (toward head) vs. belowMedial vs. Lateral – toward midline vs. away from midlineProximal vs. Distal – toward origin vs. away from origin Superficial vs. Deep – toward surface vs. more internal

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Abdominopelvic Surface and Cavity

REGIONAL TERMS

http://www.quia.com/jg/394936.htmlhttp://www.quia.com/jg/482717.html(Anatomy Games: Body Regions, Planes, and Directions)

http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/humanbo.html(Links and other Resources)

ANATOMY RESOURCES

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15405(Interactive Reviews)

http://www.powertolearn.com/teachers/lesson_activities/science/CBV.37.S.SCI.R5.F.pdf(Language of Anatomy Lessons)

http://www.cbu.edu/~aross/APIhome.htm#lab1College Anatomy Resources

http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/(Anatomy Terms Practice and Sectional Animations)