Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations Europeans have always had wanderlust.

Because food surpluses had existed since before the ancient Greeks, Europeans had been able to devote time to pursuits other than finding, or producing food…war, the arts, war, building, war…

The Greeks had their triremes in which they explored the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean sea.

The Greeks set up colonies, all around the Mediterranean…they exported their culture, religion, and political system…tyranny, democracy, totalitarianism.

Here is a map of Ancient Greek cities

The geography of Greece is rugged, and mountainous.

Geography played a huge role in determining the Greek culture and, by extension, ours.

The cities are spread out. The mountains make it hard to go from one to another

The separation of these cities led to them being fiercely independent and competitive

They developed governments that were very different from each other…

Athens invented DEMOCRACY (demos=people and cracy=government) where the individual’s rights were the most important thing…if you were a man!Sparta invented a system that put the

state before the individual…the individual was only important in how he, or she, could help the state…TOTALITARIANISM

From the Greeks it is merely a matter of centuries before we get to the largest Mediterranean empire…the Romans

Here is a map of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent.

So far we have seen one theme of European history…exploration

We will leap ahead 500 years to Marco Polo

Marco Polo, in September 1254?…we are not sure exactly, a Venetian trader and explorer gained fame for his worldwide travels in his book…The Travels Of Marco Polo.

Polo, together with his father Niccolò and his uncle Maffeo, were the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China (which was then called Cathay) and visit the great Khan of the Mongol Empire…Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan).

Marco

Polo

Marco Polo told such wonderful tales about far off and exotic places…China, India, Arabia…If we look at Europe at the beginning of the 1300’s we see feudalism, the Black Death is around the corner, the 100 years war is ongoing, and the church has instituted another Inquisition…how different the tales of Marco Polo must have seemedSince the fall of the Roman Empire, the succeeding Dark Ages had brought instability to Western Europe and a near collapse of the trade network.

Nevertheless, some trade did occur. For instance, Jewish merchants…forbidden from owning land, farming, or joining guilds…traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East…especially SPICES.

Spices were among the most luxurious products available in the Middle Ages, the most common being black pepper, cinnamon, cumin, nutmeg, ginger, and cloves.

They were all imported from plantations in Asia and Africa which made them extremely expensive.

peppercinnamon

mace with nutmeg fruit

• The control of trade routes and the spice-producing regions were the main reasons that Portuguese…under the leadership of Henry the Navigator…in the late 1400s started a new era of European exploration.

• In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz reached the southern tip of Africa…the Cape of Good Hope

• Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed on to India in 1497/8. He returned with a cargo worth 60 times the cost of the voyage!!!

• It was Afonso de Albuquerque who allowed the Portuguese to take control of the sea routes to India. He set up a series of Portuguese colonies/ports/forts/ all the way to Goa, in India.

• The Portuguese could now trade directly with Siam, China, and the Spice Islands.

• The Silk Road complemented the Portuguese sea routes, and brought the treasures of the Orient to Europe via Lisbon, many of which were the coveted spices.

Henry the NavigatorMonument to Prince Henry in Lisbon…today

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon…set Museum of Navigation in Lisbon…set up by Prince Henry, in 1419up by Prince Henry, in 1419Museum of Navigation in Lisbon…set Museum of Navigation in Lisbon…set up by Prince Henry, in 1419up by Prince Henry, in 1419

Let us take a look at some of the new technologies that Let us take a look at some of the new technologies that allowed the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, French allowed the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, French and other European nations to explore and conquer.and other European nations to explore and conquer.

Let us take a look at some of the new technologies that Let us take a look at some of the new technologies that allowed the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, French allowed the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, French and other European nations to explore and conquer.and other European nations to explore and conquer.

Hartman Astrolabe

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

The Fra Mauro map (1459) Venetian provided the first practical descriptions of Europe, Africa, and Asia

Exploring is never going to be enough…you need Exploring is never going to be enough…you need speed to beat your competitors. And, you need speed to beat your competitors. And, you need weapons technology to conquer, hold onto weapons technology to conquer, hold onto territory, and fight off rivals.territory, and fight off rivals.

Exploring is never going to be enough…you need Exploring is never going to be enough…you need speed to beat your competitors. And, you need speed to beat your competitors. And, you need weapons technology to conquer, hold onto weapons technology to conquer, hold onto territory, and fight off rivals.territory, and fight off rivals.

A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, two or three-mast ship used by the Portuguese and Spaniards for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century.

Because of its smaller size, the caravel was able to explore upriver in shallow coastal waters.

With the lateen sails affixed, it was able to go speedily over shallow water and take deep wind, while with the square Atlantic-type sails attached, the caravel was very fast.

Its economy, speed, agility, and power made the caravel esteemed as the best sailing vessel of its time.

It generally carried two or three masts with lateen sails, while later types had four masts.

The Santa Maria

The PintaThe Nina

Motives for European ExplorationMotives for European ExplorationMotives for European ExplorationMotives for European Exploration1. Europeans, during the Middle Ages, had a meager knowledge of

geography…limited to Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia

2. Substantial trade between Europe and the East (Asia) began during the Crusades…very profitable, but, in the hands of Asians

3. Italian merchants from Italian city-states also started shipping products from the eastern Mediterranean area to Western Europe.

4. In the 15th century this lucrative trade attracted the attention of 2 newly developed nations…Portugal and Spain.

5. To smash the monopoly of the Asian traders, and Italian merchants, Portugal and Spain, financed expeditions seeking a water route to the Far East.

6. There was a curiosity of the far east since Marco Polo’s reports which fed into the Renaissance spirit of inquiry

7. By the 16th century a number of west European nations possessed sufficient wealth to fund expensive voyages of exploration

8. The rising middle classes desired increased trade and their absolute monarchs sought colonial empires

9. Because of scientific progress sea travel was less hazardous

• They had rediscovered the earth was round!• They had improved maps, a better compass and astrolabe.

Portugal

Portugal’s empire

Isabella I was Queen of Castile and Leon…she and her husband, Ferdinand of Aragon, laid the foundation for the political unification of Spain when in 1492 they expelled the last of the Moors (muslims) in the Reconquista. Spain would consolidate, and expand under Isabella and Ferdinand's grandson, Carlos I, (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).In 1492 the Spanish monarchs funded Columbus’s voyages to find a westerly route to AsiaThey also gave the Jews of Spain a choice…Either, convert to Catholicism or leave Spain!

Jews had lived in Spain since the times of the Roman Empire…over a 1000 years!

They set up the Inquisition to make sure the conversos were genuine…hundreds of thousands were falsely accused and murdered.

SPAIN

Queen Isabella

King Ferdinand

The monarchs funded Columbus, an Italian, navigator.

He planned to reach the Spice Islands, in the east, by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean.

He failed because his ships were blocked by 2 continents hitherto unknown to Europe

Twit!

Formation of the Atlantic

Was Columbus a converso?

Columbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four Voyages

He never ever admitted that he had discovered a new world…he thought he was in Asia, in the Indies which is why he called them the West Indies! And, the inhabitants Indians!

Other Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World…Early 16Circumnavigation of the World…Early 16thth

Century (1522)Century (1522)

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World…Early 16Circumnavigation of the World…Early 16thth

Century (1522)Century (1522)

I have a serious problem with this whole notion of the first to circumnavigate the globe!

I think the very least expectation we should have is LIFE!

When they got home Magellan had been dead since the Philippines…pew!!

So, should he be considered the first…he was DEAD?

I think he should be considered the first corpse, or the most smelly, or the first dead Portuguese explorer in a Spanish ship!

What do you think?

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Spurred by the discoveries; other West European nations sent explorers to the New World and Far East.They sought a “Northwest Passage” through, or around, North America to the Far East.

To secure gold, silver, gems, spices, and other valuable goods.

Convert the natives to Christianity (God)

Establish claims to these new lands for their Kings

And, for personal Glory.Where do the Dutch come from?

Why does it say England and not Britain?

As dangerous as it was would you have left all you know to brave the unknown?

The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

1. Existed in Africa long before the coming of the Europeans.

2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

3. Between the 16th & 19th centuries, approximately 10 million Africans were shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”

““Coffin”, or tight pack, Position Coffin”, or tight pack, Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin”, or tight pack, Position Coffin”, or tight pack, Position Below DeckBelow DeckTight pack

meant you could “squeeze” more in, but more would die

Loose pack meant you would start off with less, but more would be alive at journeys end

Motive was ‘PROFIT’

Dead African slavesDead African slavesThrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Dead African slavesDead African slavesThrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!Sharks followed the slave ships!

European Empires in the AmericasEuropean Empires in the AmericasEuropean Empires in the AmericasEuropean Empires in the Americas

What was New York called before it became NY?

The Colonial Class System in the The Colonial Class System in the Spanish coloniesSpanish colonies

The Colonial Class System in the The Colonial Class System in the Spanish coloniesSpanish colonies

PeninsularesPeninsulares

CreolesCreoles

MestizosMestizos MulattoMulattoss

Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves

Your status was decided partly by race!

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of DemarcationThe Pope’s Line of Demarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of DemarcationThe Pope’s Line of Demarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in Tordesillas, (in Spain), in 1494.

It divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe into an exclusive duopoly between the Spanish and the Portuguese along a north-south meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands…off the west coast of Africa. (The league most frequently expresses the distance a person, or a horse, can walk in 1 hour…usually about 3.5 miles or 5.5 kilometers).

This was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named Cuba or Hispaniola.

The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain.

The treaty was ratified by Spain July 2, 1494 and by Portugal, September 5, 1494.

The other side of the world would be divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Saragossa or Treaty of Zaragoza.

Portugal gained control of all lands and seas east of the demarcation line, including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far "discovered,"

leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean.

Besides Brazil and the Moluccas, Portugal would eventually control Angola, Mozambique, in Africa; Goa in India; and East Timor and Macau and in the Far East.

The Portuguese Empire

The Spanish Empire

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsThe British, Dutch, French, etc…had different ideas about the Spanish Portuguese duopoly!In fact, the Brits raided Spanish colonies and treasure ships… stealing Spanish booty.

The Brits stole the Dutch New World colonies and fought the French in 4 major colonial wars!

Those Brits are sure aggressive…so, watch it!!

• The term COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION summarizes the effects that overseas expansion had on both western Europe and the rest of the world.

• There was an increase in imports and world trade• A) western Europe imported many commodities from the new world and

far east: potatoes, corn (maize), tobacco, chocolate, cane sugar, tea, and quinine.

• Their availability helped improve the European living standard…they became plentiful and cheaper

• B) large quantities of gold and silver affected Europe's economy…as they served as currency consumers had more money to spend on goods…the prices went up, which caused INFLATION.

• Landlords demanded higher rents; workers demanded higher wages; governments demanded higher taxes.

• C) to reduce the risk of losing ships and piracy…insurance was born.• D) Western Europe’s major trade routes shifted from the Mediterranean

to the Atlantic…Italian city states declined in importance…countries bordering the Atlantic increased their commerce, wealth, and power

• E) The nation-state became preeminent in world affairs• F) Western Europe’s population increased, in part due to the availability

of additional food… “fat and happy people have babies…”• G) Western Europe’s middle class – bankers, merchants, capitalists –

grew in number

New Patterns of World TradeNew Patterns of World Trade New Patterns of World TradeNew Patterns of World Trade

Mercantilism• To further national prosperity European governments became interested

in economic affairs.• Mercantilists argued that a nation must (1) attract the maximum amount

of gold and silver, since wealth is measured in these metals. • (2) export more than import, thereby achieving a favorable trade

balance• (3) increase exports by giving subsidies (money) to domestic businesses

and industries• (4) discourage imports by imposing tariffs (import taxes)• (5) acquire colonies to assure markets for your manufactured goods and

guarantee your • raw materials• (6) forbid colonies from trading with any other country• Mercantilists held that colonies were set up to benefit the mother

country.

• The effects were astonishing…Western Europe moved from a static, local, non-profit economy typical of the Middle Ages to the beginning of a dynamic, worldwide, profit oriented system called CAPITALISM.

• ENTREPRENEURS engaged in business enterprises, taking risks and facing competition, in the hope of making profits.

• Prices of goods and wages were determined largely by supply and demand!

• Many Europeans migrated to overseas colonies, either to escape religious persecution or to improve their economic position

• Trade and emigration spread European civilization throughout the world.

Student ‘out takes’.

• During the Renaissance America began. • Christopher Columbus was a great navigator who

discovered America while cursing about the Atlantic. • His ships were called the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Fe. • Later the Pilgrims crossed the Ocean, and the voyage was

called the Pilgrim’s Progress. • When they landed at Plymouth Rock, they were greeted by

Indians, who came down the hill rolling their hula hoops before them.

• The Indian squabs carried porposies on their back.• Many of the Indian heroes were killed, along with their

cabooses, which proved very fatal to them. • The winter of 1620 was a hard one for the settlers. Many

people died and many babies were born. Captain John Smith was responsible for all this.

• Magellan was the first man to circumcise the globe with a giant clipper