Earlier Explorations 1.A New Player Europe Marco Polo, 1271 China: Kublai Khan Chinas culture Exotic goods 2. Merchants Motives for European Exploration 1.Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. 2.Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3.Reformation refugees & missionaries. 4.Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. 5.Technological advances. 6.Fame and fortune. New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariners Compass New Weapons Technology Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419 Museum of Navigation in Lisbon PortugalPortugal 1.Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2.Bartolomeo Dias, Cape of Good Hope 3.Vasco da Gama, Calicut (India) Voyages Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, Chinas favorite port! Christofo Colon [ ] Columbus Four Voyages Other Voyages of Exploration Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c Atlantic Explorations Looking for El Dorado Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs. The Death of Montezuma II Mexico Surrenders to Cortez Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs. Why Conquered 1.Weapons- Guns and cannons 2.Horses 3.Some Native Americans joined because they hated Aztecs 4.Disease 5.Searching for gold Ponce De Leon 1.Led to first Spanish settlement 2.Did not find gold Spains American Empire Spains American Empire 1.Established settlements 2.Encomienda 1.Native American Slaves 3.Bartolome de Las Casa Freed Native American Slaves French, Dutch, and English Exploration 1.Northwest Passage 2.John Cabot, Giovanni da Verrazano, Jaques Cartier, Henry Hudson 3.Found no path to Asia Rivals 1.England and Spain 2.Attacks on Ports and ships Ended Spanish control of the seas New Colonial Rivals Impact of European Expansion 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [Capitalism] 3.New products introduced across the continents [Columbian Exchange]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries. Rise of Modern Capitalism The Columbian Exchange Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Trinkets Liquor GUNS Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony! Treasures from the Americas! Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in ,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. Slave Ship Middle Passage Coffin Position Below Deck African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships! The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves FF 5. New Patterns of World Trade