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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
SPECIAL PUBLICATION
February 1986
Ear Training Manual For Musicians
NAVEDTRA 10243
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The contents of this Special Publication were furnished by the courtesy of the United States Army.
i
PREFACE Special Publications (SPs) are manuals or catalogs that provide information of general benefit and career development. SPs have no associated assignments or tests. The Ear Training Manual for Musicians provides a basic reference on rhythm, pitch, and melody. This SP is available ONLY in electronic Portable Document Format from the following web site: http://www.advancement.cnet.navy.mil Refer questions about this SP to: COMMANDING OFFICER SCHOOL OF MUSIC ATTN TRAINING OFFICER 1420 GATOR BLVD NORFOLK VA 23521-2617 DSN: 253-7509 COMM: 757-462-7509 FAX: DSN 253-4836/COMM (757) 462-4836
Provided by NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER
ii
Sailor’s Creed
“I am a United States Sailor. I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America and I will obey the orders of those appointed over me. I represent the fighting spirit of the Navy and those who have gone before me to defend freedom and democracy around the world. I proudly serve my country’s Navy combat team with honor, courage and commitment. I am committed to excellence and the fair treatment of all.”
EAR TRAINING
CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1Section I: The Divided Beat in Simple Time.Sect ion I I : The Major Triad in Numeral Notation.
CHAPTER 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1Section I: The Divided Beat in Compound Time.Sect ion I I : The Major Triad in Staff Notation.
CHAPTER 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1Section I: The Subdivided Beat in Simple Time.Section IIA: The Minor Triad in Numeral Notation.Section IIB: The Minor Triad in Staff Notation.
CHAPTER 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1Section I: The Subdivided Beat in Compound Time.Sect ion I I : Major and Minor Scale Activities.
CHAPTER 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1Sect ion I : Syncopation Involving Beat and Divided Beat in
Simple and Compound Times.Sect ion I I : Intervals and Triads.
ET i
CHAPTER 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1Diatonic Major and Minor Melodies in Simple and Compound Timeswith Divided Beat and Leaps of Thirds in Tonic Triad.
CHAPTER 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1Diatonic Major and Minor Melodies in Simple and Compound Timeswith Subdivided Beat and Leaps of Thirds and Fourths.
CHAPTER 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1Diatonic Major and Minor Melodies in Simple and Compound Timeswith Syncopation and Leaps of Thirds, Fourths, Fifths, Sixths,and Octaves.
CHAPTER 9 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1Non Diatonic Melodies in Simple and Compound Times with DividedBeat, Subdivided Beat, and Syncopation. Melodies Contain Leapsof Thirds, Fourths, Fifths, Sixths, and Octaves.
APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Time Beating Patterns
APPENDIX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Counting System
APPENDIX C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1Performance Procedures
APPENDIX D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1Performance Guidelines
ET ii
CHAPTER ONE
Section IPART I
PART II
ET 1-1
P A R T I I I
J
ET 1-2
ET 1-3
ET 1-4
Section II
LIST I
LIST II
LIST III
ET 1-5
LIST IV
LIST V
ET 1-6
LIST VI
ET 1-7
ET 1-8
ET 1-9
CHAPTER TWO
Section I
P A R T I
ET 2-1
PART II
ET 2-2
P A R T I I I
ET 2-3
Section IIPART I
ET 2-4
PART II
ET 2-5
PART II I
PART IV
ET 2-6
PART V
ET 2-7
ET 2-8
CHAPTER THREE
Section IPART I
ET 3-1
PART II
ET 3-2
PA
RT
III
ET
3-3
ET
3-4
Section IIL I S T I
L I S T I I
ET 3-5
L I S T I I I
PART I
ET 3-6
PART II
ET 3-7
ET 3-8
C H A P T E R F O U R
S e c t i o n I
P A R T I
ET 4-1
ET 4-2
PART II
ET 4-3
PA
RT
III
ET
4-4
Section II
A. Major LIST I
ET 4-5
L I S T I I
L I S T I I I
ET 4-6
L I S T I V
LIST V
PART I
ET 4-7
ET 4-8
PART II
ET 4-9
B. Minor
L I S T I
L I S T I I
L I S T I I I
ET 4-10
ET 4-11
ET 4-12
CHAPTER FIVE
Section I
PART IA
ET 5-1
PART IB
PART IIA
ET 5-2
P A R T I I B
ET 5-3
PART II IA
ET 5-4
ET
5-5
ET
5
-6
PA
RT
IIIB
ET
5-7
Section II
SING AND RECOGNIZE SIMPLE INTERVALS INCLUDING:
PERFECT INTERVALS
P4 P5 P8
MAJOR INTERVALS
Maj2 Maj3 Maj6 Maj7
MINOR INTERVALS
min2 min3 min6 min7
TRITONE (Aug 4 or dim 5)
TT
SING AND RECOGNIZE ROOT POSITION TRIADS INCLUDING:
ET 5-8
CHAPTER SIX
ET 6 -1
ET 6-2
ET 6-3
ET 6-4
ET 6-5
ET 6-6
ET 6-7
ET 6-8
ET 6-9
CHAPTER SEVEN
ET 7-1
ET 7-2
ET 7-3
ET 7-4
ET 7-5
ET 7-6
ET 7-7
ET 7-8
CHAPTER EIGHT
ET 8-1
ET 8-2
ET 8-3
ET 8-4
ET 8-5
ET 8-6
CHAPTER NINE
ET 9-1
ET 9-2
ET 9-3
ET 9-4
ET 9-5
ET 9-6
ET 9-7
APPENDIX A
TIME BEATING PATTERNS
The following time beating patterns are used in conjunction with ear train-
ing . The following patterns are for the performer’s right hand.
Figure A.1: Beat patterns
Sub-division may be util ized in slow tempi to clarify and control the per-
formance of music. To sub-divide, the conductor adds to each PRINCIPAL beat,
smaller beats moving in the same direction as the main gesture.
ETA -1
APPENDIX B
COUNTING SYSTEM
SIMPLE TIME
Always say a number for the beat whether or not it requires an attack.
Figure B.1: The Beat in Simple Time.
Say “&" (and) on the second half of any beat that has been divided.
Figure B.2: The Divided Beat in Simple Time.
ETB -1
Say “Ta" on any portion of the subdivided beat that is not the beat
(number) or divided beat (and).
Figure B.3: The Subdivided Beat in Simple Time.
COMPOUND TIME
Always say a number for the beat whether or not it requires an attack.
Figure B.4: The Beat in Compound Time
ETB -2
Say “&” (and) on the second third of the beat when that division is
present and “a” (uh) on the last third of the beat when that division is
present.
Figure B.5: The Divided Beat in Compound Time
Say "Ta” on any portion of the subdivided beat that is not the beat
(number) or divided beat (and or a).
Figure B.6: The Subdivided Beat in Compound Time.
ETB -3
APPENDIX C
PERFORMANCE PROCEDURES
RHYTHM PERFORMANCE
Count/Clap Identify the metrical stress and unit of beat.Using the counting system (App. B), perform theexerc ise indicat ing at tacks by c lapping . Countingsyllables (numbers, &, a, or ta) must be audible.
Conduct/Intone Identify the metrical stress and unit of beat.Using the appropriate time beating pattern (App. A),perform the exercise by intoning the rhythm on an e u t r a l s y l l a b l e ( t a ) . The time beating patternmust continue throughout the exercise.
PITCH PERFORMANCE
Number Lists
Notation
Scales
Establish the tonic triad in D Major or minor, asappl i cab le . Perform the list horizontally in DMajor or D minor with one count per number and acount of si lence at the end of each l ine. The tempomust remain constant throughout the list. Scaledegree numbers must be used as syllables for singing.
Identify the clef and key. Establish the tonictriad in the key of D Major or minor, as applicable.Sing in D Major or D minor, regardless of the notatedkey. Perform the exercise with one count per noteand a count of si lence at the bar l ine. The tempomust remain constant throughout the exercise. Scaledegree numbers must be used as syllables for singing.
Using D as a tonic, perform scales with one count pernumber and a count of silence at the end of eachs c a l e . The tempo must remain constant throughout thes c a l e s . Scale degree numbers must be used as sylla-b les for s ing ing .
ETC -1
Intervals
Triads
Triads inInversion
4-note Chords
Sing the given pitch. Sing the pitch a giveninterval above or below as specif ied.
Using D as the root, perform triads with one countper number and a count of silence at the end ofeach tr iad . The tempo must remain constantthroughout the triads. Scale degree numbers mustbe used as syllables for singing.
Sing the given pitch. Sing major and minor triadswith the given pitch as the root, third, and fiftho f the t r iad . The tempo must remain constant whilesinging the triad, but a pause may occur betweent r i a d s . Scale degree numbers must be used assy l lab les for s ing ing . Any pitch order may be usedin the triads as long as syllables and pitches arec o r r e c t .
Using D as the root, perform Maj6, Maj7, Dom7,min7 , and dim7 chords in order, with one count pernumber and a count of silence at the end of eachchord. The tempo must remain constant throughoutthe chords. Scale degree numbers must be used assy l lab les for s ing ing .
MELODY PERFORMANCE
Identify the metrical stress and unit of beat. Select the time beatingpattern. Identify the clef and key. Given the pitch A 440, sing the intervalnecessary to f ind the tonic in the notated key. Using the appropriate timebeating pattern (App. A), perform the melody in the notated key. The timebeating pattern must continue throughout the exercise. Scale degree numbersmust be used as syllables for singing. Fol low a l l per formance d irect ions , i . e .tempo, character, dynamics, and expression markings.
ETC -2
APPENDIX D
PERFORMANCE GUIDELINESI . Rhythm
A. Metrical Stress1.2 .
B . Unit1.2 .3.4 .
Ident i fySelect beat patternof beatDivided BeatSubdivided beatSyncopationBorrowed divisions
C. Perform Rhythm1. Count/Clap2 . Conduct/Intone
I I . PitchA. C l e f ( i d e n t i f y )B. Key ( ident i fy )C. Sing tonic and establish key
1. Sing triad2 . Sing pentachord3. Sing tetrachords4 . Sing scale
D. Ident i fy s tart ing p i tchE. Identify musical elements
1. Triads2. Pentachords3. Tetrachords4 . Sca les5 . Other structures6 . D i f f i c u l t i n t e r v a l s
F. Perform Pitch
I I I . Performance DirectionsA. Character/Tempo (metronome marks)/ tempo changesB. Dynamics/dynamic changesC. Other
1. Accents and articulations2 . Expression marks3. Repeat symbols4 . Fermatas5. Ornaments
IV. PerformA. RhythmB. PitchC. Rhythm and PitchD. Rhythm, Pitch and all performance directions
ETD -1