Conditional Sentences

1

Use

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

Conditional Sentence Type ١

Form

if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I will send

her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the

beginning of the sentence. In this case,

don't use a comma.

Example : I will send her an invitation if I

find her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative.

Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

Conditionals

First conditional

Form

if + present simple base form+ will +

It is used for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied.

Examples

If I see a nice t-shirt in the shop, I will buy it

look: the sentence consists of two clauses

1-condition clause (the if clause)

2-the result (result clause )

notes

1-do not use will in the if clause

2-the positions of the two clauses are changeable

3-if can be replaced by unless =( if…….not ) OR in case (because of the possibility)

I will take my umbrella in case it rains.

e.g. unless you call me, I will not come

Examples

Uses

1-They are used to express a possible condition (real possibilities) and its probable result in the future.

2-They can be used to express different functions as:

A threate.g. if you do that again, I will fire you

A warning

e.g. be careful, if you touch that, you will burn yourself

An offer

e.g. if you like it, I will give it to you

A promise

e.g. if you do this favor for me, I will help you

Second conditional

Form

If +++ Past Simple Would Base Form

Examples

If I were you, I would buy it

If I were the referee, I would give him the red card

what would you do if you saw a ghost?

If I had a car, I would drive to work.But I don't have a car.

If he were French, he would live in Paris..

Uses

For imaginary present actions, where the conditions for the action are NOT satisfied.:

This type is used to express imaginary situations in the present. it is used to refer to present and future like first conditional, BUTit differs in the probability i.e. the condition is improbable or impossible or contrary to known facts.

Notes: some other modals can be used. E.g.

I could play a video game, if I had time.

I might be able to pass, if I studied hard

Third Conditional

Form:

If ++

Past Participle

Would havePast Perfect +

Examples

If I had known that you were sick,

I would have come to see you.

If you'd been there, you would've seen it.

(The conditions were not met because theperson was not there and as a result did not see it.)

This type is used to express past imaginary situations

Zero conditional

form

If ++ Present Simple Present Simple

This type refers to (all time) not just the presentor the future. The situation is always true. Here if means WHEN or WHENEVER.

Examples

if you add 3 to 4,

it tastes sweetIf you put sugar in coffee,

you get 7

the table below shows the percentages of the probabilities of the thee conditionals

timeexampleconditionalprobability

any timeIf you heat ice, it melts.zero conditional

100%

futureIf it rains, I will stay at home.

first conditional

50%

futureIf I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

second conditional

10%

Past If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

third conditional

0%

Conditional Sentences

2

Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Conditional Sentence Type ٣

Form

if + Past Perfect, would have+ past

particible

Example: If I had found her address, I would have

sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the

beginning of the sentence. In this case,

don't use a comma.

Example : I would have sent her an invitation if I

had found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Conditional Sentences

2

Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Conditional Sentence Type ٣

Form

if + Past Perfect, would have+ past

particible

Example: If I had found her address, I would have

sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the

beginning of the sentence. In this case,

don't use a comma.

Example : I would have sent her an invitation if I

had found her address.

Note: Main clause and / or if clause might be negative.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

Relative clause

1. Defining relative clause

2. Non-defining relative clause

We use ‘who/that’

•People

•To replace he/she/they

The boy is Elliott’s brother.

Which boy is Elliott brother?

He wears a helmet for American football.

The boy is Elliott’s brother who/that wears a helmet for American football.

We use ‘which/that’

•Something

•To replace ‘it’

The bike belongs to Elliott.

Which one is Elliott’s bike? It has a basket in the front.

The bike which/that has a basket in the front

belongs to Elliott.

We use ‘whose/that’ 他的

•Something belongs to /relates to a person

•To replace ‘his/her/their’

E.T. has wrinkly hand.

Which one is E.T.’s hand?

His hand has only four fingers.

E.T whose/that hand has only four fingers

has wrinkly hand.

IMPORTANT!! The relative pronoun who, which. whose must go right next

to the thing/ person it describes!!!!!!!

The boy is Elliott’s brother who wears a helmet for American football.

The bike which has a basket in the front

belongs to Elliott.

E.T whose hand has only four fingers

has wrinkly hand.

Defining relative clause

tells us which person or thing the speaker is

talking about.

We must have that information to find

out what the speaker is talking about.

Non-defining relative clause

gives us extra information about the

person or the thing

we have already known which thing or

person the speaker is talking about so the information is not necessary.

Let compare!

• Elliott met an alien who/that can copy his

actions.

• Elliott met E.T., who can copy his

actions.

Defining relative

clause

Non-defining

relative clause

• The spaceship which/that E.T. uses

landed in the forest at night.

• The spaceship, which has flashing lights

and smoke coming out of it, takes E.T. home.

Non-defining relative

clause

Defining relative clause

• The boys whose bikes could fly were escaping from the police.

• Elliott’s boy friends, whose bikes were

capable of flying, were being chased by the police.

Defining relative clause

Non-defining relative

clause

What’s the difference?

• Elliott met an alien who/that can copy his actions.

• The spaceship which/that E.T. uses landed in the forest at night.

• The boys whose/that bikes could fly were escaping from the police.

• Elliott met E.T., who can copy his actions.

• The spaceship, which has flashing lights and smoke coming out of it, takes E.T. home.

• Elliott’s boy friends, whose bikes were capable of flying, were being chased by the police.

Defining relative clause

uses ‘that’

Non-defining relative clause

uses ‘commas’

DEFINING RELATIVE

CLAUSES

• I saw a girl

• OBJECT

• He saw a car

• OBJECT

• The girl I saw

• The car he saw

• Tom crashed into a car

Object

• They got into a car

• Object

The car Tom crashed into

• The car they got into

• He went with a girl.

• Object

• He goes on holiday

with some friends

• Object

The girl he went with

• The friends he goes on

holiday with

STUDY THE FOLLOWING

• I saw a girl

• He saw a car

• Tom crashed into a car

• They got into a car

• He went with a girl.

• He goes on holiday with

some friends

The girl I saw

• The car he saw

• The car Tom crashed into

• The car they got into

• The girl he went with

• The friends he goes on

holiday with

YOU CAN EXPAND THEM

The girl I saw

• The car he saw

• The car Tom crashed into

• The car they got into

• The girl he went with

• The friends he goes on holiday with

was beautiful

was original

belonged to rich a man

didn’t cost a lot of money

has three children

don’t work

Who…?

What…?

Peter lives in a house.

• The house

• lives in

where Peter lives

What is it?

The house Peter

What is it?

• They sleep in a bed

• The bed

• sleep

where they sleep

The bed they in

STUDY THE FOLLOWING

• That’s the house where Paul lives

• That’s the house

• That’s the bed where I sleep

• That’s the bed

• I saw the man’s wife

• Object

• The man whose wife I saw

• I talked about the girl’s book

• Object

• The girl whose book I talked about

YOU CAN EXPAND THEM

• The house where Paul lives

• The house Paul lives in

• The bed where they sleep

• The bed they sleep in

• The man whose wife I met

has been burgled

has been burgled

is uncomfortable

is uncomfortable

has lost his job

JOHN WENT TO FLORIDA

LAST YEAR

1.Who did John go on holiday with?

2. How /they /travel there?

3. Where / stay?

4. What / do to get around?

Holiday pictures

The friends John went on holiday with

The plane they travelledin

The hotelwhere they stayed

The hotelthey stayed at

The car they hired

DID JOHN & HIS FRIENDS GO TO

FLORIDA LAST YEAR?

• What did they do

there?

Used to lie on...

Visit...

Play …

Go for a sail...

Swim in …

Buy ...

HOLIDAY PICTURES

What is it? What football pitch

is it?

What are

they?

T h e b e a c h w h e r et h e y u s e d t o

lie .T h e b e a c h t h e yu s e d t o lie o n

T h e p it c h w h e r et h e y p la y e d f o o t b a ll

T h e p it c h t h e y p la y e d f o o t b a ll o n

T h e je a n s Jo h n b o u g h t

HOLIDAY PICTURES

What’s that? What is it? What boat is it?

The pool where they swam.

The pool they swam in

The castle they visited

The boat where they went for a sail.

The boat they went for a sail in

What else did they do?

• walk round a lake...

• Used to have dinner in the same restaurant...

• Play tennis with some guests.

HOLIDAY PICTURES

What is it? What’s that? Who are they?

T h e la k e t h e y w a lk e d r o u n d

T h e r e s t a u r a n t w h e r e t h e y u s e d t o h a v e

d in n e r .

T h e r e s t a u r a n t t h e y u s e d t o h a v e d in n e r in

T h e p e o p le t h e y p la y e d t e n n is w it h

What did John and his friends do

last year?

• Did they meet

anybody?

Talk about the pictures John took

That’s/those are the

T h a t ’s t h e s h o p w h e r e t h e y b o u g h t s o u v e n ir s

That’s the s h o p t h e y

b o u g h t s o u v e n ir s in

T h e d is c o w h e r e t h e y

u s e d t o g o .

T h e r a c k e tJo h n p la y e d t e n n is w it h

T h e p e o p le t h e y m e t

The disco they

used to go to

Last year in Florida JOHN

• Meet...

• Talk to...

• Go out with ...

• Fall in love with ...

• And now

• talk about...all day long

WHO’S THAT WOMAN?

• The woman...

• John met

• John talked to

• John went out with

• John fell in love with

• John is talking about

all day long

STUDY THIS: people

That’s the man. saw me.

Subject

That’s the man saw me.

That’s the man. I saw.

Object

That’s the man I saw

That man

That manwho / that

that man

that manwho / that

STUDY THIS: people

• That’s the girl. plays tennis with him.

• Subject

• That’s the girl plays tennis with him

• That’s the girl. He plays tennis with

• Object

• That’s the girl he plays tennis with

That girlwho / that

That girl

that girl

that girlwho /that

STUDY THIS: things

• That’s the car. crashed into mine.

• Subject

• That’s the car crashed into mine.

• That’s the car. I crashed into

• Object

• That’s the car I crashed into

That car

which /thatThat car

that car

that carwhich / that

POSSESSIVE: people

• That’ the boy. hit me

Subject

• That’s the boy hit me

• That’s the boy I hit

Object

• The boy I hit

His friend

His friend

his friend

his friendwhose friend

whose friend

POSSESSESIVE: things

That’s the house . Its roof leaks

• Subject

• That’s the house leaks

• That’s the house. I’ve repaired its roof

• Object

• That’s the house I’ve repaired

whose roof

whose roofits roof

its roof

Watch out!

• Who’s Peter ?

• The man… who/that…

hit Tom

• Who’s Tom ?

The man … who /that…

Peter hit

hit

• The police officer arrested a man

Subject Object

The police officer who /that arrested the man

The man the police officer arrested

What happened to Susan while

she was in Florida?

$500

Who are they?

What money is that?

$500

arrest, steal, rob

Mary killed Tom

• Who’s Mary?

• The woman who/that killed Tom

Mary killed Tom

• Who’s Tom?

• The man Mary killed

Who’s that?

Who’s that?

What did Mary do?

She…

What happened to Tom?

He…

Who’s Jim?

Who’s Mary?

Nooo!!!….. I hate you!

Marry me!

I love you!!!

Summary: people

• The man who/that saw me was Peter

• The man I saw was Charles

• The girl who/that plays tennis with me is rich

• The girl I play tennis with is rich

• The boy whose friend hit me speaks French

• The boy whose friend I hit speaks French

who/ that

who/ that

subject

object of verb

subject

object of prep.

object of verb

subject

Summary: things

• That’s the car which /that hit him

• That’s the car he hit

• That’s the car which/that crashed into mine

• That’s the car I crashed into

• That’s the house whose roof leaks

• That’s the house whose roof I’ve repaired

which/ that

which / that

subject

subject

subject

object of verb

object of verb

object of prep.

Summary: places

• That’s the house where Paul lives

• That’s the house

• That’s the bed where I sleep

• That’s the bed

Complete the sentences so that they

are meaningful

• These /books/I use/ class.

• They/spies/the police/watch for hours.

• He/criminal/the police/look for.

• That/car/he/buy/yesterday.

• That’s the name/cannot remember / yesterday.

• This book /about a man /wife/become Prime Minister.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• These are the books I use in class.

• They are the spies the police have been watching

for hours.

• He is the criminal the police were looking for.

• That’s the car he bought yesterday.

• That’s the name I couldn’t remember yesterday.

• This book is about a man whose wife becomes

Prime Minister.

Complete the sentences so that they

are meaningful

• The play/about a king/ambition/be/rule the

world.

• The ballet/be/princess/stepmother/hate…

• This song /be/two young lovers/romance /

end /happily.

• She/woman/Paul/write to.

• That/hotel/stay.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• The play is about a king whose ambition is to rule the world.

• The ballet is about a princess whose stepmother hates her

• This song is about two young lovers whose romance ends happily.

• She is the woman Paul writes to.

• That’s hotel where they stay

That’s the hotel they stay at

Complete the sentences so that they

are meaningful

• They/people/I /just talk about.

• The lady/he argue with/ live alone.

• The policewoman/Tom/speak / to now/ get married soon.

• The shop/he buy /his radio/ be demolished next week.

• The man/Martin /arrest/just run away.

• The man /I/see/wear a wig.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• They’re the people I ‘ve just talked about.

• The lady he argued with lives alone.

• The policewoman Tom is speaking to now is going to get married soon.

• The shop where he bought his radio is going to be demolished next week.

The shop he bought his radio from is going to be demolished next week.

• The man Martin arrested has just run away.

• The man I saw was wearing a wig.

Complete the sentences so that they

are meaningful

• The house/Peter/buy/ cost a fortune.

• The book/she/read/boring

• I don’t like the film/watch.

• She doesn’t like/the woman/Peter/marry

• The people/John/play tennis/a lot of money.

• The music /Sam/like /listen/very strange.

• The shoes/wear/dirty

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• The house Peter bought cost a fortune.

• The book she is reading is boring

• I don’t like the film they are watching.

• She doesn’t like the woman Peter married

• The people John plays tennis with has got a lot of

money.

• The music Sam likes listening to is very strange.

• The shoes he is wearing are dirty

Complete the sentences so that they

are meaningful

• The woman /Tom /love/ pretty

• The woman/love/Tom/ very rich.

• The coat /he/wear/ very expensive.

• The coat/so beautiful/belong to Susan.

• The woman / I talk to yesterday/ my cousin

• The woman/talk to me yesterday my cousin

• The car / he crash into/ in a garage

• The car /crash into that wall/ in a garage.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• The woman Tom loves is pretty.

• The woman who loves Tom is very rich.

• The coat he’s wearing is very expensive.

• The coat which is so beautiful belongs to Susan.

• The woman I talked to yesterday was my cousin

• The woman that talked to me yesterday was my cousin

• The car he crashed into is in a garage

• The car which crashed into a wall is in a garage

QUIZ GAME:

answer or pass

RULES:Answer the questions below:

1 POINT for each correct answer .

If you don’t know the answer, say

PASS

ANSWER OR PASS

• Can you name the president of the USA whose early career was in Hollywood?

• What is an instrument which shows the direction of the north?

• Can you tell me the name of the sea where eels go to breed and die?

• Name the person who became the first woman prime minister of Britain?

ANSWER OR PASS

• What is the date when the United States celebrates its independence?

• What do we call a person who always expects the best to happen?

• Can you tell me the language which was spoken in the Roman Empire?

• What is the office people visit when they want advice about their marriage?

ANSWER OR PASS

• Who was the Egyptian queen whose beauty

was famous through the world?

• What’s the newspaper column where jobs

are advertised?

• Can you tell me the name of the French

Emperor whose final battle was at

Waterloo?

ANSWERS

• Ronald Reagan

• A compass

• The Sargasso Sea

• Margaret Thatcher

• The fourth of July

• An optimist

• Latin

• Marriage Guidance

Council

• Cleopatra

• Situations Vacant

• Napoleon Bonaparte

• Total score:

11 points

Prepare the questions and the

answers

• What/person/break into a house and steal things?

• Who/boxer/most famous words / “I’m the greatest”?

• What /we/call/shop/bread/sold?

• What/day when/Christians/celebrate the birth of Jesus?

• What/place/you/stand and wait/trains?

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• What’s a person who breaks into a house and steals things?

• What was the boxer whose most famous words

were “I’m the greatest”?• What do we call a shop where bread is sold?

• What is the day when Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus?

• What’s the place where you stand and wait for trains?

Prepare the questions and the

answers

• What /tool/ use for/dig?

• Can /tell/unusual public transport/use/San

Fracisco?

• Can/name/American President/assassinate/ 1963?

• What/British/call/ time of the year when leaves/

fall from the trees?

• What /name of the two young lovers/ tragic

story/made into a play/ Shakespeare?

SUGGESTED ANSWERS

• What’s a tool that is used for digging?

• Can you tell me the unusual public transport which is used in san Francisco?

• Can you name the American president who was assessinated in 1963?

• Whart do the British call the time of the year when leaves fall from the trees?

• What is the name of the two young lovers whose tragic story was made into a play by Shakespeare?

ANSWERS

• Burglar

• Muhammed Ali

• Baker’s

• Chirstmas Day

• Platform

• Spade

• Cable-car

• John F. Kennedy

• Autumn

• Romeo and Juliet

• Total score:

20 points

• DIRECT• Am, is, are• Shall/will• Can• May• Must• Have/has to• Ought to

• INDIRECT • Was/were• Should/would• Could• Might

• Had to

CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE

• DIRECT• NOW

• TOMORROW

• NEXT WEEK

• TONIGHT

• TODAY

• YESTERDAY

• LAST NIGHT

• LAST WEEK

• HERE

• THIS

• THESE

• INDIRECT • THEN• THE FOLLOWING DAY• THE FOLLOWING WEEK• THAT NIGHT• THAT DAY• THE DAY BEFORE• THE NIGHT BEFORE• THE WEEK BEFORE• THERE• THAT• THOSE

CHANGES OF TENSES

• DIRECTT SIMPLE PRESENT

T SIMPLE PAST

T PRESENT PERFECT

T PRESENT CONTINUOUS

T PRESENT PERFECT CONT.

T SIMPLE FUTURE

• INDIRECT • SIMPLE PAST

• PAST PERFECT

• PAST PERFECT

• PAST CONTINUOUS

• PAST PERFECT CONT.

• PAST FUTURE

1. STATEMENT

HE SAID

HE SAID TO ME

HE TOLD ME

THATREPORTED WORDS

STATEMENT EXAMPLE

• DIRECTT They said to me: “we are

going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.”

T Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today.

T Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last night.

• INDIRECT • They said to me that

they were going to visit Borobudur the following day.

• Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day.

• Anne told Agus that her father had gotangry with her the night before.

STATEMENT Exception:If the introductory sentence is in the Present Tense, there won’t be

any changes in the Reported (Indirect) speech .

• DIRECTT Cindy says: “ I will come to

your house tonight.”

T Indra says: “I have seen that film for twice.”

T “Dessy says: “I meet my boyfriend every saturday.”

T Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.”

• INDIRECT • Cindy says that she

will come to my house tonight

• Indra says that he has seen that film for twice.

• Dessy says that shemeets her boyfriend every Saturday.

• Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.

HE ASKED ME

HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

• DIRECTT The teacher asked me:

Open your book page 65!”

T Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”!

T “Ronny told him: “call me tonight!

• INDIRECT • The teacher asked me

to open my book page 65.

• Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper.

• Ronny told him to call him that night.

HE ASKED ME

HE TOLD ME NOT TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

• DIRECTT Santy asked Edy: Don’t

leave me alone anymore!”

T Valenxia asked Indra: “Don’t hurt me anymore”!

T “Subhan told them: “Don’t disturb me!

• INDIRECT • Santy asked Edy not

to leave her alone anymore.

• Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore.

• Subhan told them not to disturb him.

HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT

A. Yes/No Question Example

• DIRECTT Ricky asked Henry: Does

your father work near here?”

T Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: “have you collected your homework?”

T Dessy asked William: “can you accompany me to Lippo tonight?

• INDIRECT • Ricky asked Henry

if/whether his fatherworked near there.

• Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework.

• Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

HE ASKED MEWHEN/WHAT

etc. S + V + COMPLEMENT

b. Wh- Question Example

• DIRECTT The girl asked me: “Where

Do you come from?”

T My father asked my brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last night?”

T Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite movie star?

• INDIRECT • The girl asked me

where I came from.

• My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home latethe night before

• Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was

• DIRECTT The students said to

the teacher: “We haven’t done our assignment.”

T My uncle said to my sister: “I cannot come on your birthday party next month.”

T Patar asked Lina : “Do you love me?”

• My father asked me:”Have you prepared for your final exam?

• Anita told Ver: “Don’t tell me more about your boyfriend!”

• My friend asked her: “Stay with me forever!”

• My headmaster asked me: “ Where do you live?”

• DIRECT• Am, is, are• Shall/will• Can• May• Must• Have/has to• Ought to

• INDIRECT • Was/were• Should/would• Could• Might

• Had to

CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE

• DIRECT• NOW

• TOMORROW

• NEXT WEEK

• TONIGHT

• TODAY

• YESTERDAY

• LAST NIGHT

• LAST WEEK

• HERE

• THIS

• THESE

• INDIRECT • THEN• THE FOLLOWING DAY• THE FOLLOWING WEEK• THAT NIGHT• THAT DAY• THE DAY BEFORE• THE NIGHT BEFORE• THE WEEK BEFORE• THERE• THAT• THOSE

CHANGES OF TENSES

• DIRECTT SIMPLE PRESENT

T SIMPLE PAST

T PRESENT PERFECT

T PRESENT CONTINUOUS

T PRESENT PERFECT CONT.

T SIMPLE FUTURE

• INDIRECT • SIMPLE PAST

• PAST PERFECT

• PAST PERFECT

• PAST CONTINUOUS

• PAST PERFECT CONT.

• PAST FUTURE

1. STATEMENT

HE SAID

HE SAID TO ME

HE TOLD ME

THATREPORTED WORDS

STATEMENT EXAMPLE

• DIRECTT They said to me: “we are

going to visit Borobudur tomorrow.”

T Jeffry said: “I didn’t go to school today.

T Anne told Agus: “My father got angry with me last night.

• INDIRECT • They said to me that

they were going to visit Borobudur the following day.

• Jeffry said that he hadn’t gone to school that day.

• Anne told Agus that her father had gotangry with her the night before.

STATEMENT Exception:If the introductory sentence is in the Present Tense, there won’t be

any changes in the Reported (Indirect) speech .

• DIRECTT Cindy says: “ I will come to

your house tonight.”

T Indra says: “I have seen that film for twice.”

T “Dessy says: “I meet my boyfriend every saturday.”

T Chandra says: “I don’t like sport.”

• INDIRECT • Cindy says that she

will come to my house tonight

• Indra says that he has seen that film for twice.

• Dessy says that shemeets her boyfriend every Saturday.

• Chandra says that he doesn’t like sport.

HE ASKED ME

HE TOLD ME TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

• DIRECTT The teacher asked me:

Open your book page 65!”

T Siska asked Manu: “give me a piece of paper”!

T “Ronny told him: “call me tonight!

• INDIRECT • The teacher asked me

to open my book page 65.

• Siska asked Manu to give her a piece of paper.

• Ronny told him to call him that night.

HE ASKED ME

HE TOLD ME NOT TO INFIVITIVE

COMMAND EXAMPLE

• DIRECTT Santy asked Edy: Don’t

leave me alone anymore!”

T Valenxia asked Indra: “Don’t hurt me anymore”!

T “Subhan told them: “Don’t disturb me!

• INDIRECT • Santy asked Edy not

to leave her alone anymore.

• Valenxia asked Indra not to hurt her anymore.

• Subhan told them not to disturb him.

HE ASKED ME IF/WHETHER S + V + COMPLEMENT

A. Yes/No Question Example

• DIRECTT Ricky asked Henry: Does

your father work near here?”

T Mr. Bean asked Cyntia: “have you collected your homework?”

T Dessy asked William: “can you accompany me to Lippo tonight?

• INDIRECT • Ricky asked Henry

if/whether his fatherworked near there.

• Mr. Bean asked Cyntia if/whether she had collected her homework.

• Dessy asked William if/whether he could accompany her to Lippo that night.

HE ASKED MEWHEN/WHAT

etc. S + V + COMPLEMENT

b. Wh- Question Example

• DIRECTT The girl asked me: “Where

Do you come from?”

T My father asked my brother: “Why did you arrive at home late last night?”

T Handy asked the girl: “what is your favorite movie star?

• INDIRECT • The girl asked me

where I came from.

• My father asked my brother why he had arrived at home latethe night before

• Handy asked the girl what her favorite movie star was

• DIRECTT The students said to

the teacher: “We haven’t done our assignment.”

T My uncle said to my sister: “I cannot come on your birthday party next month.”

T Patar asked Lina : “Do you love me?”

• My father asked me:”Have you prepared for your final exam?

• Anita told Ver: “Don’t tell me more about your boyfriend!”

• My friend asked her: “Stay with me forever!”

• My headmaster asked me: “ Where do you live?”

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

� In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks. "I don't know what to do," said Dean.

Indirect Speech

� In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker's words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted. Dean said that he didn't know what to do.

� To convert direct speech into indirect speech :

� If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in the that clause must also be changed to past tense.Dean said that he didn't know what to do .

� First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.Dean said that he didn't know what to do .

� (The that can often be left out: Dean said he didn't know what to do )

Indirect Questions

� The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh clause is used instead of a that clause

� Direct question : " Did Marama's horse win a prize?" Owen asked.

� Indirect questions : Owen asked whether ( or if) Marama's horse had won a prize.

� Direct question: "Why won't you marry me?" asked Donald.

� Indirect question: Donald asked her why she wouldn'tmarry him.

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

� In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks. "I don't know what to do," said Dean.

Indirect Speech

� In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker's words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted. Dean said that he didn't know what to do.

� To convert direct speech into indirect speech :

� If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in the that clause must also be changed to past tense.Dean said that he didn't know what to do .

� First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.Dean said that he didn't know what to do .

� (The that can often be left out: Dean said he didn't know what to do )

Indirect Questions

� The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh clause is used instead of a that clause

� Direct question : " Did Marama's horse win a prize?" Owen asked.

� Indirect questions : Owen asked whether ( or if) Marama's horse had won a prize.

� Direct question: "Why won't you marry me?" asked Donald.

� Indirect question: Donald asked her why she wouldn'tmarry him.

„I have seen an enemy

space ship.“

„It‘ s coming towards us.“

„It looks bad.“

„The enemy will attack“

„They could destroy us“

Mr Spock told me he had seenan enemy

spaceship.

He said it was coming towards us

Captain Kirk said it looked bad.

He thought the enemy would attack.

...and that they could destroy

Reporting Verb = Einleitung

Vergangenheit

Subject Object

Present Tense

simple + progr

Past Tense

simple + progr

Past Tense

Present Perfect

saw

Past Perfect

will-Futurewould -

Conditional

could could

Pronouns:

I

me

my

we

us

our

this

these

He, she, it

him, her, it

his, her, its

they

them

their

that

those

In der indirekten Rede müssen die Pronomen der 1. Person (Einzahl + Mehrzahl) - sowohl als Subjekt- als auch Objekt- und Possessivformen verändert werden. Dasselbe gilt für this / these

Adverbs:

here

today

yesterday

last year..

tomorrow

next year..

ago

now

there

that day

the day before

the year before

the next day / the following day

the following year

before

then

In der indirekten Rede müssen die Ort- und Zeitadverbien verändert werden

Schematischer Überblick

Present Tense

Past Tense

Present Perfect Tense

Future Tense (will)

must, may

must, may, might, would, could

Past Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Conditional (would)

must, may, might, would, could

had to , might