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E-WASTE: GENERATION, DANGER AND MANAGEMENT
ENGR. DR. Y. A. ADEDIRAN, FNSEDepartment of Electrical Engineering,
University of Ilorin, IlorinE-mail: [email protected]
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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THINGS TO CONSIDER
What is E-Waste? Categories and Components of E-Waste Dangers of E-Waste Stakeholders in E-Waste What can be done with E-Waste? E-Waste management initiatives (International) E-Waste Management in Nigeria Recommendations
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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INTRODUCTION
Electronic Waste (E-Waste, Waste EEE) one of the fastest growing waste streams all over the world
Contains more than 1000 different substances Averages 1-3% of total solid waste in developed countries Increases by 16-28% every 5 years Need for effective management Up to 75% of electronics shipped to computer village in Lagos
are irreparable junk Africa is the latest destination for obsolete EEE because of
– Hunger for information and bridging digital divide– Limited capacity to manufacture
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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WHAT IS E-WASTE?
No standard definition, each country with its own definition, interpretation and usage
No definition at all in any African country
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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WHAT IS E-WASTE? EU definition
Waste: Any substance or object which the holder disposes of or is required to dispose of pursuant to the provisions of national law in force
EEE: equipment dependent on electrical currents or electromagnetic (EM) fields in order to work properly, and
– equipment for generation, transfer and measurements of such currents and fields…desired for use with a voltage <100 Vac and 1500 Vdc
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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CATEGORIES OF E-WASTE (by EU)
Household appliances (large and small) IT and Telecoms equipment Consumer equipment Lighting equipment Electrical and electronic tools Toys, leisure and sports equipment Medical devices Monitoring and control instruments Automatic dispensers
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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A SHORT LIST …
CRT (of computers and television sets), printers, fax machines, photocopiers, computer peripherals, VCRs, radio receivers, CD players, microwave ovens, video games, …
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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COMPONENTS OF E-WASTE
Fe and steel Non-ferrous metals (Pb, Cu, Al, Au, …) Glass Plastic Electronic components (R, C, L, ICs…) Others (rubber, wood, ceramics, …)
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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DANGERS OF E-WASTE
Component Hazardous Materials
CRT Pb, As, Hg, P
LCD Hg
Fluorescent lamp
Hg, P, flame retardants (FR)
Cooling system
Ozone depleting substance (ODS)
Others Se, AsO3, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Br, Ba
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Toxin Effects on Humans
Hg Impairment of neurological development in foetus and small children; tremours, emotional changes, insomnia, headache, kidney effects respiratory failures, death
Pb Damage to brain and nervous system, slow growth in children, hearing problems, behavioural changes, physical disorders
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Toxin Effects on Humans
Cr Asthmatic bronchitis, skin irritation, ulceration, respiratory irritation, perforated
eardrums, kidney damage, pulmonary congestion and oedema, epigastric pain, erosion and discolouration of the teeth
BFR May increase cancer risk to digestive and lymph systems, endocrine disorder
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Effects on soil: Toxic leachates: Hg, Cd, Pb, P Uncontrolled fire risk →toxic fumes Biologically non-degradable: Cd, HG, BFR
There are also hazardous effects on livestock, ecology, etc.
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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WHY IS E-WASTE A PROBLEM?
E-Waste poses a serious threat to human health and the environment.
Rapid technological
changes
Increasedelectronicspurchase
More E-Waste
More Hazardous materials in landfills
Increasing human
health risks
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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STAKEHOLDERS IN E-WASTE MANAGEMENT
Almost everyone is a stakeholder
E-Waste
Suppliers
Collectors
Manufacturers
End-users
Recyclers
Resellers
Aggregators
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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EFFECTS OF E-WASTE TOXINS
Toxin Effects on Humans
Cr Asthmatic bronchitis, skin irritation, ulceration, respiratory irritation, perforated eardrums,
Kidney damage, pulmonary congestion and oedema, epigastric pain, erosion and discolouration of the teeth
BFR May increase cancer risk to digestive and lymph systems, endocrine disorder
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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E-WASTE MANAGEMENT (INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES)
Basel Convention G8 3Rs Initiative StEP GTZ UNEP/DTIE (IETC) GeSI SECO
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERA
No serious initiative to address the issue Govt. organs expected to be responsible:
NESREA, FEPA, NEMA, NASRDA, NCC … Efforts made:
– Establishment of institutional framework (FEPA, NESREA)
– Sponsored intn’l conferences on E-Waste control– Latest: Environment Division of NSE
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERA
CHALLENGES: Lack of legislation to control in-flow of used
electronics products Lack of awareness by public on inherent
dangers of E-Waste Lack of recycling facilities Poor corporate responsibility by industry Used electronics not contraband to Nigerian
Customs Service
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERA
NSE INITIATIVES: Environment Division of NSE organised a
conference in November 2010 on Environmental Impact of Telecoms systems
Communiqué emphasized E-Waste problem National Committee set on E-Waste up Inaugural meeting held in June 2010
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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BETTER OPTIONS FOR YOUR E-WASTE
Increase in sales price to take care of Total Life Cycle Cost
Donation to schools, orphanage, charitable non-profit organisations
Auctioning Sale to recyclers
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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BENEFITS OF RECYCLING
Metal recovery for future uses Conservation of natural resources Air and water pollution avoidance Reduction in amount of greenhouse gas
emissions via manufacturing of new products
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Legislation on safe disposal with assistance of governments
Accompanying sales of new consumer electronics through process fees
Encouraging genuine recyclers Manufacturers to take item back at end-of-life
with incentives
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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CONCLUSION
E-Waste a ticking time bomb in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive
Nigeria, as a major consumer of both new and used electronics products, needs to take an urgent look at E-Waste management via
Legislation (legal framework)Awareness creation at all levels of government
Engr. Dr. Y. A. Adediran, FNSE NSE Ilorin Branch, 28/7/2011
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
