Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
E VOLUTION OF N ITROGEN R EFERENCE S TRIPS. H ISTORY. 1563 Huganote Bernard Palissy advocates the use of fertilizers in agriculture to stimulate plant growth Did so after noticing that crops tended to have better production where manure had been applied. H ISTORY. 1772 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y EVOLUTION OF
NITROGEN REFERENCE STRIPS
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1563 Huganote Bernard Palissy advocates the use of
fertilizers in agriculture to stimulate plant growth Did so after noticing that crops tended to have
better production where manure had been applied
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1772 Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen
1790 French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal coins
the name ‘nitrogen’ using a combination of Greek and French words meaning “to engender, bring forth”
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1827 Justus Liebig’s famous Mineral Theory.
The Mineral Theory states that plant growth is limited by the most limited available mineral in the soil. The application of this theory led to the development of mineral fertilizer.
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y HISTORY
1913 The process that would become known
as the Haber-Bosch process was developed by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch. The process was the first industrial
chemical process to use high pressure for a chemical reaction.
This process is the most economical for the fixation of nitrogen and continues to this day This process would help usher in the Green
Revolution
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS
Since the introduction of synthetic fertilizers, inaccurate fertilizer rates (either too much or too little) have been applied. This is the result of failing to recognize
temporal variability.
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y RESULT
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in the world for cereal grain production ~ 33%
Crop production directly related to availability of N Need methodologies that consider:
Crop production practices Every Farmer is different
Aesthetic qualities The crop has to look good
Economical analysis The bottom line is what counts
Environmental stewardship Pollution costs everyone
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
30 gal60 gal90 gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
30gal
60gal
EXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
Only Needed 45 gal Over-filled 45 gal (lost)
Cost ~ $270 Money lost ~ $135
90gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
Needed 0 gal Over-filled 90 gal (lost)
Cost ~ $270 Money lost ~ $270
The Fuel Gauge is our reference to how much fuel is in the tank. We can add accordingly.
30 gal60 gal90 gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
GAUGE FOR NITROGEN IN OUR FIELDS?
Can there be such a thing? If so, how?
THE ANSWER…….. Nitrogen Reference Strips
N-Stamp, N-Rich Strip, N-Ramp
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y NITROGEN REFERENCE STRIP
An indicator that orients the producer to the nitrogen levels within the field to aid in making a better mid-season nitrogen rate recommendation.
Superimposed on existing farmer pre-plant practices
Provides a measure of how much additional N is needed, if any
Minimizes risk
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
NITROGEN RICH STRIP – 2002 – Present
1 N rate – In excess of what is required by the plant for the entire growing season. Answers the question – Do I need to apply any
additional N fertilizer? YES or NO
With GreenSeeker sensor and SBNRC can obtain RI, predict yield potential, and determine optimum N rate for maximum yield
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
NITROGEN CALIBRATION STAMP – 2004-2005
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
NITROGEN RAMP CALIBRATION STRIP – 2006 – Present
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
Ramp Calibration Strip Fertilization Strategy – 2006 – Present Concept of visually evaluating plots with incremental rates of
pre-plant N Identify minimum N rate required for maximum production
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
March 2007, The Furrow, Larry Reichenberger
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
N-Reference Strip methodologies consider: Crop production practices
Every Farmer is different
Aesthetic qualities The crop has to look good
Economical analysis The bottom line is what counts
Environmental stewardship Pollution costs everyone
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y CONCLUSIONS
Current practices for making mid-season fertilizer N recommendations in most crops are not consistent from one region to the next
The N-Reference Strip Approach: Uses 1 rate or a gradient of pre-plant N fertilizer to
determine mid-season N rates based on plant response Applied methodology integrating farmer input and
insight in the decision making process Provides visual mid-season alternative approach for N
fertilization
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
30 gal60 gal90 gal
When Empty: 90 gal Over-filled 0 gal ( 0 gal lost)
Cost ~ $270 Money lost ~ $0
ONLY PUT IN WHAT IS NEEDED!
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
30gal
45gal
EXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
When Half-Full: 45 gal Over-filled 0 gal ( 0 gal lost)
Cost ~ $135 Money lost ~ $0
ONLY PUT IN WHAT IS NEEDED!
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YEXAMPLE Fueling a Tractor
John Deere 7810 90 gal. Fuel Tank
~ $270
When Full: 0 gal Over-filled 0 gal (0 gal lost)
Cost ~ $0 Money lost ~ $0
ONLY PUT IN WHAT IS NEEDED!
The Fuel Gauge is our reference to how much fuel is in the tank. We can add accordingly.
0 gal
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
LIKEWISE…
N-REFERENCE STRIPS OUR GAUGE TO THE NITROGEN LEVEL IN
THE FIELD OUR GAUGE TO IDENTIFY HOW MUCH
ADDITIONAL NITROGEN, IF ANY, IS NEEDED BY THE CROP TO PRODUCE MAXIMUM YIELDS.
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
EXTENSION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RAMP CALIBRATION STRIP
FERTILIZATION STRATEGY
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
INTRODUCTION
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) in the world for cereal grain production ~ 33%
Crop production directly related to availability of N Need methodologies that consider:
Crop production practices Aesthetic qualities Economical analysis Environmental stewardship
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
Ramp Calibration Strip Fertilization Strategy Concept of visually evaluating plots with incremental rates of
pre-plant N Identify minimum N rate required for maximum production
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y 224 0 17 34 51 68 85 112 129 224 0 17 34 51 68 85 112 129 N Rate, kg/ha N Rate, kg/ha
224224
001717
3434
224224
RAMP Calibration StripRAMP Calibration Strip
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
March 2007, The Furrow, Larry Reichenberger
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y PURPOSE OF STUDY
2007 Intentions
Implement & Evaluate the RCS strategy in the following crops: Alfalfa Bermudagrass Corn Cotton Grain Sorghum
Extend the RCS strategy in the following crop: Wheat
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YMATERIALS & METHODS
Alfalfa, Grain Sorghum 4 replications of 5 treatments + 1 or 2 N-Ramp(s) Complete Randomized Block Design
Grain Sorghum
Trt.Pre-Plant N (kg ha-1)
Mid-Season N (kg ha-1)
1. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 0 (0 lb N/Ac)
2. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 84 (75 lb N/Ac)
3. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 168 (150 lb N/Ac)
4. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) RCS Visual
5. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) RCS Sensor
Experiment site – R.L. Westerman Irrigation Research Center located west of Stillwater, OK.
Alfalfa
Trt.N applied after each cutting (kg ha-1)
1. 0 (0 lb N/Ac)
2. 22.4 (20 lb N/Ac)
3. 44.8 (40 lb N/Ac)
4. RCS Visual
5. RCS Sensor
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YGrain SorghumApplication of N-Ramp StrategyR.L. Westerman Irrigation Research Center at Lake Carl Blackwell
Plot size: 3 m x 6 mAlley: 1.5 m4 replicationsRamp: 4.25 m x 52 m
Treatments
(N applied mid-season)
1. 0 kg N/ ha
2. 84 kg N/ ha
3. 168 kg N/ ha
4. RCS Visual
5. RCS Sensor
N
-
R
A
M
P
4 1 3 5 2
4 5 2 3 1
4 1 3 5 2
2 4 5 3 1
15.25 m3 m
6 m
1.5 m52 m
4.25 m
Rep. 1
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
Rep. 4
0
6
7.5
13.5
15
21
22.5
28.5
3691215
29 m
N
E
S
W
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y ALFALFA – RESULTS
Inconclusive for 2007 Limited number of cuttings
Average Yields 1st Cutting
5607 kg ha-1 (5000 lb Ac-1) 2nd Cutting
3734 kg ha-1 (3330 lb Ac-1)
Alfalfa
Trt.N applied after each cutting (kg ha-1)
1. 0
2. 22.4
3. 44.8
4. 0 - RCS Visual
5. 0 - RCS Sensor
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y GRAIN SORGHUM – RESULTS
Average Yields
Grain SorghumTrt. Pre-Plant N
(kg ha-1)
Mid-Season N (kg ha-1)
Total N
(kg ha-1)
Yield
(kg ha-1)
Gross Return
($ ha-1)
1. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 0 (0 lb N/Ac) 56 (50) 2776 (2475) 292 ($118 / Ac)
2. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 84 (75 lb N/Ac) 140 (125) 5033 (4488) 490 ($198 / Ac)
3. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 168 (150 lb N/Ac)
224 (200) 6166 (5499) 547 ($222 / Ac)
4. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 73 (65 lb N/Ac)
RCS Visual
129 (115) 4783 (4265) 470 ($190 / Ac)
5. 56 (50 lb N/Ac) 56 (50 lb N/Ac)
RCS Sensor
112 (100) 5370 (4789) 561 ($227 / Ac)
Gross Return: N cost = $1.01 / kg, Sorghum = $0.125 / kg
$0.46 / lb $0.057 / lb
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
WHEAT – EXTENSION OF N-RCS APPROACHRecap
Fall 2006 N-Ramps placed in 586 farmer fields throughout Oklahoma
covering a service area of 81,000 hectares (200,000 Acres)
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
Garfield County Ramp Strips
March 22, 2007
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
February/March 2007 County Extension Agents
Sensed N-Ramps Provided top-dress N
recommendations to producers
Collected data for submission to N-Ramp extension team
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y EXTENSION OF N-RCS APPROACH IN WHEAT – RESULTS
Average Typical Top-Dress N Rate125 kg N / ha (110 lb N/Ac)
Average RCS N-Recommendation60 kg N / ha (53 lb N/Ac)
Average Actual Top-Dress N Applied90 kg N / ha (80 lb N/Ac)
50 % more than the RCS recommendation73 % of typical top-dress N rate
Represents savings of $ 35.45 ha-1 ($13.80 Ac-1)
Represents total savings of $ 2,760,000
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y
WHEAT – EXTENSION OF N-RCS APPROACH
Fall 2007 N-Ramps or N-Rich Strips placed in 224 farmer fields throughout
Oklahoma
AreaExtension Contact Locations N-Ramps
N-Rich Strips Protocols
Okmulgee, Ofuskee Bob Woods 5 20 5 5Northwest OK Roger Gribble 35 140 70Muskogee Rodney King 82 67 22Mayes Mike Rose 29 58Ottawa Stan Fimple 93 157 3Nowata, Washington Gage Milliman 15 38 4Canadian Brad Tipton 10 40 20 10
Overall Totals 269 520 117 22
2007-2008 N-Ramp Calibration Strip & N-Rich Strip Numbers
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
YO
K L
A H
O M
A
S T
A T
E
U N
I V
E R
S I
T Y
O K
L A
H O
M A
S
T A
T E
U
N I
V E
R S
I T
Y CONCLUSIONS
Current practices for making mid-season fertilizer N recommendations in most crops are not consistent from one region to the next
The N-Ramp Approach: Using automated gradients of pre-plant N fertilizer to
determine mid-season N rates based on plant response Applied methodology integrating farmer input and
insight in the decision making process Provides visual mid-season alternative approach for N
fertilization
![Volution, Fashion & Semiotics · Chapter 3: The Volution & Fashion 15 [The Volution in Fashion land] Chapter 4: The Volution & Semiotics 29 [You Can walk the (cat)walk but can you](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f02118a7e708231d4026a98/volution-fashion-chapter-3-the-volution-fashion-15-the-volution-in.jpg)
![Volution, Fashion & Semiotics - Yoad.infoChapter 3: The Volution & Fashion 15 [The Volution in Fashion land] Chapter 4: The Volution & Semiotics 29 [You Can walk the (cat)walk but](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f02118a7e708231d4026a99/volution-fashion-semiotics-yoad-chapter-3-the-volution-fashion.jpg)
