E; Project Summaries ENERGY EFFIGENCY 1979-1980 PBS ... - NIST

· .Building TechnologyProject Summaries

1979-1980

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Building TechnologyProject Summaries

1979 - 1980

NBS SP 446-4

Editors:Noel RaufasteMichael Olmert

Center for Building TechnologyNational Engineering LaboratoryNational Bureau of StandardsU.S. Department of CommerceWashington, D.C. 20234

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy SecretaryJordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

July 1980

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-600133

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 446-4Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Pub!. 446-4, 79 pages (July 1980)

CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1980

Foreword The Center for Building Technology's (CBT) mission isto increase the usefulness, safety, and economy ofbuildings through the advancement of buildingtechnology and its application to the improvement ofbuilding practice. CBT's research activities support thebuilding technology programs of Federal, State, andlocal governments; assist design professions, buildingofficials, and the research community by developingimproved design criteria; and assist manufacturers ofbuilding products by developing methods for evaluatinginnovative materials, components, and systems.

CBT's research is aimed at developing the necessarytechnology to assist in reducing the annual growth oftotal national energy demand to below 2 percent and theprojected level of energy demand by 2.8 million barrelsof oil equivalent per day by 1985; reduce accidentaldeaths, injuries, and property losses in buildingconstruction by 20 percent in 20 years; and increasebuilding productivity by 10 percent in 15 years. Thus,CBT's programs address energy conservation, buildingsafety, and building productivity and performance.Typical CBT activities include: investigating failures,such as the Willow Island cooling tower accident, todetermine causes and needs for improved practices;improving measurement techniques, such as developmentof accurate equipment to measure the performance ofthick insulation; defining characteristics of buildingperformance, such as human response to time-varyingnoise; and developing methods for comparing benefitsand costs, such as life-cycle cost approaches for selectingoptimal energy retrofit measures. All these activities areconducted in cooperation with other organizations in thebuilding community that participate in the studies or areaffected by the results.

NBS/CBT does not promulgate building codes orstandards. CBT provides an objective source of technicalinformation for national consensus standards and modelcode organizations. Close cooperation with these groupsleads to standard practices that meet the needs of theregulatory authorities of State and local governments.Research providing the knowledge for these standardpractices is conducted in cooperation with government,university, and industry laboratories.

This report summarizes CBT's research for 1979-1980.Each summary lists the project title, its progress, point ofcontact within CBT, and sponsor.

The summaries are arranged according to the 11 primeresearch areas that comprise the scope of work at CBT,which is shown on page xi. This year the report alsofeatures a Building Community Index (p. 74), which keysCBT research to individual segments of the industry.

iii

The reader is encouraged to review two companiondocuments: 1) NBS Special Publication 439, The Centerfor Building Technology: A Perspective, which presents theCenter's approach to building research and its facilities;and 2) NBS Special Publication 457, Building TechnologyPublications, and its supplements.

iv

Contents

Energy Conservation in Buildings

Building Thermal EnvelopeSystems and Insulating Materials

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

16

17

18

19

Energy Analysis: Norris Cotton BuildingEnergy Analysis ProceduresEnergy Audit Procedures for Commercial BuildingsDynamic Performance of HVAC Systems and ControlsEMCS Reliability StudyEMCS Computer ModelingEnergy Analysis of Control StrategiesRetrofit Instrumentation Technology/EMCS SensorsThermostat Test StandardEvaluating the Performance of Heat PumpsHeat Pump StudiesPart-Load Performance of HVAC EquipmentFurnace StudiesCentral Air Conditioner StudiesCentral Air Conditioner Test ProceduresTechnical Evaluation Manual for Energy ConservationBuilding Energy Performance CriteriaRetrofit Training CriteriaRevision of Bioclimatic ChartDaylighting StudiesDaylighting Prediction MethodologyNFC Research Associate Program (Daylighting)Life-Cycle Cost MethodologyCost-Effectiveness of Infrared Heat-Loss Surveys

(Ground-Based)Infrared Aerial Survey EvaluationWeatherization DemonstrationBuilding Infiltration EvaluationGuidelines for Controlling Attic CondensationModeling Cooling with Whole-House FansUnderground Heat Distribution SystemsEnergy Conservation Through Waste Use in Cement and

Concrete

Thermal Insulation Standard Reference MaterialThermal Insulation AnalysisThermal Insulation Test SeriesThermal Performance of Materials and ElementsModeling Mass Effects with Outside InsulationExperimental Evaluation of Thermal MassMIMA Research Associate ProgramGuarded Hot-Plate Tester for Thick InsulationCalibrated Hot Box ConstructionCorrosion Avoidance in Encapsulated WiringRetrofit Criteria: Insulation and Wiring

Building Solar Systems Technology 22

23

Collector Durability and Reliability Test ProgramStandards for Rubber Hose and ConnectionsStandards for Solar Cover PlatesStandards for Nonmetallic Containment Materials

v

24 Standards for Solar Absorptive CoatingsEvaluation of IPC Corrosion Test MethodologySolar Hot Water System Test Program

25 Structural Performance of Solar CollectorsThermal Test Methods for Solar CollectorsPassive Solar Data Requirements

26 Economic Evaluation of Passive Solar Designsfor Urban Environments

Installation of Solar Components on RoofsSolar Evaluation of the Norris Cotton Building

27 Monitoring Methods for Low-Cost ResidentialSolar Systems

Commercial Solar Energy DemonstrationSolar Energy Program for Housing Systems

28 Dimensional Considerations in Solar InstallationSolar Federal Buildings ProgramFederal Procurement Specifications for Solar Heating

and Cooling29 Economic Optimization Guide for Solar Systems

in Federal BuildingsTechnical Evaluation Manual for Solar Retrofit

of Federal BuildingsInternational Cooperation in Solar EnergyResidential Solar Data Center

30 Development of Solar Regulatory ProvisionsCode Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage

31 Solar Utilization in Cities and TownsCombined Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Systems

Earthquake Hazard Reduction

Structures and FoundationsPerformance

34

35

38

39

40

41

42

43

Characterization of Structural Response to EarthquakesSeismic Provisions for BuildingsCharacterization of Soil and Foundation Response

to EarthquakesRomania Earthquake Rehabilitation

Loading Criteria for Structural DesignDevelopment of Revisions to

American National Standards Institute A58Application of Reliability Analysis Concepts

to Building ComponentsConstruction Load EvaluationConcrete Construction TechnologyMechanical Properties of Maturing ConcreteSnow Loads on Nuclear Power Plant StructuresCriteria for Design of Cladding Subjected to Wind LoadsCriteria for Wind Tunnel ModelingMeasurement of Forces on Trench BracingConstruction Practice in ExcavationStandards for Foundations and ExcavationsIn-Situ Geotechnical MeasurementsConstruction of the NBS Geotechnical Test LabMobile Home Anchoring Against Flood and WindloadsAnchoring Mechanics for Mobile HomesReview of Design Criteria for Energy Transport Systems

vi

Organic Coatings44 Short-Term Evaluation of Steel Coatings

Stone Consolidating MaterialsEvaluation of Joint Sealants for the Dirksen Building

45 Nondestructive Evaluation of Building MaterialsElastomeric Roofing MembranesRoofing and Coatings Research for the Army

46 Blistering of Built-Up Roofing overPolyurethane Insulation

Tri-Services Technical and Scientific SupportImprovement of Honeycomb Sandwich Panels

Building Safety 48

49

Building Rehabilitation Technology 52

53

54

BUilding and Community Acoustics 58

59

60

Building Service Systems 62PerJormance

63

Criteria for Signs in WorkplacesChromaticity Specifications for Color Weather

Radar DisplaysSymbols Criteria and StandardizationModeling Circulation System SafetySecurity Barriers

Construction Productivity for New and RehabilitatedBuildings

Methods for Evaluating the Strength and Stability ofExisting Buildings

Regulatory Provisions for Existing BuildingsPerformance Levels for Existing BuildingsVentilation Criteria for Existing BuildingsGuidelines for Venting Single-Stack Drainage SystemsRestoration Standards for Porcelain FinishesMetric Conversion Scheduling in the

U.S. Building CommunityDesign and Construction Technology

Application Program

Building Acoustics TechnologyHighway Noise CriteriaTransmission Line Audible Noise MeasurementImpact Noise MeasurementSound Absorption MeasurementMethod for Assessing Costs of a Model

Noise-Control Code

Plumbing Systems PerformancePerformance of Water-Conserving DevicesHuman Factors and Water ConservationEconomically Efficient Water Conservation StandardsElectrical Distribution Systems Protection

vii

Lighting Technology

Building Economics

Building Community Index

66

67

70

71

73

Lighting Design EvaluationTask Lighting CriteriaMeasurement of Illumination Systems EffectivenessLaboratory and Field Illumination MeasurementsApplied Color and VisionVisual EnvironmentVisual Techniques in NDE

Economic Methods for Building StandardsEconomic Impact of Electronics ResearchQuantitative Optimization TechniquesEconomics Participation in Conferences,

Workshops, and Seminars

viii

Abbreviations Used in the Text

ACFAIDACIAlAAIARCANMCANSIARIASPEASSEASTMASHRAE

ASMEBECCBFIRES

BLASTBOCA

BRABBURCBTCERLCFRCIB

CICCCSACPSCDoEEDAEIAEMCSEPAFAAFCCFEMAFERCFmHAFHWAFIRLGSAHEWHUDHVACICBOIEEEIERIIESISOLBLLCC

Area Cost FactorsAgency for International DevelopmentAmerican Concrete InstituteAmerican Institute of ArchitectsAlA Research CorporationAmerican National Metric CouncilAmerican National Standards InstituteAmerican Research InstituteAmerican Society of Plumbing EngineersAmerican Society of Sanitary EngineersAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsAmerican Society for Heating, Refrigerating,

and Air-Conditioning EngineersAmerican Society for Mechanical EngineersBuilding Energy Conservation CriteriaA Computer Program Dealing with Human

Performance During Building FiresAn Energy Analysis Computer ProgramBuilding Officials and Code Administrators

International, Inc.Building Research Advisory BoardBuilt-up RoofingCenter for Building TechnologyConstruction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S. Army)Center for Fire ResearchInternational Council for Building Research,

Studies, and DocumentationConstruction Industries Coordinating CommitteeCommunity Service AdministrationConsumer Product Safety CommissionDepartment of EnergyEconomic Development AdministrationEnergy Information AgencyEnergy Monitoring and Control SystemsEnvironmental Protection AgencyFederal Aviation AdministrationFederal Construction CouncilFederal Emergency Management AgencyFederal Energy Regulatory CommissionFarmers Home AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationFranklin Institute Research LaboratoriesGeneral Services AdministrationDepartment of Health, Education, and WelfareDepartment of Housing and Urban DevelopmentHeating, Ventilation, and Air-ConditioningInternational Conference of Building OfficialsInstitute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIllumination Engineering Research InstituteIllumination Engineering SocietyInternational Standards OrganizationLawrence Berkeley LaboratoryLife-Cycle Costing

ix

UVVA

NDENECNEMANFPANIBSNIOSH

LNGMIMAMIUSMPSNAHBNBSNBSLD

NOAANPSNRCNSFORNLOSHARCSRIFRILEM

Liquid Natural GasMineral Insulation Manufacturer AssociationModular Integrated Utility SystemsMinimum Property StandardsNational Association of Home BuildersNational Bureau of StandardsNational Bureau of Standards Load Determination

(A Computer Program)NCSBCS National Conference of States on Building Codes

and StandardsNondestructive EvaluationNational Electric CodeNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNational Fire Protection AssociationNational Institute of Building SciencesNational Institutes of Occupational Safety

and HealthNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Park ServiceNational Research Council (Canada)National Science FoundationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOccupational Safety and Health AdministrationResidential Conservation ServiceResource Impact FactorsInternational Union of Testing and Research

Laboratories for Materials and StructuresRSV Reduced-Size VentingSAE Society for Automotive EngineersSERI Solar Energy Research InstituteSPT Standard Penetration TestsSRM Standard Reference MaterialsUF Urea-FormaldehydeUSGS United States Geological SurveyUSNC/CIB United States National Committee/International

Council for Building Research, Studies, andDocumentation

UltravioletVeterans Administration

x

CENTER FORBUILDING TECHNOLOGY

CENTER HEADQUARTERS

Structures andMaterialsDivision

Earthquake HazardReduction

Construction Safety

GeotechnicalEngineering

StructuralEngineering

Building Materials

Building Composites

Building ThermalPerformance Division

Thermal Analysis

Thermal Solar

Building EnergyCriteria

Thermal Insulation

xi

EnvironmentalDesign ResearchDivision

Architectural Research

Sensory Environment

Building Safety

Building and CommunityAcoustics

Building Economicsand RegulatoryTechnology Division

Applied Economics

Rehabilitation Technology

Solar Technology

Criteria andStandards Development

Building EquipmentDivision

Thermal Machinery

Systems and Controls

Service Systems

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1

Energy Analysis: Norris CottonBuilding

Thomas E. Richtmyer(301) 921-3602Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Energy Analysis Procedures

Tamami Kusuda(301) 921-3501Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


GSA's Norris Cotton Federal Office Building inManchester, N.H., has been designed to demonstrate anumber of energy-saving concepts. For this reason, ituses a variety of equipment, such as heat pumps, modularboilers, an engine/generator with waste heat recovery,solar collectors, liquid thermal storage, and speciallighting. Exterior walls are of heavy masonryconstruction with an outer insulating layer to create a"thermal flywheel," thereby reducing peak heating andcooling loads. The windows are double-glazed andoccupy a relatively small fraction of the exterior facade.Fin-like granite panels surround the windows and arefixed in a position that reflects in sunlight during winter,blocks out sunlight in summer, and breaks up strongwinds. Of the building's seven floors, no two are thesame. Each one has some variation in its mechanicalequipment, lighting, and/or window arrangement.Employing several different energy-saving concepts will,of course, have value only if each is assessed individuallyfor its effectiveness.

A computer data-acquisition system has been installed onsite that senses critical temperatures, fluid flows, andelectrical power throughout the building and records thisinformation on magnetic tape. These tapes are then sentto CBT where they are processed by a UNIVAC 1108computer. The output is a breakdown of energy usagewithin the building. Also, computer simulations areperformed for the purpose of evaluating the effectivenessof the equipment as it is currently operated. Thissimulation program is also being used to study the effectsof system modifications.

The success of the Building Energy PerformanceStandard hinges on the availability of accurate, yet easyto use, energy analysis procedures. Although DoE hasidentified the DoE-2 program as the standard benchmarkenergy analysis procedure, this particular program is notsuitable for use by practicing engineers and energyofficials because of its complexity and its requirement forlarge computers. This project will provide the criteriafor certifying commercial and useable energy analysisprocedures, which would result in an annual energyconsumption estimate compatible with that produced byDoE-2.

2

Energy Audit Procedures forCommercial Buildings


Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Dynamic Performance of HVACSystems and Controls

George Kelly(301) 921-3839Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


EMCS Reliability Study

K. Yee(301) 921-3311Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


EMCS Computer Modeling

James Y. Shih(301) 921-2144Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision

Sponsor: Department of Energy andDepartment of the Navy

The first step in implementing the energy conservationretrofit of existing buildings is to determine neededimprovements to the building, its HVAC systems, and itsoperation. To advise the building owner, an effectiveenergy audit procedure must be used to accuratelypredict the tradeoff between the energy savings benefitand required cost for implementing the suggestedoptions. Numerous audit procedures are already inexistence in State and Federal Governments and theprivate sector. However, none has achieved generalacceptance as a standard approach and many lack asuitable procedure for prioritizing from among the manyretrofit options that may be presented by a givenbuilding. This project will provide such an auditprocedure.

To address the effect of control dynamics on energyconsumption, space conditions, and comfort, laboratorytests will be carried out on many of the individualcomponents comprising the most common HVACsystems and controls. Models will be developed for thesecomponents, verified through laboratory testing, andused to generalize the results to typical field applications.Components whose performance could be studiedinclude induction systems, fan coil units, double ductmixing boxes, variable volume boxes, and their respectivedischarge air temperature control systems. Work willbegin in FY80 on one or more of the most commonlyused systems and their related controls, and will bebroadened in FY81 to include other types of HVACsystem controls.

This project will concentrate on improving energymonitoring and control systems (EMCS). It will surveyfailures in existing EMCS systems and relate the failuredata to several areas of concern: components, systemwide problems, manufacturing process, and softwareissues. Problems will be grouped into those with knownremedies and without remedies. Recommendations willbe prepared for enhancing reliability.

Most of the existing conservation algorithms, on whichenergy monitoring and control systems (EMCS)operations are based, have limited capabilities associatedwith rudimentary schemes for enhancing thermalefficiency. Identification of the algorithms used inexisting systems and of energy savings opportunities notyet employed is needed. Under this project, algorithmsfor advanced energy conservation methodology usingEMCS will be reported. The logic flow and advantageswill be explicitly documented.

3

Energy Analysis of Control Strategies



Retrofit InstrumentationTechnology/EMCS Sensors

James Y. Kao(301) 921-3844Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision

Sponsor: Department of Energy andDepartment of the Navy

Thermostat Test Standard

James Y. Kao(301) 921-3844Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Under this project, the computer programs DOE-2 'Of

BLAST-2 will be used to document the energy savingsattributed to the use of different, commonly employedHVAC control strategies for a variety of HVACsystems, building types, and climatic regions. Typicalstrategies that will be studied include: economizer cyclewith and without enthalpy control, hot and cold decktemperature reset, floating space conditions, resetting ofset points, and optimum start/stop. In addition, a smallcontract will be let to evaluate different approaches tothe development of a computer simulation model capableof predicting the effect of short-term (minute-by-minute)control dynamics and evaluating the benefits of advancedcontrol strategies. The outcome of both of the abovetasks will be used to formulate the direction and shape ofNBS/DoE controls program in FY81.

This project will investigate and recommend suitablesensors and instrumentation technology for application toenergy monitoring and control systems (EMCS). Anincreasing number of commercial and institutionalbuildings are being built or retrofitted with EMCSsystems as an energy conservation tool. Decisions aremade by the building owners and operators to repair orreplace energy-using equipment, based on data obtainedfrom EMCS. The accuracy and precision of feedbackinformation affects the ability to maintain desiredoperating modes and conditions. If the uncertainties ofthe measured quantities and energy rates are not properlyaccounted for in specifying the system, the energyefficiency may be impaired and information based onmaintenance or replacement measures may not be valid.

This project will develop a thermostat test procedure andstandard. Most heating and cooling systems installed inhouses and small buildings use on-off electric thermostatsfor temperature regulation. An important part of a closedcontrol loop, the thermostat interacts with the heatingand cooling plant, the building thermal characteristics,and load changes (internal and external) to give dynamicvariations in space temperature. Although eachcomponent of this loop influences the temperature leveland the energy consumption of the building, it is essentialthat the behavior of the thermostat be known andanalyzed to have an accurate prediction of the energyconsumption of the building.

4

Evaluating the Performance of HeatPumps

David A. Didion(301) 921-2994Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Heat Pump Studies



Part-Load Performance of HVACEquipment

David A. Didion(301) 921-2994Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


The first objective of this study is to determine thesignificance of the start-up, shut-down dynamics on theenergy performance of an absorption air conditioner ofresidential size. If the dynamics prove significant (as isanticipated) the second objective will be to transform theNBS steady state evaluation standard (under draftreview) into one that will include these dynamic effects.CBT will conduct a series of cyclic tests on a new 3-tonARKLA "solar" water-fired absorption air conditioner.The results of the tests will be analyzed for two effects.First, does the magnitude of the degradation of the unit'sperformance due to dynamics have a significant effect onthe seasonal performance rating in a typical installation?Second, are the unit's shut-down, start-up capacitytransients such that they may be simulated by a single- ordouble-time constant model.

The current test procedure requires manufacturers to testan outdoor coil/compressor section with the indoor coilthey sell most. This reduces the amount of testingrequired, but causes problems when manufacturers wantto make representations regarding the performance ofother size (or type) indoor coils with that outdoorsection. CBT will develop a procedure that will enablemanufacturers to use the laboratory data from oneindoor/outdoor coil combination to predict theperformance likely to result from using other indoor coilswith the outdoor section tested. Work will also continueon the field performance of three heat pumps in theWashington, D.C. area.

This project will establish the dynamic performance andpart-load efficiency characteristics of large HVACequipment for design simulation codes and forbackground data for minimum standards. Since the startof this project in 1977, an additional activity under thesponsorship of ASHRAE has become significant and isof such similar nature (although much broader in scope)that it has been convenient to incorporate the NBS/DoEsupport under the ASHRAE project. This ASHRAEactivity is the Task Group on Building Dynamics. Theultimate goal of this Task Group is the documentation ofthe energy performance optimization of buildingoperations, predominately through control systems. Theheart of this effort will be another type of buildingsimulation code, but many of the component algorithms(such as equipment) will be similar to the building designsimulation codes.

5

Furnace Studies



Central Air Conditioner Studies



Central Air Conditioner TestProcedures

George Kelly(301) 921·3839Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (PL 94-163)and the National Energy Act require the Department ofEnergy to prescribe test procedures and minimumperformance standards, respectively, for residentialfurnaces and boilers. These laws state that the NationalBureau of Standards shall help DoE develop theseregulations. Final test procedures for furnaces and boilerswere published in the Federal Register on May 10, 1978.DoE is refining these test procedures and settingminimum standards.

CBT will develop a computer model to evaluate theeffect of furnace or boiler location on seasonalperformance and annual operating cost. It will bedesigned to cover installation in indoor living areas,indoor closets, outdoor closets, outdoors, and in"unheated" basements. The model will be verified byconducting experimental studies on a mobile homelocated in CBT's large environmental chamber. Thisresearch will include evaluating off-period losses fordirect vent, non-power burner furnaces using the optional"tracer gas" testing procedure; determining the effect ofjacket losses and fuel modulation on a "finned tube"boiler; and recommending modification of testprocedures for automatic stack dampers to includeelectric operated units that employ a time delay prior toclosing. CBT's recommendations to DoE will alsoaddress minimum efficiency standards for furnaces andboilers.

This project will undertake the development andverification of a computer model for a central airconditioner that can be used by manufacturers to reducethe amount of laboratory testing required under theexisting test procedures. CBT will also work withPurdue University in an evaluation of the use of timeconstants to predict the part-load performance of centralair conditioners.

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (PL 94.163)requires the Department of Energy to prescribe testprocedures for central air conditioners. The Departmentof Energy published test procedures for central airconditioners in the Federal Register on November 25,1977. These test procedures were based primarily on testsdeveloped by the Center for Building Technology. DoEis anxious to continue improving and refining these testprocedures and has requested CBT to perform this .research. DoE has also asked CBT to submitrecommendations on minimum standards for central airconditioners to help meet DoE's responsibilities underthe National Energy Act.

6

Technical Evaluation Manual for EnergyConservation

James H. Pielert(301) 921-3146Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Building Energy Performance Criteria

Jim L. Heldenbrand(301) 921-2177Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


CBT's research performed on central air conditioners inFY80 will be aimed at determining if the present testprocedure can be simplified. Theoretical work will becarried out on the effect of different indoor/outdoor coilcombinations and different design features (thermalexpansion device, capillary tube, fixed orifice, etc.) onthe part load and seasonal performance of residentialcentral air conditioning equipment. It is hoped that thisresearch will lead to the development of degradationcoefficients (or "enhancement factors") that can beassigned in accordance with the different featurespossessed by a unit. Work will also begin on a central airconditioner computer "model" which could lead to aconsiderable reduction in the amount of testing requiredby manufacturers and also make the job of verifying theircompliance considerably easier.

The rehabilitation of existing buildings, including energyconservation considerations, requires a knowledge ofmaterials, components, and techniques that frequentlydiffer from those used in new construction. Often, whenconsidering rehabilitation activities to enhance the valueand extend the useful life of a building, those involvedface a lack of information on technical matters. Thiswork will attempt to fill that gap.

Recent Federal initiatives to regulate energy use at thedesign stage of new buildings have pushed toward theexpansion of performance standards to include the wholebuilding level. Preliminary research for the developmentof such building energy performance standards (BEPS)was based largely on statistical analysis of calculatedbuilding design energy requirements without specificregard to the performance of the building componentsthemselves. A life-cycle costing (LCC) approach todevelopment of BEPS has been recommended by eBTand preliminary work by Battelle N.W. Labs andLawrence Berkeley Lab for DoE has applied the LCeapproach to envelopes of residential buildings. eBT willbe developing illustrative building energy performancecriteria that cover both the envelope and heating andcooling equipment for single-family dwellings. Thisproject will produce a methodology for integratingcomponent performance criteria which represent userneeds into economics-based whole-building criteria.

7

Retrofit Training Criteria

Heinz R. Trechsel(301) 921-3195Environmental Design Research Division


Revision for Bioclimatic Chart

Preston McNall(301) 921-3595Environmental Design Research Division


Daylighting Studies

Tamami Kusuda(301) 921·3501Environmental Design Research Division


This project will support the ResidentialConservation Service (RCS) program bydeveloping installation standards and acomprehensive resource document forpersons preparing State plans; trainingprograms and manuals for installers,inspectors, and auditors; and informativeliterature for dissemination to homeowners,occupants, and others involved in themanufacture, marketing, and installation ofenergy-conserving retrofit measures. Thedocument will also be used by standardsorganizations as a basis for converting theinstallation standards to National VoluntaryConsensus Standards and by buildingofficials who regulate energy retrofitmeasures.

The Bioclimatic Comfort Chart, originally published in1963, has had exceptionally wide influence on architectsand planners involved in climate-adapted architecturaldesign. It is the key element in a comprehensive climaticdesign procedure. It defines the overheated andunderheated times of the year in a given climate andprovides for the subsequent design guidelines on thepositioning of sunscreens and windows; provision fornatural ventilation; placement of thermal mass andinsulation; optimal building configuration, aspect ratio,and orientation; and siting and landscaping measures.

The Bioclimatic Chart was, however, based on researchperformed prior to 1963, and there has been a great dealof new work since that time that suggests differentcomfort boundaries. There has also been new research ondifferent age groups, clothing levels, and activity levelsother than those included in the present BioclimaticChart, which is based on young adult, T-shirt clad,reclining subjects. In addition, there is some informationnow available on the comfort effects of high intensityasymmetric radiation such as is experienced when sittingin direct sunlight, effects of higher levels of wind motion,and effects of changing thermal conditions. Under thisproject, the chart will be revised to account for thesenew developments.

Daylight has been recognized as an effective way ofreducing the energy required for illuminating buildings.However, attendant impact on space heating and coolingrequirements must be considered. Comprehensivecomputer programs for calculating natural daylightingare available, which incorporate complex mathematicalrepresentations of light-ray reflections from surface to

8

Daylighting Prediction Methodology

Tamami Kusuda(301) 921-3501Environmental Design Research Division


NFC Research Associate Program(Daylighting)


Sponsor: National Fenestration Council

surface within a room. Because of the costly machinetime, none of the existing building energy analysisprograms consider these interreflection simulations. NBShas developed a simplified daylighting calculation routinebased upon a two-surface reflection model and intendedfor use with NBSLD. To validate this simplifiedprocedure, experimental work is required to find amethod of correlating the daylighting with the totalhemispherical radiation over a horizontal surface. Thisproject will undertake these experiments.

Under this project, an instrumented mobile-homedaylight testing laboratory will be used to continuemeasurement of available indoor daylighting as afunction of outdoor solar radiation for many sets ofwindow configurations, internal wall reflectances, andtime of day. Also measured will be the air-conditioningenergy saved and illumination energy saved as the resultof the daylight using various window and roommanagement strategies. Modifications will be made to thecooling system to accurately measure the cooling load ofthe test room. The results of this work will be used bybuilding reseachers at NBS, LBL, CERL and AIARCfor developing energy analysis tools, guidelines, andcriteria and standards for energy conservation inbuildings. The work will be coordinated with theprograms of the IES (Research and Daylighting) and theIERI.

The National Fenestration Council, representing thewindow manufacturers, and skylight and glass industries,is interested in developing the energy conservationfeatllres of window design and window operation.Windows can be made very effective by the proper useof daylighting as a means of reducing electric lightingloads while also benefiting from solar heat gains. But totruly understand the energy implications of daylightingdesigns, a dynamic computer simulation is necessary, onecapable of analyzing hourly daylight and thermalconditions. This project, once completed, will permitvarious energy analysis procedures such as DOE-2,BLAST, and NBSLD to include well-validateddaylighting calculations. This work will be carried outunder the memorandum of agreement between the NFCand the National Bureau of Standards. A researchassociate was identified by NFC to work with CBT incarrying out the technical activities for 2 years. Mr. GaryGillette is working with CBT architects and engineersusing CBT's daylight research facilities.

9

Life-Cycle Cost Methodology

Rosalie T. Ruegg(301) 921-2330Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Cost-Effectiveness of Infrared HeatLoss Surveys (Ground-Based)

Richard A. Grot(301) 921-3470Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Infrared Aerial Survey Evaluation

Douglas M. Burch(301) 921·3602Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


The report Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the FederalEnergy Management and Planning Programs will berevised and published in accordance with final LCCRules, the revised energy price projections of EIA, andcomments and suggestions from reviewers. A series ofnine regional Federal Life-Cycle Costing Workshops hasbeen conducted to instruct managers of Federal facilitiesand others about the new life-cycle costing rules. Apublication on life-cycle costing for the private sectorwill be prepared. The publication will be consistent withthe NBS BSS 113 report, Life-Cycle Costing-A Guide forSelecting Energy Conservation Projects for Public Buildings,and will extend the life-cycle costing procedures toincorporate taxes and other evaluations of energyconservation investments in the private sector.

Although thermal surveys of buildings are considered tobe highly efficient from a technical viewpoint, they aremuch more expensive than traditional inspectionmethods. The traditional methods, however, are lessreliable. This project will correlate the energy savings,costs, and techniques of infrared scanning to calculate themost effective way of doing such surveys in urbanresidential areas. The surveys will be carried out bycontractors in 10 cities. The results will be submitted tothe ASHRAE committee on standards for thermographicinspections.

Considerable controversy exists within the technicalcommunity concerning the effectiveness of aerial IRsurveys in rating the insulation levels of peakedresidential attics. Proponents of these surveys argue thatbuildings which are losing comparatively more heatthrough the ceiling will have warmer roofs, causing themto appear as having higher apparent radiationtemperatures than buildings with better insulated attics.Others argue that the apparent radiance temperature of aroof is dependent upon too many factors, such as roofemittance, local air temperature, and wind speed, toenable the aerial scans to directly provide accurateinformation.

Analysis of the "halo" surrounding the image of a housein an aerial thermogram has been suggested as aprocedure for identifying the level of wall insulation andto check for storm windows. If validated, this procedurewould allow complete examination of the exteriorenvelope of a residence from the air, reducing per-housecost and time required for energy auditing. Under thisproject, a field study will be performed using three sideby-side houses (located in Springfield, Mo.) as teststructures. Insulation levels and storm windows would bevaried to allow side.by-side comparisons of the aerial

10

Weatherization Demonstration

Richard Crenshaw(301) 921-2019Environmental Design Research Division

Sponsor: Community ServicesAdministration

Building Infiltration Evaluation

Charles M. Hunt(301) 921-3560Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


thermograms. The investigation would be performed as ajoint effort between CBT, Texas Instruments, andEnergy Measures Corporation.

The objectives of this project are to develop a fieldmethod for evaluating combinations of energyconserving options, to measure the energy and costsavings associated with these options, and to developinstallation standards to assure consistent performance ofthe options when installed.

A sample of 300 frame, masonry, and masonry veneer,one-and two-story houses have been selected in 16 citiesacross the United States. More than 200 of these houseswere weatherized with both architectural and mechanicalenergy conserving options. The effectiveness of thepackage of options selected for each site will beevaluated by carefully comparing actual installation costswith field measured savings. Houses which showunusually high or low savings will be further evaluatedusing diagnostic tests to explain the variations.

The results provide CSA with a quantified basis for theirweatherization program. The results will also provide afield check on the accuracy of ASHRAE and othercurrent energy calculation procedures for residences,leading to suggestions for improving calculations used inpredicting energy performance.

Reduction of outside air is one of the strategies proposedto save energy in the heating and cooling of buildings.There is need for better information on naturalventilation rates. of buildings with outside air dampersclosed. High-rise buildings present special problems.Such information is needed before we know where westand with respect to existing ventilation standards, aswell as the possible revision of standards. Under thisproject, the NBS Administration Building has beeninstrumented to measure air exchange by using SF6 tracergas.

In addition to selected tracer gas measurements, thecurrent fan pressurization system will be finalized andexperience will be gained in the logistics of large buildingmeasurements. If successful, flow parameters will bemeasured for whole buildings and sub-elements such asfloors and rooms, and these will be used in simulationmodels. The measured data will be compared with thosecalculated by the comprehensive multi-room air leakagemodel. A preliminary test of the Shaw-Tamura model hasbeen carried out and will be reported. First generationresults suggest that more attention should be given to theeffects of the mechanical ventilation systems andexhausts.

11

Guidelines for Controlling AtticCondensation

Douglas M. Burch(301) 921-3620Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Modeling Cooling with Whole-HouseFans



Underground Heat Distribution Systems


Sponsor: Department of Defense and TriServices Committee

Insufficient attic ventilation may lead to condensation onthe underside of roof sheathing of residential buildings.Current guidelines on the minimum amount of atticventilation are based on the experience and knowledge ofpersons in the building industry; they were developedapproximately 30 years ago when the ceilings of houseshad very limited insulation. Due to the energy shortage,current recommendations require much greater amountsof ceiling insulation. Houses with heavily insulatedceilings will have colder attics, which will be moresusceptible to condensation and require higher ventilationrates. A strong need exists to establish a rigorousrationale for formulating guidelines for controlling atticcondensation. This project will also resolve the issue asto whether a ceiling vapor barrier should be required.

A typical home air conditioner may require five times asmuch energy as a fan. The NBS studies in 1977 at theHouston attic ventilation test houses confirmed that inmany regions, outside air during the cooling seasonfulfills comfort conditions during most of the year. Itwould be desirable to capitalize on fan cooling anddetermine how much energy could be saved and whatkind of indoor environment can be expected undercooling with forced ventilation.

This project is to determine more precisely when outsideair may be substituted for air conditioning, whatventilation rates are required, how much energy is saved,and algorithms to simulate the effects of forcedventilation under different ventilation schedules anddifferent climates.

Although underground heat distribution systems areoften considered in the energy conservation plans ofcommunities, many of the existing systems have beenfailing due to ground water seeping into the system andthe qlpture of the carrier pipes. Under this project, CBThas constructed a conduit boiling test apparatus,conducted the boiling tests on three different calciumsilicate insulation systems, and prepared three technicalreports. The Tri-Services engineers are interested in noncalcium silicate-type insulation for the conduit boilingtest as well.

12

Energy Conservation Through WasteUse in Cement and Concrete

James R. Clifton(301) 921-2630Structures and Materials Division


The manufacture of portland cement consumes about 2percent of the energy consumed in U.S. industrialprocesses. As much as 20 percent of the energyconsumed by the cement industry could be conserved bythe use of waste materials in cements and concretes. CBTis comparing the behavior of blended cements andconcretes containing fly ashes and blast furnace slags tothose of portland cements and portland cement concretesto develop relationships between composition,microstructure, and performance. These relationshipswill form the basis for developing performance-basedstandards for blended cements, and for fly ashes and slagswhich are added to concretes.

Criteria will be prepared for tests to determine the sulfateresistance of cements and the effect of fly ashes onchemical admixtures. Also, criteria will be developed onthe dimensional stability of blended cements.

CBT is participating in ASTM committees concernedwith cements (Cl) and waste material (E38). Throughthis participation, we are playing an active role in theestablishment of new performance tests and criteria forblended cements and concretes, and for broadened use ofwaste materials in construction.

13

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Thermal Insulation Standard ReferenceMaterial

Chock L Siu(301) 921-3536Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Thermal Insulation Analysis

Brian Rennex(301) 921-3637Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Thermal Insulation Test Series

Chock L Siu(301) 921-3536Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Thermal Performance of Materials andElements

Robert R. Jones(301) 921-3636Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Thermal insulation Standard Reference Materials (SRM)are materials that can be used to calibrate thermal testingdevices of industry and independent testing laboratories.Candidate materials, available from economical sourcesunder special order, are measured, characterized, andcertified as SRM's. A stock of high-density fiberglassboards has been certified as SRM 1450. Also, density andthermal conductivity measurements have been made on astock of low-density fiberglass batts for use in theNational Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program.Measurements and analysis of this low-density materialwill continue, leading to its certification as a SRM.

Under this project, a base will be established for a multiyear approach to investigations into steady-state anddynamic characteristics of heat, air, and moisturetransmission in materials, composites, and buildingenvelope systems. Initial emphasis will be given to adetailed plan to analyze and report on the performanceof the new lOoo-mm line-heat-source guarded hot plateand to derive and validate formulas and analytical modelsfor thick, low-density insulation. Data being suppliedfrom the Thick Insulation Test Series will be used in thisanalysis and in the production of reports and papers forpublication.

A series of tests is being made on low-density and highdensity fiberglass insulation using the 200-mm guardedhot plate, the 300-mm guarded hot plate, and the new(under construction) lOOO-mm line-heat-source guardedhot-plate thick insulation tester. The data from this testseries will be used to validate theoretical models and toestablish the 1000-mm tester as a suitable apparatus forcharacterizing standard reference material (SRM) usingthick specimens. The technical and economic benefits tothe insulation and building industries will be realized bythe elimination of present uncertainty regarding effectivethermal conductivity of thick low-density materials.

Under this project, new technical data and testequipment and procedures will be developed for designpurposes and for standards on the thermal performanceof insulating materials and large building elements. Thegoal will be to reduce energy requirements of buildingswhile retaining acceptable levels of functionaleffectiveness, durability, safety, and cost. The projectwill be carried out as a part of a comprehensive plandeveloped in cooperation with the Department ofEnergy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the LawrenceBerkeley Laboratory, and the building industry. Theresults from this activity will be greater and more

16

Modeling Mass Effects with OutsideInsulation



Experimental Evaluation of ThermalMass

Douglas M. Burch(301) 921-3620 .Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision

Sponsor: Department of Housing andUrban Development

predictable energy conservation, a sound basis forcompetition in the building industry, and greaterassurance of building durability, habitability, andeconomy to the consumer.

This study is addressed to the national concern forbuilding energy conservation with specific reference tothermal mass. The present standards, such as ASHRAEStandard 90-75R, DoE Model Code (NCSBCS), and theHUD Minimum Property Standards have not consideredbuilding thermal mass. As a result, there is a need toexperimentally evaluate the energy savings attributable tothermal mass in building walls, especially with respect tothe location of insulation. It costs more to bring masonrywall buildings up to existing heat-loss standards thanstud-wall buildings. The masonry-wall industry hassought relief from these standards through recognition ofa thermal storage effect. A congressional subcommitteerecently passed a resolution to block the latest HVDMPS revisions until thermal mass is recognized. Theresults of this study and related efforts will give HUn,FmHA, and DoE a needed technical base for policydecisions.

This project addresses the concern for building energyconservation, and specifically, thermal design of buildingenvelopes. The present standards, such as ASHRAE 9075R, DOE Model Code (NBSBCS), and the HUDMinimum Property Standards, emphasize buildinginsulation without due regard to building thermal mass.CBT will experimentally evaluate the energy savingsfrom thermal mass in residential walls. Based on theresults of this work, preliminary guidelines for reductionin thermal resistance for energy conservation standardswill be developed as a function of climate, orientation,type of wall construction, and mode of operation for thebuilding. Five one-room test structures will beconstructed outdoors at the NBS site. These teststructures will have the same floor plan, orientation, andother common features. The walls of these structures willbe (1) insulated lightweight wood frame, (2) uninsulatedlightweight wood frame, (3) insulated masonry, (4)uninsulated masonry, and (5) log. The experimental planis to instrument these test structures for measuring wallheat transmission, heating and cooling energyrequirement, rate of air infiltration, and indoor comfortcondition. The test structures will be exposed to outdoorconditions for one calendar year. Differences in wall heattransmission, heating and cooling energy requirements,and indoor comfort attributed to variations in wallthermal mass will be quantified and correlated withrespect to the outdoor climatic condition. The NBSLD

17

MIMA Research Associate Program

Robert R. Jones(301) 921-3636Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision

Sponsor: Mineral Insulation ManufacturerAssociation

Guarded Hot-Plate Tester for ThickInsulation

Mahn Hee Hahn(301) 921·2486Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Calibrated Hot Box Construction

Douglas M. Burch(301) 921·3620Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Corrosion Avoidance in EncapsulatedWiring

Robert W. Beausoliel(301) 92 1-2554Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Computer Program will be validated for predicting theseparameters for a full range of outdoor conditions.

The Mineral Insulation Manufacturer Association isinterested in developing testing procedures for accuratedetermination of the thermal resistance of thickinsulation. An essential element in this development is theconstruction of and initiation of tests on a new line-heat·source guarded-hot-plate thick insulation tester at NBS.Another element is the development of mathematicalmodels and an analysis program to use test data to begenerated on the new tester. These activities will lead tothe capability of delivery to private testing laboratoriesof thick insulation transfer calibration specimens. Aresearch associate, selected by the Mineral InsulationManufacturer Association, will work with CBT for 2years in this effort.

Increasing national interest in energy conservationencourages the use of thick insulation-sometimes asmuch as 300 mm (12 in) or more. The existing NBSapparatus is only capable of accurate thermalconductivity measurements of insulating materialspecimens up to 50 mm thickness. An apparatus capableof precise measurements of thick insulation is urgent!yneeded to provide a calibration base for industry and forindependent testing laboratories. This project will resultin construction of a lOOO-mm diameter line-heat·sourceguarded-hat-plate apparatus for thermal conductivitymeasurements on materials up to 350-mm thick.

This year, the construction of the calibrated hot box fortesting large wall sections will be started. It will becapable of simultaneous testing of air, moisture, and heattransfer through test walls 3m X 5 m in size, subject todiurnal environmental chamber cycles. A test programwill be prepared and a draft standard calibrationprocedure and error analysis will be developed.

Long-term laboratory tests, started in FY79 to evaluatethe durability of electrical boxes in an insulatedenvironment, will be continued. Additional sealedhumidity-controlled vessels containing outlet boxes andswitch boxes (including wiring devices) with and withoutthermal insulation will be included in the test program.These tests will use new thermal insulation samples thatsatisfy the proposed HH-I-515D corrosion specification.Test results will be compared with "idealized" testing

18

Retrofit·Criteria: Insulation and Wiring

Lawrence S. Galowin(301) 921-3293Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


results from 5150. Additional tests will attempt acorrelation of corrosion on other building elements, suchas piping and nails, that come in contact with the thermalinsulation.

This project will conduct laboratory tests of severalinsulation materials to establish tables of allowablethermal blanketing over wiring of various sizes at theirpeak ampacity ratings. Acceptable installation practicesto provide thermal release paths for thermal insulationwill be determined. CBT will also study the ability ofstuds, joists, and gypsum to reduce wire temperatures.The outcome of this work will be safety criteria for useby DoE.

19

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BuildingSolarSystemsTechnology

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Collector Durability and Reliability TestProgram

David Waksman(301) 921-3285Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Standards for Rubber Hose andConnections

Robert D. Stiehler(301) 921-3180Structures and Materials Division


The reliability and long-term performance of solarcollectors has not generally been demonstrated. Recentstudies have indicated that significant changes incollector performance (greater than 10 percent) canoccur as a result of exposure to "no-flow" conditions for3 to 9 weeks. Various component and materials testshave been proposed to evaluate the reliability/durabilityof solar collectors. However, these testing procedureshave to be proved. This project is intended to provide acoordinated testing program that will result inestablishing validated testing procedures to relatelaboratory, accelerated field, simulated operationalexposure, and actual field demonstration data for solarcollectors used in building heating and coolingapplications.

A review of existing and planned testing proceduresuseful in evaluating the reliability/durability of collectorunits and their materials will be conducted. Laboratoryand outdoor field exposure tests will be performed onsolar collectors and their materials. The results of thesetests will be correlated and compared with actual in-useperformance. Long-term field exposures will beconducted at a number of different sites to evaluateclimatic effects. Test specimens representative of variouscollector types are being used.

Rubber hose is an economical and efficient connectorbetween the solar collectors and manifolds on the supplyand return lines of solar energy systems. Rubber hose issometimes also used at the inlet and outlet of pumps,storage tanks, and other components in the system. Atpresent, however, there is no standard for hose used insolar systems. The environment and other conditionssurrounding solar energy systems necessitate a highquality hose with a long life, good resistance to ozoneand other atmospheric pollutants, and good performanceat high and low temperatures. Standard methods oftesting hose for most of these characteristics are given inASTM D380·77. The principal task here is to establishminimum requirements for the hose, based on these tests,to assure satisfactory performance in solar energysystems.

The approach will consist of identifying performancerequirements, important properties related toperformance, factors that could affect the performance,and existing tests to measure performance of rubber hosesand connections. Laboratory studies will be performed todetermine if materials meet the requirements and todevelop procedures, as needed, to measure performance.Based on the laboratory studies, draft standards will besubmitted to ASTM Committee D 11 for consideration asconsensus standards. A report, Solar Energj/SystemsStandards for Rubber Hose (NBSIR 79-1917), which

22

Standards for Solar Cover Plates

Elizabeth J. Clark(301) 921-2635Structures and Materials Division


Standards for Nonmetallic ContainmentMaterials

Elizabeth J. Clark(301) 921-2635Structures and Materials Division


presents results oflaboratory studies and a recommendeddraft standard, was published in November 1979.

Most solar collector designs incorporate a cover platewhose purpose is to transmit solar energy whileprotecting the inner areas of the collector from theexterior environment and reducing the heat loss. Anyloss in the transmittance of solar energy through thecover plate results in a decrease in the efficiency of theentire solar heating and cooling system. Thetransmittance and other important properties of somecover plate materials are frequently deteriorated bysunlight and the temperatures encountered in solarcollectors. Many standard test methods are available toevaluate materials such as glass and plastic. However, theperformance requirements for cover plates of solarcollectors are not entirely covered by the existing testmethods. The purpose of this project is to prepare draftperformance standards for cover plate materials used inflat-plate solar collectors. The products of the project,drafts of standard test methods by which cover platesused in solar energy systems may be evaluated, will besumitted to ASTM Committee E44 for consideration asconsensus standards.

Materials used to contain, transport, or store fluids insolar energy systems are called containment materials.Plastic containment materials are being used increasinglyin solar collectors, solar ponds, tanks containing heatedstorage liquids, and piping. Numerous field problemshave been reported with plastics. These problems stemprimarily from the poor thermal and UV stability ofsome plastic materials. Many standard methods areavailable to evaluate plastic materials. However, theperformance requirements for containment materials insolar systems are not entirely covered by the existing testmethods. The purpose of this project is to prepare draftstandards for nonmetallic containment materials used insolar systems. Initially, performance criteria,performance attributes, degradation factors, andcurrently available tests were identified. Tests were thenassessed to determine if modifications were necessary toreflect solar conditions in use. Laboratory and fieldstudies are being performed to obtain data needed toprepare testing standards. Draft standards will besubmitted to ASTM Committee E44 as possibleconsensus standards.

23

Standards for Solar AbsorptiveCoatings

Larry W. Masters(301) 921-3458Structures and Materials Division


Evaluation of IPC Corrosion TestMethodology

Paul W. Brown(301) 921-2993Structures and Materials Division


Solar Hot Water System Test Program

Arthur H. Fanney(301) 921-3754Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


While numerous standard tests have been developed forcoatings in building construction, the performancerequirements involved in solar systems are quitedifferent. For example, temperatures on the absorptivesurface may reach 250°C or greater, but standard testmethods for coatings seldom involve temperatures ashigh as 100°C. The purpose of this project is to preparesuch draft standards, which will be based upon results oflaboratory and field studies and will be submitted to theASTM Committee E44 for consideration as consensusstandards. ASTM acceptance is expected by the end of1980. The research findings will ensure improvedabsorptive coatings performance, provide a basis forselecting proper materials, and enhance acceptance ofsolar systems by making them more reliable.

This project will assist in the selection of proper metalfluid pairs as a basis for the design of durable solarcollector systems. Currently there are no technical datato ensure the validity of the corrosion test methodologyas described in Interim Performance Criteria, NBSIR 761187, November 1976 (IPC).

Under this project, two simultaneous experiments arebeing conducted. In the first, six representative domestichot water systems, with water-heating and air-heatingcollectors, single and double tank configurations (withand without heat exchanger), and with pumped andthermosyphon flow, are being subjected to controlledfield tests for 12 months., In the second experiment,controlled laboratory tests are being run on selectedcomponents with simulated solar input to examine theeffects of stratification and heat exchangers on systemperformance as well as to examine alternate methods oftesting complete systems in the laboratory.

Reports and technical papers comparing experimentaldata with the performance predicted by the applicablecomputer simulation codes for the six field-installedsystems for the first 12 months (July 1978-June 1979), anda description of the changes and additions made to thetest facility for FY80 have been published. Reports andtechnical papers covering the test results for the second12 months will also be published. Results on thelaboratory verification of the recommended testprocedure for rating solar domestic hot water systemsunder consideration by ASHRAE (Standard 95P) will bepublished.

24

Structural Performance of SolarCollectors

Emil Simiu(301) 921-2346Structures and Materials Division


Thermal Test Methods for SolarCollectors

Elmer R. Streed(301) 921-3285Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Passive Solar Data Requirements

William Ducas(301) 921-3620Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


In designing solar collectors and their supports, theeffects of aerodynamic loads induced by wind, snowloads caused by drifting and accumulation around thecollectors, loads induced by seismic events, loadsassociated with incompatible thermal expansion ofcollector arrays, and the resistance of collector systemsor elements to the action of hail, must be considered. Forcertain collector systems the technical informationrequired for safe and economical structural design is notavailable. The purpose of this project is to developstructural performance criteria and guidelines, especiallyfor collector supports and fasteners. The results of theresearch will be used by designers and code writers.

Standardized testing and rating procedures for solarcollectors are needed in a form similar to those publishedfor fuel-burning equipment, air conditioners, and heatpumps. Many different kinds of solar collectors are beingdeveloped at universities and research laboratories andthere is an urgent need to compare their performance onsome common basis. In addition, commercial models ofvarious collectors are now available and the proceduresprovide an equitable basis for competition amongmanufacturers and an essential basis for design andselection of equipment. So far, under this project,standardized testing procedures for solar collectors havebeen proposed and adopted. Test facilities incorporatingthree test stands for conducting indoor and outdoor testsof solar collectors have been constructed at CBT. Theprocedures will be investigated, verified, and modified.

Although passive systems exist and are growing innumber, quantitative thermal performance data arelacking, and a quantitative comparison with anotherpassively or actively heated and cooled building isdifficult. The first step in this project has been to write areference document that identifies a systematicclassification, recommends measurements, performancereporting, and data analysis techniques to be used inexperimental invesitgations of passive solar heatedbuildings. To assess the validity and usefulness of thereference document it will be applied to the evaluation ofinstrumented passive buildings. Since there is a lack ofinstrumented passive solar buildings in regions other thanthe South and West, one building will be built at theNBS site in Gaithersburg, and will consist of four tworoom test units that incorporate the major passiveconcepts described in the reference document.

25

Economic Evaluation of Passive SolarDesigns for Urban Environments

Jeanne Powell(301) 921·2330Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Installation of Solar Components onRoofs

Robert G. Mathey(301) 921-2629Structures and Materials Division


Solar Evaluation of the Norris CottonBuilding

William B. May(301) 921-3754Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


This project is aimed at increasing the application ofsolar designs in cities by developing evaluation methods,cataloging systems and materials, conceptualizingprototype solar applications, developing guidelines fortheir use, and estimating the energy benefits and life·cycle costs of the prototypes. The method will focus onthe costs of purchase, installation, maintenance, repairs,replacement, and energy and will include a number ofmore difficult·to-measure benefits and costs, such as theeffects of passive solar design on resale value of thebuilding, lighting, building income, and space availabilityand use for agriculture and other commercial activities.A final report will be published in 1980.

Solar components have been installed oncommercial/industrial type buildings without regard totheir effect on the roofing systems. Improper applicationshave led to ponding of water on the roof, leakage,moisture build-up, deterioration of the roofing system,and inadequate slope to drain. In this project, technicaldata will be developed on the proper installation of solarcomponents. This will include the investigation ofroofing problems attributed to solar components installedon roofs and the definition of problems, determination oftheir causes, and recommended solutions. Guidelines willbe prepared for proper solar component installation withregard to roof maintenance, repair, retrofitting, andreplacement. Consideration eration will be given tobuilding collector panels into roof systems instead ofplacing them on elevated supports. .

A solar energy system has been integrated into theheating and cooling systems of a Federal office buildingin Manchester, N.H. This building was specificallyconstructed to demonstrate energy conservation featuresfor commercial buildings. Under this project, tests ofindividual solar panels in this system will be made tocompare collector performance with the requirements inthe original contract specifications. Performance datawill be gathered on a long- and short-term basis by anautomated data system. The contribution of the solarsystem toward reducing fossil fuel requirements will bedetermined. Quarterly reports on the performance of thesystem as measured at the building will be produced.

26

Monitoring Methods for low-CostResidential Solar Systems



Commercial Solar EnergyDemonstration

Robert D. Dikkers(301) 921-3285Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Solar Energy Program for HousingSystems



The successful large-scale use of solar energy forresidential space or domestic hot water heating ispredicated on proper operation of the solar system,without the use of sophisticated monitoring apparatus.Experience obtained by HUD in the SolarDemonstration Program and by others has indicated theperformance of noninstrumented installations can varysignificantly from one unit to another because ofundetected operational problems. One method ofminimizing the effect of these problems is to provide theoperator with a set of systems capable of detectingimproper operation.. Under this project, three levels ofinstrumentation, ranging from meters to onsiteminicomputers, will be installed in the CBT solartownhouse. This instrumentation will be evaluated forease of installation, operation, range, accuracy, cost, andappropriateness.

CBT staff members have participated in the preparationof draft standards and performance criteria and haveparticipated in the evaluation of commercial solar systemperformance. Experience gained from the evaluation ofsystem performance will be fed back into thedevelopment of improved criteria. During FY80, CBTstaff will seek comments and suggestions on existingperformance criteria (NBSIR 76-1187, InterimPerformance Criteria for Solar Heating and CoolingSystems in Commercial Buildings) from industry,designers, and other members of the building community.In regard to standards development, CBT staff will workwith appropriate ANSI, ASME, ASflRAE, and ASTMcommittees. CBT will also assist DoE in the evaluationof flat-plate collector test results obtained in a DoEInterim Collector Testing Program.

Under this project, an interdisciplinary team of CBT staffmembers has participated in the preparation ofintermediate solar standards and performance criteria andis participating in the evaluation of residentialdemonstration solar system performance. Experiencegained from the evaluation of system performance willbe fed back into the development of improved criteria.The evaluation process during the demonstrationprogram will involve comparisons of actual withpredicted system and component thermal performance,and the evaluation of operational problems (materialsdegradation, equipment failures, etc.).

27

Dimensional Considerations in SolarInstallation

Hans J. Milton(301) 921-2720Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Solar Federal Buildings Program



Federal Procurement Specifications forSolar Heating and Cooling

Charles T. Mahaffey(301) 921-3285Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


The sizing of collectors, reticulation networks, andstorage units in active solar systems-including theirdimensional relationships and tolerances-has not so farbeen subject to any standardization except for domestichot water tanks. An awareness of dimensional and sizingconsiderations is important to the development ofpreferred unit and connection sizes. In addition, theimplications of the likely change to metric units anddimensional coordination in building during the 1980'srepresents a challenge to the solar industry, since manyof the system components are derived from the buildingmaterials supply sector.

The major thrust of this study will be to identifydimensional considerations and to illustrate their impacton solar systems, especially external components. Thedetermination of preferred sizes will allow greaterinterchangeability, standardization, and performancecomparison of dimensionally similar units. A report willdetail existing dimensions in the industry and provide astarting point for the development of preferreddimensions. It will also indicate areas requiring furtherstudy or development.

Under this task, eBT will provide consulting andadvisory services to support the. DoE Solar FederalBuildings Program. These services will include thefollowing: active participation in DoE and SERIconferences to discuss performance criteria andstandards; assistance in the development of plans tocollect various data (i.e., maintenance and operationaldata); and assistance, as in establishing a computer database to process and evaluate informaton collected fromFederal agencies participati)1g in the DoE program.

A large-scale effort is scheduled for using solar energysystems in new and existing Federal buildings. Theefficient implementation tation of the program by themany Federal agencies involved can be greatly aided bythe development and use of model performance orientedspecifications for the systems to be purchased.

CBT will compile specifications now being used byFederal agencies for purchasing solar heating andcooling systems. The analyzed data, augmented by recentsolar research findings, will be used to develop a modelset of purchase specifications for each system category.Drafts of these models will be reviewed by technicalrepresentatives of designers, manufacturers, and Federalagencies. The resulting model purchase specifications,revised in line with the review committee comments, willbe published in a final report.

28

Economic Optimization Guide for SolarSystems in Federal BUildings



Technical Evaluation Method for SolarRetrofit of Federal Buildings

lames H. Pielert(301) 921-3146Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


International Cooperation in SolarEnergy



Residential Solar Data Center

Patricia Christopher(301) 921-3285Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


To obtain cost-effective solar systems, it is important thateconomic evaluations be used in their early planning,design, and sizing. Although a number of computerprograms are currently available containing economicevaluation subroutines, they are generally "black-box"algorithms that are part of larger thermal analysisprograms. These programs afford the user littleunderstanding of the optimization procedure.Furthermore, there is often wide variation in theeconomic results obtained by using such programs.Under this project, a solar optimization guidebook willbe developed that will explain the optimizationprocedure, provide a model and accompanyinginteractive computer program, give examples illustratingthe use of the program, and be accompanied by acomputer software package consisting of both computercards and magnetic tape.

It is clear that those groups involved with buildingrehabilitation lack the information on matters required tomake the best technical decisions. This is especially truein the area of solar retrofit since most building systems(structure, electrical, plumbing, mechanical) would beaffected. This project will attempt to fill thisinformational gap by developing a methodology andbody of technical data for evaluating the condition ofexisting building systems.

CBT has a major role in the preparation of performancecriteria and test methods for the use of solar energy inthe United States. DoE has requested that this expertisebe used to contribute to the formulation and evaluationof solar collector testing procedures being developed byvarious countries participating in an International EnergyAgency (IEA) Working Group. This project will fosterthe development of lEA-recommended test proceduresby participating in international critiques of U.S. andforeign standards and proposed test procedures and bytaking part in round-robin thermal performance anddurability tests of various collectors.

The National Program for Solar Heating and Cooling isaimed at helping alleviate a critical shortage in theNation's available fossil fuel resources by promotingwidespread commercialization and accelerated use ofsolar heating and cooling. The raw (noninstrumental)data that is collected from the HUD residentialdemonstration program is stored, processed, andtransmitted to appropriate users and contractors foradditional study, evaluation, and dissemination. Such asystem is currently in operation, and feedback from the

29

Development of Solar RegulatoryProvisions

Joseph Greenberg(301) 921-2758Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Code Analysis of Thermal EnergyStorage

Joseph Greenberg(301) 921-2758Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


users has indicated a need for a more complex design. In1979, the new design was implemented, new userdocumentation written, and training sessions given. Tworeports describing the data center and available computerreports were published in 1979 (NBSIR 79-1762 andNBSIR 79-1923) Residential Solar Data Center DataResources and Reports and Residential Solar Data CenterGrant Reports. InFY80, emphasis will be placed ondeveloping special reports of summary data to be usedfor analysis of trends and problem areas.

To make solar energy a viable and maturing energysource for the Nation, the regulatory system must notimpede technical development. Under NBS leadership, asolar regulatory study was conducted and published in1978. Using the NBS study as a base, this project iscurrently assisting DoE in the development of modelsolar building regulatory provisions in a consensus modeunder the sponsorship of the Council of AmericanBuilding Officials, using the ANSI-accreditedorganization approach.

Thermal energy storage systems may possesscharacteristics which are inherently hazardous to healthand safety unless proper precautions are eXf:,rcised. Localbuilding officials, charged with the responsibility foroverseeing and enforcing the health and safety provisionsof the various building codes, must be satisfied that solarcomponents and systems proposed for installation complywith accepted guidelines established for theirjurisdictions.

CBT will study the thermal energy storage/code andstandards interface. Thermal energy storage systems andcomponents will be reviewed and potential hazards tohealth and safety identified and discussed with thehardware and system developers. These potential hazardswill be assessed in relation to existing code provisionsand a determination made regarding the potentialacceptance of this equipment by code enforcementofficials. The code changes needed to allow installationof equipment in an unmodified configuration will ,beidentified and a course of action suggested.

The four nationally recognized model codes (Basic,Standard, Uniform, and National), their associatedplumbing, electrical, mechanical, and life safety codes,and other applicable documents will be reviewed todetermine those provisions which would restrict orprohibit the installation and use of thermal energystorage devices.

30

Solar Utilization in Cities and Towns

S. Robert Hastings(301) 921-2107Environmental Design Research Division


Combined Photovoltaic/Thermal SolarSystems

Elmer R. Streed(301) 921·3285Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision

Sponsor: Solar Energy Research Institute

Heating buildings accounts for about one-sixth of theNation's energy consumption. Solar energy isacknowledged as a logical source for this heat and its useis increasingly common in rural and suburban areas.More widespread use ofsolar energy in urban settingshas not occurred because of physical, social, political,and economic barriers. This project will analyze thesebarriers and recommend technical options for enlargingthe use of solar energy in cities. Current evaluationtechniques are largely inadequate for assessing the solarand thermal performance of the large-scale passive solardesigns that show greatest promise for reducing energyconsumption in such urban surroundings. Withoutadequate prediction ability, it will be impossible toconfidently install demonstration projects or evaluate thenature of their effectiveness. There is, therefore, a needfor an evaluation procedure that assesses the thermal andeconomic performance of large-scale and multi-buildingpassive solar applications. At the same time, there is aneed for thermal and economic results calculated by sucha procedure on a selected range of prototype retrofittechniques.

In conjunction with the Center for Electronics andElectrical Engineering, CBT is providing consulting andreview support to the Solar Energy Research Institutefor the development of performance criteria and testmethods for the use of photovoltaic and combinedphotovoltaic/thermal (PVIT) systems in buildings andother applications. CBT staff participates in groupmeetings related to the development of performancecriteria and standards. Indepth reviews of draftdocuments are made and new requirements for testmethods are identified. Proposals for the development ofnew test methods or studies are prepared.

31

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Earthquake HazardReduction

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Characterization of StructuralResponse to Earthquakes

Edgar V. Leyendecker(301) 921-3471Structures and Materials Division


Seismic Provisions for Buildings

Edgar V. Leyendecker(301) 921-3471Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: Federal EmergencyManagement Agency

During the development of tentative design provisionsfor buildings, information on strength-based designcriteria for structures, particularly reinforced mansonry,was found to be incomplete. New analytical approaches,confirmed by laboratory test data, are required. Thisproject will investigate the dynamic behavior ofstructures and components to determine performancecharacteristics up to the ultimate limit state and provide abasis for the formulation and validation of methods ofanalysis and design.

Analytical and laboratory work will be directed initiallytowards developing masonry shearwall design guidelines.These guidelines will be based on research conducted atvarious research laboratories, including NBS. Laboratoryresearch will include cyclic testing on masonryshearwalls, primarily lightly reinforced, with someheavily reinforced for correlation with researchconducted elsewhere.

In 1974 the National Science Foundation and theNational Bureau of Standards initiated a program todevelop improved seismic design provisions forbuildings. As a consequence, the "Tentative Provisionsfor the Development of Seismic Regulations forBuildings" were developed by the Applied TechnologyCouncil in an effort that included a wide range of expertsin the actual drafting of the provisions. Two externalreview drafts were circulated to a large portion of theinterested and informed community of eventual users.However, because the Tentative Provisions are quiteinnovative, serious doubts about them may,exist. Prior toundertaking an expensive assessment of the TentativeProvisions through trial designs, an attempt will be madeto investigate these doubts and to improve the provisionswhere possible. It is likely that many issues exist that willnot be resolved by this activity; some will require theinformation that will be developed in the conduct of thetrial designs and subsequent impact assessment beforeresolution can be expected.

This project will improve the agreement amongconcerned parties on the technical details of theTentative Provisions. This will be done through a seriesof technical committees that will be assembled to resolvecomments on the structural design requirements anddesign procedures, resolve comments on the materialrequirements, resolve comments on architectural,mechanical, and electrical components and systems, andresolve comments on the regulatory use of theprovisions. In order to assure the future implementationof the refined provisions, NBS will work closely with theBuilding Seismic Safety Council on each phase of therefinement of the provisions as well as the development

34

Characterization of Soil and FoundationResponse to Earthquakes

Felix Y. Yokel(301) 921-2648Structures and Materials Division


Romania Earthquake Rehabilitation

Randolph Williams(301) 921-2196Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: U.S. Geological Survey

of a plan for assessing the economic impact of theprovisions.

The Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety inConstruction established by the President's EarthquakeHazard Reduction Program, will develop improveduniform standards for Federal construction by 1980. TheAmerican National Standards Institute Committee has asimilar timetable for developing a revised version ofANSI Standard AS8 dealing with design loads forbuildings. These two groups will be involved with thisproject and the results will impact future editions of theirstandards.

Relative density is currently used as the single mostimportant parameter in preparing laboratory specimensof sand to model in-situ liquefaction potential. Researchnow indicates that many other characteristics of the soilare important, such as the manner of deposition, historyof preconsolidation, and history of vibration.

A series of pilot tests performed by NBS indicate that thein-situ shear modulus is a major parameter in predictingliquefaction potential. The shear modulus of sand can inturn be measured in·situ by shear wave propagation. Thisproject will test the stiffness hypothesis, provide theinformation needed for its application in earthquakeengineering, and conduct the laboratory test necessary tocharacterize the parameters which affect the in-situdynamic response.

Following the March 4, 1977, earthquake in Romania, ateam of NBS and USGS engineers visited Romania toinspect earthquake damage and identify ways in whichU.S. technology capabilities could be used to aid in postearthquake recovery. Specific recommendations weremade to the Romanian Government concerningstructural rehabilitation, earthquake monitoring, andearthquake engineering. The USGS has requested thatCBT provide guidance to select, purchase, and evaluateinstrumentation needed for earthquake engineeringresearch.

The project will include a survey of earthquakeengineering laboratories in the United States. A list ofearthquake engineering equipment will be compiled andsubmitted to representatives of the Government ofRomania for their approval. NBS will assist USGS withcontract documents for the selection, purchase, andacceptance of the instrumentation for earthquakeengineering research.

35

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37

Loading Criteria for Structural Design

Bruce R. Ellingwood(301) 921-2170Structures and Materials Division


Development of Revisions to AmericanNational Standards Institute A58


Sponsor: National Science Foundation

Application of Reliability AnalysisConcepts to Building Components

Jonathan Martin(301) 921·3208Structures and Materials Division


Current structural design standards rely on differentphilosophies and criteria for design, depending on thematerial or construction technology used. This tends tocomplicate design when different technologies areemployed in the same structure and differences inphilosophy cause a lack of consistency in the reliabilitylevels of different buildings. In recognition of theseproblems, the trend in Europe and Canada has beentoward the development of a common basis for designthat would be applicable to all buildings regardless oftheir material or construction technology. To ensureadequate performance, the unifying concept of limitstates has been used, along with a probabilistic treatmentof the uncertainties invariably found in engineeringdesign. This project is concerned with the developmentof design criteria, specifically applicable to buildingstandards in the United States, that will ensure adequatereliability against structural failure and unserviceability.This will lead to reduced building costs by simplifyingthe design process and stimulating market competitionbetween construction technologies.

ANSI mandates that its standards be reaffirmed orrevised periodically to assure that they reflect the latestin engineering knowledge. The state of knowledgeregarding loads on buildings has evolved and improvedconsiderably since the current standard was issued in1973, making its revision necessary. This work willsatisfy the clear need on the part of code authorities anddesign professionals for a design load reference standardwhich incorporates the latest information on buildingtechnology and loads research.

A recent article in Plastics Engineering indicated that, ifthe construction industry continues to use plastics at thepresent rate, polymers could emerge as the major class ofbuilding components of the 21st century. While thisstatement reflects the growing optimism for the futurerole of polymers in construction, there are technicalbarriers which slow the rate of growth. In particular, thepotential thermal and nonthermal degradation ofpolymers presents a technical barrier. The purpose of thisresearch is to address the degradation/durability barrierby modeling the thermal and nonthermal degradation ofpolymeric building components using a reliability physicsapproach. A major part of this work will focus uponextending research which has demonstrated that solartransmittance decreases over time when selectedpolymers are subjected to thermal and nonthermal(ultraviolet radiation) stresses.

38

Construction Load Evaluation

Hai S. Lew(301) 921-2647Structures and Materials Division


Concrete Construction Technology

Hai S. Lew(301) 921-2647Structures and Materials Division


Mechanical Properties of MaturingConcrete

HaiS.Lew(301) 921-2647Structures and Materials Division


Snow Loads on Nuclear Power PlantStructures


Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Design load requirements in existing standards forfalsework are not adequate and are often identified as amajor contributing factor in construction failures. This isdue primarily to a lack of documented construction loaddata. To remedy this problem, a methodology for a fieldsurvey of construction loads will be developed. Usingspecially instrumented shores, live loads on theformwork system will be monitored at actualconstruction sites, and a set of guidelines will be preparedfor submittal to ANSI and other code-generating groups.

Concrete construction is responsible for 25 percent of allconstruction-related deaths and injuries. Manyconstruction accidents are related to erection andremoval of formwork, which is based largely on rule-ofthumb procedures rather than on sound engineeringprinciples. The lack of rational and effective constructionmethodology has a direct and significant bearing onsafety and economy of concrete construction. Improvedconstruction methodology will provide cost savings andconsiderably reduce construction accidents. Guided bythe field survey data on erection imperfections of singlepost shores, a parametric study of variables that affectthe strength of shores will be carried out using acomputer-based model. The results of the study will beused in the development of a computer model foranalysis of construction load distribution between thestructure and the formwork.

Removal of concrete forms and supports and the use ofconcrete structures before the concrete has gainedsufficient strength has resulted in collapses of structuresunder construction. Such construction disasters can beprevented if the strength and stiffness characteristics ofconcrete at early ages can be determined accurately.Under this project, cylinder specimens cast and cured atvarious temperatures will be tested. Compressive andtensile strengths and elastic moduli determined fromthese cylinders will be used to establish strength andstiffness characteristics. The results of this work will beused in the development of guidelines for safe formworkremoval.

Current design standards specify snow loads on roofs bymultiplying the ground snow load by a snow loadcoefficient Cs. In ANSI Standard A58.1-l972, Csdepends on roof exposure and geometry. Except invalleys of sloped roofs and locations of elevation change,the load is assumed to be uniformly distributed.However, snow seldom accumulates evenly because ofdrifting and sliding and the loads may not actually be

39

Criteria for Design of CladdingSubjected to Wind Loads

Emil Simiu(301) 921-2346Structures and Materials Division


Criteria for Wind Tunnel Modeling

Richard D. Marshall(301) 921-3471Structures and Materials Division


uniform, even on flat roofs. Thermal effects are notincluded in Cs, despite the evidence that the roof loadmay be significantly higher for unheated buildings orwhere the roof is heavily insulated. Finally, thecoefficients in A58.1-1972 are based on Canadian studiesof ordinary structures: the extent to which these datacan be used to represent the different roof geometries innuclear power plant structures is not clear.

Under this project, technical assistance to NRC toidentify roof snow loads and develop loading criteria willproceed in two phases: 1) snow loads on power plantstructures will be measured and correlated to groundsnow loads for several facilities in the NE quadrant ofthe United States, and 2) data gathered in phase 1 will beintegrated with existing data from similar studies for thepurpose of recommending tentative snow loadcoefficients for design. A report will be prepared for theNRC giving the survey results and recommending snowload coefficients.

Current design criteria for cladding subjected to windloads are generally recognized to be seriously deficient.The lack of consistency in present criteria results inmajor economic losses and in safety hazards due todamage to cladding under strong winds. In contrast,uneconomical design of cladding occurs in a largenumber of design situations. Modern analytical andexperimental tools have not yet been applied and/orsynthesized in investigating the reliability of claddingsubjected to wind loads. Tools from the fields of windengineering (aerodynamics of bluff bodies in turbulentboundary layer flows), nonlinear mechanics of plates,structural reliability and materials testing will be used inthis project with a view to developing rational criteriafor cladding design. Data from fullscale and wind tunnelinvestigations of wind loads on cladding will be reviewedand studies will be conducted to determine additionalresearch needs.

The testing of structural models in a wind tunnel is avery effective method, and often the only availablemethod for establishing pressure, lift, and dragcoefficients for the design based entirely on the minimumload requirements specified in codes and standards. Inrecognition of this, the next edition of American NationalStandards Institute A58.1 (Minimum Design Loads) willallow wind tunnel test data to be substituted for the usualwind load provisions. Therefore, it is essential toestablish a set of requirements that will ensure thevalidity of wind tunnel test results. Existing informationon wind tunnel simulation of atmospheric surface flowswill be reviewed. The sensitivity of load and response

40

Measurement of Forces on TrenchBracing


Sponsor: National Institutes ofOccupational Safety and Health and theOccupational Safety and HealthAdministration

Construction Practice in Excavation


Sponsor: Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration

Standards for Foundations andExcavations


Sponsor: National Bureau of Standardsand the Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment

measurements to the various dimensionless scalingparameters in wind tunnel modeling will also beinvestigated. The development of minimum requirementsfor wind tunnel testing of structures covered by theA58.1 Standard will lead to better load definition and,therefore, improved reliability and economy.

Many deaths and injuries result from the cave-in oftrenches and excavations (over 200 fatal injuries andmany more nonfatal accidents annually). Lack ofknowledge of transient forces on trench bracings hamperthe engineering profession and hinder the development ofeffective standards. Data on forces on shallow trenchbracing are urgently needed so that analytical methods tocalculate forces can be developed. Hydraulic shores willbe installed as struts in trenches and forces will bemeasured via hydraulic pressures. The results will bestudied and published in a report on the test methods andresults. Conclusions of this work will be used to updatethe OSHA standard for excavation safety.

More than 200 lives are lost annually in trenchingaccidents. Excavation practice has been evaluated byNBS and reports prepared on soil classification,trenching timber, and field practices in excavation. Arecommended practice for sloping and shoring oftrenches and excavation has been prepared and will bepublished. A number of national workshops will be heldunder the joint sponsorship of AGC, AFL-CIO, andASFE, where the NBS recommendations will bediscussed. The recommendations will form the basis fornew safety standards.

Draft standards in five areas have been prepared incooperation with ASCE: Piles, piers, excavation,exploration, and shallow foundations. The standards arenow being balloted by the ASCE Committee onFoundation and Excavation Standards to become ASCEstandards.

41

In-Situ Geotechnical Measurements

William D. Kovacs(301) 921-2885Structures and Materials Division


Construction .of the NBS GeotechnicalTest Lab

Riley M. Chung(301) 921-2127Structures and Materials Division


Mobile Home Anchoring Against Floodand Windloads



Anchoring Mechanics for Mobile Homes



The first phase of this project deals with the StandardPenetration Test (SPT). A portable field instrument hasbeen built to measure fall height, hammer velocity, andforce in a drill stem and present these quantities in theform of energy immediately following a test. To ensurereliability of measurement, the instrument uses twosystems: an optical system, measuring hammer velocityand energy above the striker plate; and a mechanicalsystem measuring the stress wave traveling through therod to measure the energy in the rod below the strikerplate. Field tests and calibration of a first generationsystem have been completed. Another study has beendone to evaluate the delivered energy, both above andbelow the striker plate, to show the variation of energy,some of which may be due to hammer configuration, andto measure the energy actually delivered to the sampler.

This new research laboratory will provide the capabilityfor performing tests to determine static and dynamicstress-strain properties, shear strength, and liquefactionpotential of soils. The design was based onrecommendations received from a panel of NBS and U.S.geotechnical experts hosted by NBS in December 1979.The initial emphasis is on a soil dynamics capabilitywhich will be used to address the liquefaction problem.

The objective of this research is to study the loads,improve the state-of-the-art in mobile home anchoring,and develop criteria. As part of this study, CBTmeasured windloads and made an analytical study ofwind and floodloads. A state-of-the-art study onanchoring technology was,also completed and published.A test program on soil anchors is now in progress and areport on the initial results of these tests was presented inthe Third Mobile Home/Manufactured HousingConference. The results of this research will lead to thedevelopment of design criteria and standards for mobilehome foundations.

Next to fire, wind is the leading cause of deaths andinjuries to mobile home occupants and damage to mobilehome property. Approximately 5,000 units are heavilydamaged or destroyed by wind storms each year. Thisproject involves the collection of existing test data andinformation on theories and design procedures related tosoil anchors. Available data from geotechnical field andlaboratory investigations, including direct pull-out tests,standard penetration, cone penetration, and "Soil TestProbe" studies, were assessed. The pull·out resistance ofvarious commercially available ground anchors are beingdetermined experimentally for several loading and soil

42

Review of Design Criteria for EnergyTransport Systems

Richard Marshall(301) 921-3471Structural and Materials Division

Sponsor: Office of Pipeline SafetyRegulation

Organic Coatings

Paul G. Campbell(301) 921-3114Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: Tri-Services Committee

conditions. The field test data will be correlated with thebasic properties of the soils-as determined by standardfield and laboratory techniques-to provide a basis forestablishing analytical models for predicting pull-outresistance and for performance criteria and aperformance test method for foundation and anchorsystems. The recommendations and criteria developed inthis project will form the basis for provisions to beincorporated in the Federal Mobile Home Constructionand Safety Standards.

The Trans-Alaska Crude Oil Pipeline System is the firstlong pipeline transporting hot crude oil through areasconsisting of continuous permafrost. The design of theelevated support system and particularly the verticalsupport members (VSM) has been under review anddiscussion for some time because this type 'of system hasnot previously been used extensively in permafrostregions. In addition, portions of the pipeline are locatedin regions of high seismicity. Because of the unusualdesign and the implications of a loss of integrity, CBTwill review the system, with particular attention toearthquake loading, metallurgical properties, lowtemperature effects, and in situ load testing, among otherstudies.

The annual costs of organic coatings in the United Statesexceed $8 billion. Maintenance costs alone would besignificantly reduced if better systems, including surfacepreparation, were available. In developing test methodsand specifications, this project contributes directly to theimprovement of the coatings technology used by themilitary and also contributes to improvement of theNation's coatings technology through publications,specifications, and participation in ASTM activities. Theperformance and other characteristics of new organiccoating systems will be investigated and test methodsdeveloped or modified to assay the performance of thesematerials. Research will be performed to developimproved field tests for coatings evaluation, study thedegradation mechanisms of coatings on galvanized steel,and identify methods for overcoming the problemsassociated with efflorescence. Also, advisory andconsultative services based upon laboratory and fieldtests will be performed.

43

Short-Term Evaluation of SteelCoatings


Sponsor: Federal HighwayAdministration

Stone Consolidating Materials


Sponsor: National Park Service

Evaluation of Joint Sealants for theDirksen Building

Arthur Hockman(301) 921-2993Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: Architect of the Capitol

The Federal Highway Administration wants to reducethe costs of painting steel structures by increasing thepainting cycles through the use of improved coatingsystems. Effective short-term evaluation procedures forevaluating the durability and protective qualities of thesecoating systems are essential for the success of this goal.Under this project, CBT will evaluate the validity andusefulness of short-term testing used for coatings on steel.Short-term evaluation procedures will be developed forcoatings that will provide maximum reproducibility andcorrelation with service conditions. A users' guide forevaluating and selecting coatings will also be written.

Building stone, once removed from the quarry, issubjected to natural weathering processes. However, therate of degradation of building stone in urban areas hasgreatly increased during the past century because of theeffects of industrial air pollutants such as S02 and CO2gases and acidic rainfall. Certain stones, such as manysandstones, used in historic buildings are especiallysusceptible to weathering.

Consolidating materials are being extensively used tostrengthen the deteriorated stone of historic buildings,with varying degrees of success. In most cases, theevaluation of consolidating materials has been performedby using them on actual buildings, but the results havenot usually been well documented. To date, there is notechnical basis for selecting stone consolidating materials.This project is aimed at developing these performancecriteria. The results will help the National Park Serviceselect stone for future construction and to learn how tobetter protect existing buildings.

Effective, durable joint sealants are required in the newDirksen Building for weatherproofing the numerousjoints between the various substrates of the structure.Under this project, two samples of joint sealants will betested in accordance with Federal specifications, withadjustments to these specifications made by the Architectof the Capitol. Substrates, including dark anodized andstainless steel with primers, will be used in conjunctionwith the sealants.

44

Nondestructive Evaluation of BuildingMaterials



Elastomeric Roofing Membranes


Sponsor: Department of Defense

Roofing and Coatings Research for theArmy


Sponsor: U.S. Army

The maturity concept for the curing time of concreteoffers one promising method for improving formworkdecision-making. The maturity concept relatescompressive strength to the combined effect oftemperature and curing time. Empirical relations betweenstrength and maturity have been developed withacceptable correlations. However, the validity of theserelationships needs to be theoretically tested before theywill gain wide acceptance in the construction industry.Based on the conceptual and mathematical relationshipsdeveloped for the hydration of trica1cium silicate, byPommersheim and Clifton, relationships will be derivedthat express the effects of water-to-cement ratios, time,and curing temperature on strength development. Thetheoretically derived relationships will be tested usingavailable data, and compared to empirically derivedequations.

A recently completed study, NBS TN972, ElastomericRoofing: A Survey, revealed that data are not availableon the properties of elastomeric membranes with regardto exposure conditions and aging. It is believed that someelastomeric roofing membranes will exhibit a change inproperties when subjected to various exposure conditionsand with age. As an example, the level of performance ofthe weather resistance of elastomeric membranes has notbeen established. Some factors included in weatherresistance are accelerated aging, natural aging,brittleness, dimensional stability, heat aging, ozoneresistance, pollutants, volatile loss, loss-of plasticizer, andthe effects of moisture and temperature. Somemembranes may become brittle under cold conditionsand have less resistance to tension, impact, and punchingshear forces. Aging may appreciably reduce someproperties of membranes, particularly when combinedwith cold environmental conditions. Sustained stress mayalso reduce the membrane's ability to performsatisfactorily over its intended service life. Because ofeconomic conditions and materials availability the use ofelastomeric roofing systems has increased considerablyover the last few years. This project will developinformation that can be used as a basis for standards andspecifications to predict the performance of thesesystems.

U.S. Army buildings vary widely in construction typeand are located in many geographic and climatic areas.Since roofing and coatings have been the source of manyof the Army's maintenance problems, this project offersan opportunity to apply laboratory research studies andpractical field experience to the solution of specialproblems. Recommendations will be made for theselection of materials and application methods.

45

Blistering of Built-Up Roofing overPolyurethane Insulation

Walter J. Rossiter(301) 921-3109Structures and Materials Division


Tri-Services Technical and ScientificSupport



Improvement of Honeycomb SandwichPanels

Jonathan Martin(301) 921·3208Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: U.S. Army

Polyurethane foam insulation has the highest resistanceper-unit thickness of insulation boards used in theconstruction of built-up roofing systems. It has beenreported that there is a higher incidence of blistering ofbuilt·up roofing constructed over polyurethane foaminsulation than other insulations. Preliminary tests atCBT have indicated that small voids form in the asphaltlayer between the membrane and insulation. These voidsare attributed to the bubbling and frothing (degassing) ofthe hot asphalt when applied to the polyurethane foam.The bubbling and frothing may be caused by thedegradation of the insulation resulting in degassing, therelease of the blowing agent, or the volatization ofmoisture in the insulation. Under this project, laboratorystudies will be conducted to investigate the effect ofmoisture content in the insulation on the degassing; theeffect of hot asphalt on the cell structure of theinsulation; and, the effect of temperature on thedegassing and decomposition of the insulation cells.Analytical techniques such as thermal gravimetricanalysis, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, andphotomicroscopy will be used.

This project will provide technical a~d scientific supportand consultative services on building materials andsystems as required by the Tri-Services. The work willinclude carrying out laboratory tests and evaluations inthe solution of building problems as well as fieldinvestigations. Recommendations will be made on theselection of materials and systems and their applicationand performance. In the past, problem areas havecovered plumbing, masonry, roofing, corrosion,mechanical systems, insulation, materials, andunderground piping.

All branches of the military use lightweight, airtransportable, rigid structures that serve as combinationshipping containers and shelters for many types oftactical and life-supporting services. The use of theseshelters has increased rapidly in recent years and lifecycle costs have become a major consideration. Theshelters are fabricated from either paper honeycomb coreor foam plastic sandwich pan(~s. While honeycombpanels have several potential advantages, field experiencehas shown many problems. Poor performance has beenattributed to one or more of: improper panel fabricationprocedures (adhesive bonding), inadequate performanceof the honeycomb core, poor choice of materials, andinadequate design. Under this project, four draftstandards will be prepared: for paper honeycomb cores,surface treatment of aluminum for adhesive bonding,selection of adhesives, and the adhesive bonding process.

46

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47

Criteria for Signs in Workplaces

Robert A. Glass(301) 921-2246Environmental Design Research Division

Sponsor: Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration

Chromaticity Specifications for ColorWeather Radar Displays

Robert A. Glass(301) 921-2246Environmental Design Research Division

Sponsor: Federal Aviation Administration

Symbols Criteria and Standardization

Neil Lerner(301) 921-2337Structures and Materials Division


Modeling Circulation System Safety

Fred 1. Stahl(301) 921-2627Environmental Design Research Division


OSHA has asked CBT to conduct experimental researchto improve criteria for new standards for signs in theworkplace. Federal agencies now use over 12 differentcolor/legend standards, while private industry isconfronted with 20 existing and 5 proposed standards.The adoption of a single, unified system would allowmore rapid and more certain recognizability of themeanings of visual displays. This project will addressthese problems to bring OSHA's current standards onsigns into agreement with the latest research findings andwith national and international agreements, movingtoward a universal set of conventions for visual displays.

The FAA is concerned about "nonstandard" colorapplications being used in advanced technology displays.Many different manufacturers are supplying a variety ofcolor codes in their display. There is little consistency inthe use of color in these displays, especially betweenthose used in aircraft and those used in ground controlleroperations. Confusion or misinterpretation ofcommunications could occur between the controller andthe pilot in interpreting the color display. This projectwill contribute to a standard color-coding system for allweather radars.

In this project, the research literature on detection,recognition, and perception will be reviewed. Basedupon this review and previous research on symbols, astudy will assess the effects, of variations in visibilityupon the detectability and identification of fire-safetysymbols. These results can be compared with researchconducted on fire-safety symbols under normal viewingconditions during FY79. Other methods for determiningthe effectiveness of symbols will also be explored.Researchers will share results and exchange views withthe NFPA Committee on Fire-Safety Symbols and withISO TC 21 and 80. In addition, CBT will continue tochair the ANSI Z535 Subcommittee on Symbols.

The design of occupant circulation systems for buildingsis often complex and multifaceted, involving bothenvironmental and human behavioral factors. Circulationproblems may occur not only during a building's normaluse, but whenever such emergencies as fires arise as well.It is often difficult to predict building performance withrespect to circulation safety, since the needed tools donot now exist. The BFIRES simulation program,developed earlier under this project, is a new toolintended to aid in the prediction of emergency egressresponse during fires. This is an example of the type ofoccupant circulation model which could usefully be

48

Security Barriers


Sponsor: Defense Nuclear Agency

applied to building design and regulation. The purpose ofthis project is to continue the process of validating theBFIRES program and modeling approach. This generalapproach to studying occupant circulation is based on aninformation processing model of human behavior and onthe premise that humans acquire and store variousresponse subprograms (each of which yields a differentform of behavior), which are called by a higher level"executive" controller. Thus, not only is the program apotentially valuable design and regulatory tool, it alsopermits the direct evaluation of an important theory ofhuman behavior.

Previous work at CBT has demonstrated that manpassage openings could be produced in security barriersin surprisingly short times using readily availableportable equipment. In many instances, these penetrationswere produced in working times which have been shortenough to require a reappraisal of the use of thesebarriers for specific physical security applications. Theseapplications include storage of nuclear and conventionalweapons, radioactive material, secret documents, andprecious metals. Furthermore, the deterrent capabilitiesof many barriers which are currently accepted forsecurity applications may provide little resistance topenetration by newly developed attack equipment suchas the rotohammer, ring saw, Jet-Ax, and burning bar.CBT will identify and determine the effectiveness ofmaterials and methods which can be used to upgrade thepenetration resistance of existing security barriers. Inaddition, materials which can be used in constructingnew security barriers having high resistance topenetration will be evaluated.

49

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Building RehabilitationTechnology

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Construction Productivity forNew and Rehabilitated BUildings

Robert Chapman(301) 921-3385Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Methods for Evaluating the Strengthand Stability of Existing Buildings

Frank H. Lerchen(301) 921-2776Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Regulatory Provisions for ExistingBuildings

Patrick W. Cooke(301) 921-2776Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Rapidly rising housing prices and the desire to becentrally located have prompted more and moreprospective homeowners to turn toward housingrehabilitation to satisfy their housing needs. One of thecrucial issues is the cost of rehabilitation compared to thecost of its alternative-new housing. To a large degree,the cost differential between new and rehabilitationconstruction is a reflection of differences in productivitybetween the two construction activities. However, ananalysis of productivity and its determinants relates tomore than the cost question. More specifically, it relatesto a better understanding of the demands for key factors(labor, materials, and equipment) in the renovationprocess. A better knowledge of productivity and theassociated "factor demand curves" for the rehabilitationprocess will lead to better cost-estimation procedures aswell as provide valuable input to programs designed tomitigate some of the inner city's social problems.

This project addresses the need for technical evaluationprocedures to support rehabilitation decisions. A draftrecommended practice on strength and stability wasdeveloped in FY79 which included methods forassessment of existing construction, including testmethods, methods of analysis, and data on archaicconstruction. It is necessary to broaden the regulatoryacceptance of this document by processing it as aconsensus Recommended Practice Standard. Thatachievement wi11 be the goal of this project.

This project involves technical support in thedevelopment of regulatory provisions for existingbuildings. CBT conducted a major national conferenceon building rehabilitation to provide a forum for thoseinvolved to share technical expertise and identifyresearch needs. Technical issues included codedevelopment, energy conservation, seismic design, legal,and economic concerns. The Center also providedsupport to regulatory organizations through consultationon NBS technical output to further application ofresearch results and identify needs. The fifth AnnualNBS/NCSBCS Joint Conference on Research andInnovation in the Building Regulatory Process was heldin support of this activity.

52

Performance Levels for ExistingBuildings

James H. Pielert(301) 921-3146Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Ventilation Criteria for EXisting

Buildings



Guidelines for Venting Single-StackDrainage Systems

Paul Kopetka(301) 921-2136Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


As increased emphasis is placed on the reuse of existingbuildings, it becomes more important that newapproaches be used to assist in making decisions inregard to rehabilitation. The application of performancecriteria provides flexibility in the use and acceptance ofdesign alternatives in lieu of prescriptive provisions. It isimportant that the technical base and rationale of codeprovisions be well established so that there is logic andflexibility for technical decisionmaking. Under thisproject, a methodology will be developed for assessingthe technical bases of building code provisions anddeveloping performan~e levels for existing buildings.

Increasing use of energy conservation measures hasaroused concern that many indoor pollutants can reachdangerously high levels. Levels of aerosols fromcigarette smoke and cooking, N02 and CO fromcombustion, radioactivity due to radon daughtersoriginating in radon emitted by building materials, soil,water and natural gas, insecticides, and organic vaporsfrom cleaning materials can all rise in tightened buildings.Increased humidity can cause discomfort and increasedgrowth of molds, bacteria, and viruses, which could leadto increased infectious disease and allergies. Under thisproject, the technical basis of energy conservation andventilation requirements in codes and standards forexisting buildings will be evaluated and revisionsrecommended where necessary to reflect existingepidemiological and other medical data. They will takeinto account natural air leakage, energy consumption forheating and cooling, and health requirements in a unified,consistent manner.

Current plumbing criteria require venting to prevent trapseal failure. Systems without separate venting haveperformed satisfactorily as demonstrated in Philadelphia,throughout Europe, and in special single-stack systems.However, acceptability in the United States is relativelylow because of traditionally conservative plumbing codesand difficulties in gaining acceptance ofinnovations.Permissible safe installations with limited venting arerequired for economic rehabilitation. Additional drainagestack piping bypass "loops" performing the functions ofthe splitter in a single stack design have the potential ofproviding safety for prevention of trap seal failures.Fabrication from continuous piping, particularly plastics,can be a very economical retrofit measure. Whereminimal venting (under current codes) in existingbuildings can be tied into relief network circulationloops, the trap seal retention appears promising. Thefeasibility of this approach applied to existing buildingswill be evaluated under this project.

53

Restoration Standards for PorcelainFinishes



Metric Conversion Scheduling in theU.S. Building Community

Sandra A. Berry(301) 921-2689Building Economic and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Design and Construction TechnologyApplication Program

Porter Driscoll(301) 921-3106Center for Building TechnologyHeadquarters


The maintenance of porcelain enamelled fixtures hasbeen a major concern to HUD. Restoration of fixtures byapplication of organic coatings to the damaged porcelainsurfaces may cost one quarter as much as replacement.The evaluation of the performance of commerciallyavailable finishes, recommendations for performancecriteria for their selection, and standards for applicationsare essential for the successful use of these restorationfinishes. To fill this gap, CBT will evaluate theperformance of restoration finishes by laboratory testmethods. The end result will be a set of performancecriteria for these materials.

Over the past 5 years, the ANMC ConstructionIndustries Coordinating Committee (CICC) hasdeveloped a comprehensive metric conversion plan and aschedule of the processes and times involved to convertthe entire construction sector to using 51 units. Formetrication of the construction industry to proceed, thereis need to obtain industrywide agreement on a plan formetric conversion which represents a commitment on thepart of the U.S. construction community.

CBT will participate with the National Institute ofBuilding Sciences (NIBS), ANMC, the U.S. MetricBoard, and industry in planning and conducting anational conference which will consider the opportunitiesand problems related to metric conversion of theconstruction community, and determine whether or notthe construction industry should convert to the metricsystem of measurement. CBT will develop a reportgiving background on the needs for and impacts ofmetric conversions. The schedule for metric conversionwill be described and significant milestones in the processidentified.

The objective of this program is to improve buildingpractices by identifying researchable problems incooperation with the design and constructioncommunities directly and through their professional andtrade organizations. Design and construction communityinput is provided to research project leaders for theprecise definition of the problems to be answered and asa continuing resource during the research. Researchfindings and other technical information are converted asnecessary into forms usable by the design andconstruction communities. Projects include studies of thearchitect's access to information and ways of makinginformation useful to architects, noise control andcorrosion control for designers, color rendition underhigh-efficiency lighting, innovative rehabilitationregulations, window design for energy conservation, andsimplified economics for energy analysis. These and

54

other subjects are reported in CBT publications andaudiovisuals designed for architects, engineers, planners,and builders.

55

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Building andCommunityAcoustics

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Building Acoustics Technology

Simone L. Yaniv(301) 921·3646Environmental Design Research Division


Highway Noise Criteria

Simone L. Yaniv(301) 921-2263Environmental Design Research Division

Sponsor: Federal HighwayAdministration

Transmission Line Audible NoiseMeasurement

John A. Molino(301) 921-3783Environmental Design Research Division


This project will develop design criteria for noiseisolation of building spaces: acoustic parametersaffecting user responses will be identified through fieldsampling of selected outdoor environments and buildingtypes. Using physical data obtained in the field andsimulation of isolation characteristics of actual andmodified building structures, psychoacoustic studies willbe conducted under laboratory control to providetechnical bases for standards on the noise isolation ofbuilding shells and party walls. To develop standardizedmeasurement methods for outdoor·to-indoor noiseisolation, sound fields in and around buildings will becharacterized by land use, location and orientation ofbuilding relative to noise sources and building stereology(i.e., height, length, shape). With this characterization, itwill be possible to standardize the locations formeasuring spatial and temporal variation in soundpressure levels. This work also includes building sites.

Noise from highways and urban traffic has been shownto be a serious source of annoyance to the public. ManyGovernment agencies, including the Federal HighwayAdministration, are trying to solve the problem. TheFHWA is responsible for highway projects. FHWAseeks to reevaluate its interim noise standards andprocedures, incorporating considerations of humanresponse to time-varying rather than steady-state noise.CBT has been contracted to provide FHWA with a database on the human response to time-varying traffic noisenecessary for this reevaluation.

CBT has analyzed the time histories and spectra of trafficnoise from different traffic situations and has data onhow traffic sounds are received in a building. Laboratoryinvestigations are planned on the human response to thetime·varying noises. From analysis of these experimentsand in conjunction with the analysis done on the physicaldata base, it will be possible to evaluate existing ratingschemes and, if necessary, develop an improved ratingprocedure. A questionnaire and measurement plan will bedeveloped to assess occupant reactions to highway noisebased on the key parameters.

The most economical means for long.distance transportof electric energy is the overhead, high.voltage electrictransmission line. Increases in transmission efficiency areachieved by increases in operating voltages. However,one of the major factors limiting the development of newultra-high-voltage technologies is the audible (corona)noise produced by these lines under certain conditions.To manage this noise and to avoid costly retrofitmeasures, the project will obtain psychoacoustic data for

58

Impact Noise Measurement

Peter H. Huang(301) 921-3383Environmental Design Research Division


Sound Absorption Measurement

Thomas W. Bartel(301) 921-3783Environmental Design Research Division


land-use planning in the vicinity of power lines, and forconstruction planning for nearby building sites.

Corona noise samples for different weather conditionsand from different transmission lines will be recordedwith a remote tape recording system. In the laboratorythese recordings will be processed along with recordingsof other environmental sounds into stimulus tapes. Thesetapes will then be evaluated by listeners under realisticconditions approximating natural built environments. Theeffect of the building shell on the listener's response tocorona noise will also be determined. On the basis ofpeople's responses, criteria will be developed forcharacterizing the acoustic environment neartransmission lines in terms that are relevant to humanresponse, so that decisions about land use planning,building design, and construction may be based on users'needs.

The major source of impact noise in multi-familybuildings, office buildings, and institutional buildings isthat produced by the impact of human footfalls, fallingobjects, and furniture dragging on floor-ceilingassemblies. The present standard test method forassessing floor-ceiling assemblies uses the ISO "tappingmachine." But this method yields results that aremisleading.

Under this project, the time domain characteristics offootfalls will be determined using the force-measuringplatform. That is, the rise time and duration of the impactsignature will be determined as a function of shoe size,style, weight, height, rate of footfalls and variouswalkers. The results of this work will be used for morereliable theoretical predictions of sound through floorceiling assemblies.

For many building spaces the intelligibility of speech andmusic is as important as the control of unwanted noise.Optimal acoustics within an enclosed space are achievedby control of reverberation time, which is related to theamount of sound absorption contained in the enclosure.In addition, the total sound absorption within a room isone of the parameters that controls noise level within theroom and determines occupant acceptance andproductivity. At present, the sound absorption ofacoustical materials is inferred from measurements ofreverberation time (sound decay) conducted in areverberation chamber. This uncertainty in themeasurement of sound absorption and the lack ofknowledge about most materials results in costlyoverdesign and excessive reliance on special expensiveabsorbent materials. This project will result in improved

59

Method for Assessing Costs of a ModelNoise-Control Code

Stephen F. Weber(301) 921-2308Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division

Sponsor: Environmental Protection

Agency

procedures for measuring sound absorption in thereverberation chamber and for predicting reverberationtimes. A tool for measuring the acoustical absorption inthe field will be developed as will the data base, requiredby architects and designers, on the absorption of nonproprietary materials.

To encourage adequate noise control in building designand construction, the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) has prepared a Model Noise Control Code(MNCC) for residential and educational buildings as wellas an accompanying implementation manual. In additionto reducing noise intrusion in buildings, the application ofprovisions of this MNCC could lead to increasedconstruction costs, and possibly to operating-costreductions to the form of energy savings.

The objective of this effort is a consistent method forassessing the costs of applying provisions of the MNCCto the two building types they address: multi-familyresidential and educational. The cost categories coveredby the method are construction costs and energyconsumption costs. The first step in developing themethod is to determine which components of the twobuilding types would be most directly affected by theMNCC. Next, a set of typical construction methods willbe established for each affected component. For eachconstruction method, existing standard practice will beestablished to provide a benchmark against which theimpacts of MNCC can be measured. Then constructioncost estimating guides will be used to determine the unitcost for each component and construction method.

60

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Building ServiceSystemsPerformance

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61

Plumbing Systems Performance

Lawrence Galowin(301) 921-3293Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Performance of Water-ConservingDevices

Lawrence S. Galowin(301) 921-3293Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Human Factors and WaterConservation

Jacqueline Elder(301) 921-2246Environmental Design Research Division


The plumbing community has identified the need forrevision of storm drainage systems design criteria as aresult of new weather load data information. Presentstorm drainage systems are thought to be oversized,resulting in wasteful use of piping materials. Likewise,code acceptance of reduced size venting (RSV) forhospital plumbing systems with head/pipe networkcirculation requires validated modeling techniques fordesign predictions. Currently, gaps in sound theoreticalformulations for the fluid dynamics of pressure relief toprevent trap failures are based on empirical factors frominadequate data sources. Similarly, three-phase flow inplumbing systems is characterized by transient, random,unsteady, partially filled pipes with three phase (airwater, solids) dynamic interactions. The capability fordeveloping mathematical solutions is required for suchcomplex phenomena within interconnected pipes.Research in all three of these areas will continue duringFY80.

The research in the residential water conservationprogram is directed primarily at laboratory-basedinvestigations to develop data, test procedures, predictivemodeling for. design applications and to providerecommendations for plumbing standards, codes, andrating systems for performance of low-water-usagedevices. Human factors and economic studies areincluded to evaluate incentives and motivations for watersavings. The requirements developed also establish auniform basis of water savings criteria for HUDMinimum Property Standards. Incentives formanufacturers in supplying plumbing products whichmeet low water usage can be provided under uniformrequirements, expressed in performance terms, whichwill be common across the United States. Research atCBT and at Stevens Institute of Technology (undercontract to CBT) includes the total building plumbingwater system; i.e., water supply distribution, devices,fixtures and appurtenances, waste drainage branches, soilstacks and connections to sewers/on-site treatmentfacilities.

A recently completed literature review indicates thatreliable quantified data have not been established fromfield research in the area of occupant response to specificwater conservation devices. The laboratory-basedhydraulic parameters associated with showerheads havebeen established. However, it is not known how to relatethose parameters to consumer requirements. Showerheadmanufacturers and HUD officials have indicated the needfor data relating the physical characteristics ofshowerheads to user response. This project will conducta pilot study to evaluate user response to specific

62

Economically Efficient WaterConservation Standards

Stephen F. Weber(301) 921-2308Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Electrical Distribution SystemsProtection

Robert W. Beausoliel(301) 921-3454Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


showerheads. Showerheads instrumented to measurewater pressure and temperature will be distributed tovolunteers. The data records will include the instrumentreadings and a record of the duration of each shower andalso provide specific responses and open-endedcommentary.

HUD has recognized the need for a technology data baseto gain objective water conservation standards inresidential buildings. However, the need to conservewater depends on local conditions such as the scarcity ofwater in the area, the capacity of the local water supplyand wastewater treatment systems, the local utility coststructure and availability of capital funds, and therelative growth/decline of the local population. The useof water-efficient fixtures, fittings, and appliances is onlyone of several ways to conserve water. Metering andpricing policies, leakage control, water pressure control,education programs, and industrial water conservationare other important ways to conserve. The output of thisresearch will be a report to HUD that describes theeconomic framework for water conservation. The reportwill be distributed to local water utilities, the WaterResources Council, the Office of Water ResourcesResearch and Technology (Department of Interior), theEnvironmental Protection Agency, selected waterresource researchers, and to plumbing standards andcode organizations.

NFPA fire statistics indicate that electrical failures causethe largest number of building fires. Annually, about100,000 fires are attributed to building electrical systems,and 60,000 additional result from motors and appliances.CBT laboratory results demonstrate that commonovercurrent protection devices do not provide adequateprotection against fire during short-circuits. This projectwill approach this problem through a computer programfor predicting temperatures of electrical wiring andovercurrent protection devices. Work will also be doneon conducting leakage current and dielectric breakdownlimits as a function of temperature. Researchers willdevelop functional performance requirements and criteriafor over-current and ground fault protection devices.

63

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Lighting Design Evaluation

Arthur I. Rubin(301) 921-2117Environmental Design Research Division


Task Lighting Criteria

Gary T. Yonemura(301) 921-2680Environmental Design Research Division


Measurement of Illumination SystemsEffectiveness

A. Ted Hattenburg(301) 921-3454Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


Laboratory and Field IlluminationMeasurements

A. Ted Hattenburg(301) 921-3454Building Thermal and Service SystemsDivision


The improvement of current lighting practices dependson: a better technical understanding of the effectivenessof lighting systems under actual use conditions;identifying the gaps in available knowledge to determinewhat lighting research is needed; performing the researchto close the gaps; and validating, under field conditions,research recommendations. This project focuses ondetermining lighting requirements from the standpointsof the end-user, architect, lighting designer, and visualresearcher. Laboratory and field measurementrequirements to evaluate lighting systems will aJso beconducted.

Laboratory research at CBT, first using grating patterns,and then employing printed matter (realistic tasks)indicates that when visual performance is measured byapparent equal contrast contours, the function is differentfrom that obtained when the visual task is detection-theprocedure used to obtain presently used levels ofillumination. An experimental methodology is beingdeveloped for recommending "goodness of taskvisibility" for sustained performance of office type tasks,under conditions simulating real-world conditions. Theresearch findings obtained to date will serve as the basisfor a paper describing how the laboratory approach canbe applied to lighting design practices.

Under this project, an interim set of criteria for energyconserving building illumination systems will bedelivered to an ANSI committee for development andprocessing as a voluntary consensus standard.Reproducible standard tasks and portable luminancespotmeters, developed and characterized under anassociated CBT project, will be used to measure theeffectiveness (quantity of illumination versus energyconsumption) of installed lighting systems in operatingbuildings. A field measurement method will be developedto enable untrained personnel to determine lightingsystem effectiveness.

Building illumination practice has relied upon simplisticmeasurements of illumination levels, poorly definedreflectance values, and complex calculation schemesbased upon inadequate data. The new requirements formore cost-effective, energy conserving illuminationsystems are creating a demand for more precise, validphysical measurement techniques to guide systemsdesign, evaluate the effectiveness of prototype andinstalled lighting systems, and contribute to the physicalbasis of vision research. The development of precisephysical-measurement techniques in illumination under

66

Applied Color and Vision

Gerald L. Howett(301) 921·2670Environmental Design Research Division


Visual Environment



Visual Techniques in NDE



this project will directly support voluntary standards andadvances in vision and illumination (artificial and natural)research.

Since lighting energy costs are an important componentof office.building life cycle costs, improvements inlighting efficiency are sought. However, adverse userreaction to poor color rendition can reduce theeffectiveness of a workforce. More important, it is knownfrom research on both humans and lower animals thatlong-lasting changes in vision can result from exposure tostrong white light or moderately intense colored light. Aseries of experiments will be carried out in whichobservers are exposed to various durations of severaldifferent types of lights. Immediately thereafter, theobservers will be tested for changes in visual sensitivityover a period of time. These studies will be repeated atseveral luminance levels of preadapting light, all withinthe range currently regarded as not harmful to humans.

Current lighting design practices are questioned byarchitects and lighting designers-especially in view ofthe current needs for energy conservation. The projectdeals with recommended practices, standards, and energyconservation in building illumination such asrecommended levels of illumination, and assessment oflighting system effectiveness. This project is examiningthe basic concepts involved in assessment andpredictions, with emphasis on determining theapplicability of findings for human observers underillumination conditions existing in the everyday workenvironment.

Much is known about visual processes, per se, but thevisual conditions, techniques, and information capacityrequired of the observer, as specifically related to NDE,are not firmly established. Field observations andinterviews with NDE experts to identify the visualinformation parameters associated with typical NDE sitesand tasks will be conducted. In this project for NBS'sNational Measurement Laboratory, microphotometricand microdensitometric measurements will be made ofNDE tasks encountered in practice. The quantitativedescriptions of defect parameters will serve as the basefrom which visual standards and methodology to assessand calibrate the "eye" will be derived.

67

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Building Economics

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Economic Methods for BuildingStandards

Harold E. Marshall(301) 921-3701Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division

Sponsor: National Bureau· of Standards

Economic Impact of ElectronicsResearch

Carol Chapman Rawie(301) 921·2278Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Quantitative Optimization Techniques

Robert Chapman(301) 921-3385Building Economics and RegulatoryTechnology Division


Improved methods and guidelines are needed to help thebuilding community produce buildings that meetperformance requirements but that are still affordable.Here, research will be conducted on the savings-toinvestment ratio, the internal rate of return, discountedpayback, and other life-cycle or benefit-cost analysistypes of economic evaluation. Existing methods will beinvestigated, and where appropriate, they will be adaptedor revised to provide the best methods for buildings andbuilding components. Definitions of economic terms,illustrative case examples using the methods, andcomputational aids in applying the methods will also beprovided. Outputs of this research will be provided toASTM in a form that will help them implementeconomic standards. Related research will also beundertaken on how to measure the economic impacts ofbuilding code requirements. Hypothetical case studieswill be added to earlier work on ground circuit faultinterrupters to illustrate the application of economicanalysis in several types of code situations.

Because of the scarcity of funds available for research,there is increasing need for Gover~ment agencies,including scientific agencies such as NBS, to be aware ofthe economic impact of their activities. But measuringthe value of Government scientific research is difficult,partly because the information that results is usuallydistributed freely rather than being bought and sold likeordinary goods. Thus, NBS managers need a workablemethod for measuring the economic impacts of theirresearch projects. The purpose of this study is to developand apply a method of estimating such economic impact.It will do so through a case study of the economicimpacts of research perforrried at the NBS Center forElectronics and Electrical Engineering.

Under this project, a computer model for predictingrenovation costs of institutional buildings will betransmitted to HEW and to the VA for their immediateuse in making renovation decisions for health carefacilities. Statistical information collected in a survey ofhealth care facilities will be used to construct costfunctions for different types of health care facilities. Newcost functions will be used to find more cost-effectiveapproaches to comply with existing building codes.

70

Economics Participation inConferences, Workshops, andSeminars



Under this project, eBT will develop technical materialon solar economics for the Solar Design Workshop andparticipate in a series of three training workshops onsolar energy in Federal buildings.

71

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BUILDING COMMUNITY INDEX

The following listing presents the CBT projects organized by their interest to segments of the buildingcommunity. The projects are listed under the appropriate building community groups as noted below.

1: Owners, Occupants, Users2: Developers and Contractors3: Designers4: Labor5: Financial Organizations6: Manufacturers and Suppliers7: Regulators and Standards8: Testing Laboratories9: Educational Institutions and Research Organizations

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS

Energy Analysis: Norris Cotton. Building, p.2Energy Analysis Procedures, p.2Energy Audit Procedures for Commercial Buildings, p.3Dynamic Performance of HVAC Systems and Controls, p.3EMCS Reliability Study, p.3EMCS Computer Modeling, p.3Energy Analysis of Control Strategies, p.4Retrofit Instrumentation Technology/EMCS Sensors, p.4Thermostat Test Standard, p.4Evaluating the Performance of Heat Pumps, p.5Heat Pump Studies, p. 5Part-Load Performance of HVAC Equipment, p.5Furnace Studies, p.6Central Air Conditioner Studies, p.6Central Air Conditioner Test Procedures, p.6Technical Evaluation Manual for Energy Conservation, p.?Building Energy Performance Criteria, p.?Retrofit Training Criteria, p.8Revision of Bioclimatic Chart, p. 8Daylighting Studies, p.8Daylighting Prediction Methodology, p.9NFC Research Associate Program (Daylighting), p.9Life-Cycle Cost Methodology, p.lOCost-Effectiveness of Infrared Heat-Loss Surveys (Ground-Based), p.1OInfrared Aerial Survey Evaluation, p.1OWeatherization Demonstration, p.llBuilding Infiltration Evaluation, p. IIGuidelines for Controlling Attic Condensation, p. 12Modeling Cooling with Whole-House Fans, p.l2Underground Heat Distribution Systems, p.l2Energy Conservation Through Waste Use in Cement and Concrete, p.B

BUILDING THERMAL ENVELOPE SYSTEMS AND INSULATING MATERIALS

x X X X X XX X X X X

X X X X X XX X X X XX X X X XX X X XX X X XX X X XX X X X X

X X X X X XX X X X X X

X X X X XX X X X X XX X X X X XX X X X X XX X X X X XX X X X X X

X X X XX X X

X X X X X X XX X X X X X XX X X X X XX X X X X X X

X X XX X X

X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X XX X X X X X XX X X X X X X

X X X X XX X X X

Thermal Insulation Standard Reference Material, p.16Thermal Insulation Analysis, p.16Thermal Insulation Test Series, p.16Thermal Performance of Materials and Elements, p.16

74

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X X X

X X X X XX X X XX X X XX X X X

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Modeling Mass Effects with Outside Insulation, p. 17 X X X XExperimental Evaluation of Thermal Mass, p. 17 X X X XMIMA Research Associate Program, p. 18 X X X X X XGuarded Hot-Plate Tester for Thick Insulation, p. 18 X X X X XCalibrated Hot Box Construction, p. 18 X X X X XCorrosion Avoidance in Encapsulated Wiring, p.18 X X X X X X X X XRetrofit Criteria: Insulation and Wiring, p. 19 X X X X X X X X X

BUILDING SOLAR SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY

Collector Durability and Reliability Test Program, p. 22 X X X X XStandards for Rubber Hose and Connections, p.22 X X X X XStandards for Solar Cover Plates, p.23 X X X X XStandards for Nonmetallic Containment Materials, p. 23 X X X X XStandards for Solar Absorptive Coatings, p. 24 X X X X XEvaluation of IPC Corrosion Test Methodology, p.24 X X X X XSolar Hot Water System Test Program, p. 24 X X X X XStructural Performance of Solar Collectors, p.25 X X X X XThermal Test Methods for Solar Collectors, p.25 X X X X XPassive Solar Data Requirements, p.25 X X X XEconomic Evaluation of Passive Solar Designs for Urban Environments, p.26 X X X XInstallation of Solar Components on Roofs, p.26 X X X X XSolar Evaluation of the Norris Cotton Building, p. 26 X X X X X X X XMonitoring Methods for Low-Cost Residential Solar Systems, p. 27 X X X XCommercial Solar Energy Demonstration, p.27 X X X XSolar Energy Program for Housing Systems, p. 27 X X X X X XDimensional Considerations in Solar Installation, p.28 X X X X XSolar Federal Buildings Program, p.28 X X X XFederal Procurement Specifications for Solar Heating and Cooling, p.28 X X X XEconomic Optimization Guide for Solar Systems in Federal Buildings, p. 29 X X X XTechnical Evaluation Manual for Solar Retrofit of Federal Buildings, p.29 X X X XInternational Cooperation in Solar Energy, p.29 X X X XResidential Solar Data Center, p.29 X X X X XDevelopment of Solar Regulatory Provisions, p. 30 X X X XCode Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage, p.30 X X X XSolar Utilization in Cities and Towns, p.31 X X X X X XCombined Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Systems, p.3l X X X X

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD REDUCTION

Characterization of Structural Response to Earthquakes, p. 34 X X X X XSeismic Provisions for Buildings, p. 34 X X X XCharacterization of Soil and Foundation Response to Earthquakes, p. 35 X X X XRomania Earthquake Rehabilitation, p.3S X X X X

STRUCTURES AND FOUNDATIONS PERFORMANCE

Loading Criteria for Structural Design, p. 38 X X X X XDevelopment of Revisions to American National Standards Institute AS8, p.38 X X X XApplication of Reliability Analysis Concepts to Building Components, p.38 X X X XConstruction Load Evaluation, p.39 X X X X XConcrete Construction Technology, p.39 X X X X X XMechanical Properties of Maturing Concrete, p.39 X X X X XSnow Loads on Nuclear Power Plant Structures, p.39 X X X X XCriteria for Design of Cladding Subjected to Wind Loads, p.40 X X X X XCriteria for Wind Tunnel Modeling, p. 40 X X X

75

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Measurement of Forces on Trench Bracing, p.41 X X X X XConstruction Practice in Excavation, p.41 X X X X X XStandards for Foundations and Excavations, p.41 X X X X X XIn-Situ Geotechnical Measurements, p.42 X X X XConstruction of the NBS Geotechnical Test Lab, p.42 X XMobile Home Anchoring Against Flood and Windloads, p.42 X X X X X XAnchoring Mechanics for Mobile Homes, p.42 X X X X X XReview of Design Criteria for Energy Transport Systems, p.43 X X X X XOrganic Coatings, p. 43 X X X X XShort-Term Evaluation of Steel Coatings, p. 44 X X X X XStone Consolidating Materials, p. 44 X X X XEvaluation of Joint Sealants for the Dirksen Building, p.44 X X X XNondestructive Evaluation of Building Materials, p. 45 X X X X X XElastomeric Roofing Membranes, p. 45 X X X X X X X

Roofing and Coatings Research for the Army, p.45 X X X XBlistering of Built-Up Roofing Over Polyurethane Insulation, p. 46 X X X X X X XTri-Services Technical and Scientific Support, p.46 X X X XImprovement of Honeycomb Sandwich Panels, p.46 X X X X X

BUILDING SAFETY

Criteria for Signs in Workplaces, p.48 X X X X X X X XChromaticity Specifications for Color Weather Radar Displays, p.4~ X X X XSymbols Criteria and Standardization, p.48 X X X X X X X XModeling Circulation System Safety, p.48 X X X X X X XSecurity Barriers, p.49 X X X X X X X

BUILDING REHABILITATION TECHNOLOGY

Construction Productivity for New and Rehabilitated Buildings, p.52 X X X X X X XMethods for Evaluating the Strength and Stability of Existing Buildings, p.52 X X X XRegulatory Provisions for Existing Buildings, p.52 X X X X XPerformance Levels for Existing Buildings, p.53 X X X X XVentilation Criteria for Existing Buildings, p. 53 X X X X XGuidelines for Venting Single-Stack Drainage Systems, p. 53 X X X X XRestoration Standards for Porcelain Finishes, p. 54 X X X X X XMetric Conversion Scheduling in the U.S. Building Community, p.54 X X X X X X X XDesign and Construction Technology Application Program, p.54 X X X X X

BUILDING AND COMMUNITY ACOUSTICS

Building Acoustics Technology, p.58 X X X X X X XHighway Noise Criteria, p.58 X X X X X X XTransmission Line Audible Noise Measurement, p.58 X X X X X X XImpact Noise Measurement, p.59 X X X X X X XSound Absorption Measurement, p.59 X X X X X X XMethod for Assessing Costs of a Model Noise-Control Code, p.60 X X X

BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE

Plumbing Systems Performance, p. 62 X X X X X X X X XPerformance of Water- Conserving Devices, p.62 X X X X X X X X XHuman Factors and Water Conservation, p.62 X X X X X XEconomically Efficient Water Conservation Standards, p.63 X X X XElectrical Distribution Systems Protection, p. 63 X X X X X X

76

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Lighting Design Evaluation, p.66 X X X X X X XTask Lighting Criteria, p. 66 X X X X X XMeasurement of Illumination Systems Effectiveness, p.66 X X X X XLaboratory and Field Illumination Measurements, p.66 X X X X XApplied Color and Vision, p. 67 X X X X X XVisual Environment, p.67 X X X X X XVisual Techniques in NDE, p.67 X X X XX

BUILDING ECONOMICS

Economic Methods for Building Standards, p.70 X X X XEconomic Impact of Electronics Research, p. 70 X X X XQuantitative Optimization Techniques, p.70 X X XEconomics Participation in Conferences, Workshops, and Seminars, p. 71 X X X X X X

* u.s GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1980 0-311-065 (152)

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Documents

E; Project Summaries ENERGY EFFIGENCY 1979-1980 PBS ... - NIST