8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 1/13

Electronic paperFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

iLiad e-book reader equipped with an electronic paper display. E-ink displays can be readeven under bright sunlight since it has no backlighting.

Electronic paper, e-paper or electronic ink display is a display technology designed tomimic the appearance of ordinary ink  on paper . Unlike a conventional flat panel display,which uses a backlight to illuminate its pixels, electronic paper reflects light like ordinary

 paper. It is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity, whileallowing the image to be changed later.

To build e-paper, several different technologies exist, some using plastic substrate andelectronics so that the display is flexible. E-paper has the potential to be more comfortable toread than conventional displays.[1] This is due to the stable image, which does not need to berefreshed constantly, the wider viewing angle, and the fact that it reflects ambient light rather 

than emitting its own light. An e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without theimage appearing to fade. The contrast ratio in available displays as of 2008 might bedescribed as similar to that of newspaper, though newly-developed implementations areslightly better.[2] There is ongoing competition among manufacturers to provide full-color capability.

Applications include electronic pricing labels in retail shops, and general signage,[3] timetables at bus stations,[4] electronic billboards,[5] mobile phone displays, and e-Readers capableof displaying digital versions of books and e-paper magazines. Electronic paper should not beconfused with digital paper , which is a pad to create handwritten digital documents with adigital pen.

Contents[hide]

• 1 Technology

○ 1.1 Gyricon

○ 1.2 Electrophoretic

1.2.1 Development

○ 1.3 Electrowetting

1.3.1 Electrofluidic

○ 1.4 Interferometric modulator 

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 2/13

○ 1.5 Other bistable displays

○ 1.6 Other technologies

• 2 Disadvantages

• 3 Applications

○ 3.1 Commercial applications

3.1.1 Education: digital schoolbooks

3.1.2 Wristwatches

3.1.3 e-Books

3.1.4 Newspapers

3.1.5 Displays embedded in smart cards

3.1.6 Status displays

3.1.7 Mobile phones

3.1.8 Other applications

• 4 Display makers

• 5 See also

• 6 References

• 7 Further reading

• 8 External links

[edit] Technology

[edit] Gyricon

Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo AltoResearch Center . The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of polyethylene spheres

 between 75 and 106 micrometres across. Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the other (each bead is thus a dipole[6]  ). The spheres are embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, witheach sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they can rotate freely. The polarity of thevoltage applied to each pair of electrodes then determines whether the white or black side isface-up, thus giving the pixel a white or black appearance. [7] At the FPD 2008 exhibition,Japanese company Soken has demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using thistechnology.[8]

[edit] Electrophoretic

Scheme of an electrophoretic display.

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 3/13

Scheme of an electrophoretic display using color filters.

An electrophoretic display forms visible images by rearranging charged pigment particlesusing an applied electric field.

In the simplest implementation of an electrophoretic display, titanium dioxide particlesapproximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil. A dark-coloreddye is also added to the oil, along with surfactants and charging agents that cause the particlesto take on an electric charge. This mixture is placed between two parallel, conductive plates

separated by a gap of 10 to 100 micrometres. When a voltage is applied across the two plates,the particles will migrate electrophoretically to the plate bearing the opposite charge fromthat on the particles. When the particles are located at the front (viewing) side of the display,it appears white, because light is scattered back to the viewer by the high-index titania 

 particles. When the particles are located at the rear side of the display, it appears dark, because the incident light is absorbed by the colored dye. If the rear electrode is divided intoa number of small picture elements ( pixels), then an image can be formed by applying theappropriate voltage to each region of the display to create a pattern of reflecting andabsorbing regions.

Electrophoretic displays are considered prime examples of the electronic paper category, because of their paper-like appearance and low power consumption.

Examples of commercial electrophoretic displays include the high-resolution active matrix displays used in the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook , Sony Librie, Sony Reader , andiRexiLiad e-readers. These displays are constructed from an electrophoretic imaging filmmanufactured by E Ink Corporation. Also the technology has been developed bySipixMicrocup [9]  and BridgestoneQuick Response Liquid Powder Display  (QR-LPD).[10][11]

The Motorola MOTOFONE F3 was the first mobile phone to use the technology, in an effortto help eliminate glare from direct sunlight during outdoor use.[12]

Electrophoretic displays can be manufactured using the Electronics on Plastic by Laser Release (EPLaR) process developed by Philips Research to enable existing AM-LCD manufacturing plants to create flexible plastic displays.

[edit] Development

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 4/13

Macro photograph of Kindle 3 screen; microcapsules are evident at full size

In the 1990s another type of electronic paper was invented by Joseph Jacobson, who later co-founded the E Ink Corporation which formed a partnership with Philips Components twoyears later to develop and market the technology. In 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper 

 business as well as its related patents to Prime View International. This used tiny

microcapsules filled with electrically charged white particles suspended in a colored oil.[13] Inearly versions, the underlying circuitry controlled whether the white particles were at the topof the capsule (so it looked white to the viewer) or at the bottom of the capsule (so the viewer saw the color of the oil). This was essentially a reintroduction of the well-knownelectrophoretic display technology, but the use of microcapsules allowed the display to beused on flexible plastic sheets instead of glass.

One early version of electronic paper consists of a sheet of very small transparent capsules,each about 40 micrometres across. Each capsule contains an oily solution containing black dye (the electronic ink), with numerous white titanium dioxide particles suspended within.The particles are slightly negatively charged, and each one is naturally white.[7]

The microcapsules are held in a layer of liquid polymer , sandwiched between two arrays of electrodes, the upper of which is made transparent. The two arrays are aligned so that thesheet is divided into pixels, which each pixel corresponding to a pair of electrodes situatedeither side of the sheet. The sheet is laminated with transparent plastic for protection,resulting in an overall thickness of 80 micrometres, or twice that of ordinary paper.

Appearance of pixels

The network of electrodes is connected to display circuitry, which turns the electronic ink 'on'and 'off' at specific pixels by applying a voltage to specific pairs of electrodes. Applying anegative charge to the surface electrode repels the particles to the bottom of local capsules,forcing the black dye to the surface and giving the pixel a black appearance. Reversing thevoltage has the opposite effect - the particles are forced from the surface, giving the pixel awhite appearance. A more recent incarnation[14] of this concept requires only one layer of electrodes beneath the microcapsules.

[edit] Electrowetting

Main article: Electrowetting 

Electro-wetting display (EWD) is based on controlling the shape of a confined water/oilinterface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil forms a flat film

 between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent), insulating coating of an electrode,

resulting in a coloured pixel.

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 5/13

When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the interfacial tension between the water and the coating changes. As a result the stacked state is no longer stable,causing the water to move the oil aside.

This results in a partly transparent pixel, or, in case a reflective white surface is used under the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the small size of the pixel, the user only

experiences the average reflection, which means that a high-brightness, high-contrastswitchable element is obtained, which forms the basis of the reflective display.

Displays based on electro-wetting have several attractive features. The switching betweenwhite and coloured reflection is fast enough to display video content.

It is a low-power and low-voltage technology, and displays based on the effect can be madeflat and thin. The reflectivity and contrast are better than or equal to those of other reflectivedisplay types and are approaching those of paper.

In addition, the technology offers a unique path toward high-brightness full-colour displays,leading to displays that are four times brighter than reflective LCDs and twice as bright asother emerging technologies.[15]

Instead of using red, green and blue (RGB) filters or alternating segments of the three primary colours, which effectively result in only one third of the display reflecting light in thedesired colour, electro-wetting allows for a system in which one sub-pixel is able to switchtwo different colours independently.

This results in the availability of two thirds of the display area to reflect light in any desiredcolour. This is achieved by building up a pixel with a stack of two independently controllablecoloured oil films plus a colour filter.

The colours used are cyan, magenta and yellow, which is a so-called subtractive system,comparable to the principle used in inkjet printing for example. Compared to LCD another factor two in brightness is gained because no polarisers are required. [16]

Examples of commercial electrowetting displays include Liquavista,[17]  ITRI,[18]  PVI  and ADT.[19][20]

[edit] Electrofluidic

Electrofluidic displays are a variation of an electrowetting display. Electrofluidic displays place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny reservoir. The reservoir comprises <5-10%of the viewable pixel area and therefore the pigment is substantially hidden from view.[21] 

Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out of the reservoir and spread it as afilm directly behind the viewing substrate. As a result, the display takes on color and

 brightness similar to that of conventional pigments printed on paper. When voltage isremoved liquid surface tension causes the pigment dispersion to rapidly recoil into the

reservoir. As reported in the May 2009 Issue of Nature Photonics, the technology can potentially provide >85% white state reflectance for electronic paper.

The core technology was invented at the Novel Devices Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati. The technology is currently being commercialized by Gamma Dynamics.

[edit] Interferometric modulator

Main article: Interferometric modulator display

[edit] Other bistable displays

See also: Bistable

• Kent Displays, manufacturer of cholesteric liquid crystal display (ChLCD).[22]

•  Nemoptic,  Nematic materials[23]

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 6/13

• TRED [24]

[edit] Other technologies

Other research efforts into e-paper have involved using organic transistors embedded intoflexible substrates,[25][26] including attempts to build them into conventional paper .[27] Simple

color e-paper 

[28]

 consists of a thin colored optical filter added to the monochrome technologydescribed above. The array of pixels is divided into triads, typically consisting of the standardcyan, magenta and yellow, in the same way as CRT monitors (although using subtractive

 primary colors as opposed to additive primary colors). The display is then controlled like anyother electronic color display.

Examples of electrochromic displays include Acreo,[29]  Ajjer  ,[30]  Aveso [31]  and Ntera.[32]

[edit] DisadvantagesElectronic paper technologies have a very low refresh rate comparing with other low-power display technologies, such as LCD. This prevents producers from implementing sophisticatedinteractive applications (using fast moving menus, mouse pointers or scrolling) like those

which are possible on handheld computers. An example of this limitation is that a documentcannot be smoothly zoomed without either extreme blurring during the transition or a veryslow zoom.

An e-ink screen showing the "ghost" of a previous image

Another limitation is that an imprint of an image may be visible after refreshing parts of thescreen. Those imprints are known as "ghost images", and the effect is known as "ghosting".This effect is reminiscent of  screen burn-in but, unlike it, is solved after the screen isrefreshed several times. Turning every pixel white, then black, then white, helps normalizethe contrast of the pixels. This is why several devices with this technology "flash" the entirescreen white and black when loading a new image, in order to prevent ghosting fromhappening.

[edit] Applications

This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may bechallenged and removed. (May 2007)

Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While thetechnologies used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its owndistinct technological advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the followinggeneral challenges:

• A method for encapsulation

• An ink or active material to fill the encapsulation

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 7/13

• Electronics to activate the ink 

Electronic ink can be applied to both flexible and rigid materials. In the case of flexibledisplays, the base requires a thin, flexible material tough enough to withstand considerablewear, such as extremely thin plastic. The method of how the inks are encapsulated and thenapplied to the substrate is what distinguishes each company from each other. These processes

are complex and are carefully guarded industry secrets. The manufacture of electronic paper  promises to be less complicated and less costly than traditional LCD manufacture.

There are many approaches to electronic paper, with many companies developing technologyin this area. Other technologies being applied to electronic paper include modifications of liquid crystal displays, electrochromic displays, and the electronic equivalent of an Etch ASketch at Kyushu University. Advantages of electronic paper includes low power usage(power is only drawn when the display is updated), flexibility and better readability than mostdisplays. Electronic ink can be printed on any surface, including walls, billboards, productlabels and T-shirts. The ink's flexibility would also make it possible to develop rollabledisplays for electronic devices. The ideal electronic paper product is a digital book that cantypeset itself and could be read as if it were made of regular paper, yet programmed todownload and display the text from any book. Another possible use is in the distribution of anelectronic version of a daily paper.

[edit] Commercial applications

The Motorola F3 uses an e-paper display instead of an LCD.

[edit] Education: digital schoolbooks

• In January 2007, the Dutch specialist in e-Paper edupaper.nl started a pilot project in asecondary school in Maastricht, using e-Paper as digital schoolbooks to reduce costsand students' daily burden of books.

[edit] Wristwatches

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 8/13

• In December 2005 Seiko released their Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has aflexible electrophoretic display[33] and in March 2010 Seiko released a secondgeneration of this famous e-ink watch with an active matrix display.[34]

• Phosphor of Hong Kong have launched 3 series of watches using flexibleelectrophoretic display using eink technology.[35]

[edit] e-Books

Main article: List of e-book readers

• In 2004 Sony released Librié EBR-1000EP in Japan, the first e-book reader with anelectronic paper display. In September 2006 Sony released the PRS-500 Sony Reader  e-book reader in the USA. On October 2, 2007, Sony announced the PRS-505, anupdated version of the Reader. In November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BCwhich incorporated a backlight and a touchscreen.

• In November 2006, the iRexiLiad was ready for the consumer market. Consumerscould initially read e-Books in PDF and HTML formats, and in July 2007 support for 

the popular Mobipocket PRC format was added, but price was still a problem. Withthe introduction of the competing Cybook , prices have decreased almost 50%.

• In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the Amazon Kindle, an e-book reader with an e-paper display. In February 2009, Amazon released the Kindle 2 andin May 2009 the larger Kindle DX was announced. In July 2010 the third generationKindle was announced[36].

• In November 2009 Barnes and Noble launched the Barnes & Noble Nook , based onthe Android operating system. It differs from other big name readers in that it has areplaceable battery and a separate touch-screen below the main reading screen.

[edit] Newspapers

• In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd distributed an electronic version of the paper to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of the iRexiLiad. This was the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper 

 publishing.

• In September 2007, the French daily  Les Échos announced the official launch of anelectronic version of the paper on a subscription basis. Two offers are available,combining a one year subscription and a reading device. One interesting point of theoffer is the choice of a light (176g) reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa)or the iRexiLiad. Two different processing platforms are used to deliver readableinformation of the daily, one based on the newly developed GPP electronic ink 

 platform from Ganaxa, and the other one developed internally by Les Echos.

• Since January 2008, the Dutch daily NRC Handelsblad is distributed for theiRexiLiad reader.

[edit] Displays embedded in smart cards

• Flexible display cards enable financial payment cardholders to generate a one-time password to reduce online banking and transaction fraud. Electronic paper could offer a flat and thin alternative to existing key fob tokens for data security. The world’s firstISO compliant smart card with an embedded display was developed by InnovativeCard Technologies, www.incard.com and nCryptone in 2005. The cards used displaytechnology from www.sipex.com and was manufactured by Nagra ID,www.nagraid.com.

[edit] Status displays

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 9/13

• Some devices, like USB flash drives, have used electronic paper to display statusinformation, such as available storage space.[37]

[edit] Mobile phones

• Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the Motorola F3, also uses an alphanumeric black/white electrophoretic display.

• The Samsung Alias 2 mobile phone incorporates electronic ink from E Ink into thekeypad, which allows the keypad to change character sets and orientation while indifferent display modes.

[edit] Other applications

Other proposed applications include digital photo frames and information boards.

[edit] Display makers• Delta Electronics

• LG

•  NEC

• Plastic Logic

• Prime View International, flexible EPLaR 

• i-Rex

• Samsung

• Seiko Epson

[edit] See also• E-book 

• E Ink 

• Electrofluidic

• Flexible electronics

• List of e-book readers

• Display examples

[edit] References1. ^Sarno, David; Pham, Alex (2010-01-29). "Kindle not ready to surrender to iPad". The Los

 Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-apple-books29-

2010jan29,0,7543562.story. Retrieved 2010-01-31.

2.  ̂"IRex Takes On The Kindle". http://www.forbes.com/2008/09/23/amazon-irex-ebook-tech-intel-cx_ag_0923ebook_print.html. Retrieved 2008-11-06.

3.  ̂"SiPix pricing labels". http://www.sipix.com/applications/pricinglabels.html. Retrieved2008-01-13.

4. ^ Graham-Rowe, Duncan (2007). "Electronic paper rewrites the rulebook for displays". Nature Photonics1: 248. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.53. Photo

5.  ̂"magink e-paper billboards". Archived from the original on 2007-08-21.http://web.archive.org/web/20070821191921/http://www.magink.com/product.php. Retrieved2008-01-13.

6. ^ Crowley, J. M.; Sheridon, N. K.; Romano, L. "Dipole moments of gyricon balls" Journal of Electrostatics 2002, 55, (3-4), 247.

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 10/13

7. ^ a b  New Scientist . Paper goes electric (1999)

8.  ̂Techon .Soken electronic wall-paper 

9.  ̂http://www.sipix.com/

10.  ̂http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/adv-materials/QR-LPD/

11.  ̂http://thecoolgadgets.com/bridgestone-flexible-epaper-quick-response-liquid-powder-technology/

12.  ̂"Motorola Introduces MOTOFONE - New, Market-Defining Mobile Designed to KeepEveryone Connected". http://www.motorola.com/mediacenter/news/detail.jsp?globalObjectId=7076_7025_23. Retrieved 2007-12-03.

13.^Comiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, H.; Jacobson, J. "An electrophoretic ink for all- printed reflective electronic displays" Nature 1998, 394, (6690), 253-255.

14.^ New Scientist. Roll the presses (2001)

15.^LiquaVistaelectrowetting display technologies http://www.liquavista.com

16.  ̂The Hindu : Technology for reflective full-colour display

17.  ̂http://www.liquavista.com

18.  ̂http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/news-and-events/feature-story-detail.asp?RootNodeId=050&NodeId=0502&FocusNewsNBR=52

19.^Blankenbach K, Schmoll A, Bitman A, Bartels F and Jerosch D 2008 Novel highlyreflective and bistableelectrowetting displays SID J. 16 237–44

20.  ̂http://www.iop.org/Select/article/0960-1317/19/6/065029/jmm9_6_065029.pdf?request-id=37ba45f3-e740-4c0d-8c35-dcf2d9af1f10

21.  ̂"Gamma Dynamics Technology". Gamma Dynamics LLC.http://www.gammadynamics.net/technology.html. Retrieved 2009-05-06. [dead link ]

22.  ̂http://www.kentdisplays.com/23.  ̂http://www.nemoptic.com

24.  ̂http://www.treddisplays.com/

25.^Huitema, H. E. A.; Gelinck, G. H.; van der Putten, J. B. P. H.; Kuijk, K. E.; Hart, C. M.;Cantatore, E.; Herwig, P. T.; van Breemen, A. J. J. M.; de Leeuw, D. M. "Plastic transistors inactive-matrix displays" Nature 2001, 414, (6864), 599.

26.^Gelinck, G. H. et al. "Flexible active-matrix displays and shift registers based on solution- processed organic transistors" Nature Materials 2004, 3, (2), 106-110.

27.^Andersson, P.; Nilsson, D.; Svensson, P. O.; Chen, M.; Malmström, A.; Remonen, T.;Kugler, T.; Berggren, M. "Active Matrix Displays Based on All-Organic Electrochemical

Smart Pixels Printed on Paper " Adv Mater 2002, 14, (20), 1460-1464.28.^ New Scientist. Read all about it

29.  ̂http://www.acreo.se/templates/Page____793.aspx?mode=print

30.  ̂http://www.ajjer.com/available_technology.html

31.  ̂http://www.avesodisplays.com/

32.  ̂http://www.ntera.com/

33.  ̂"The first watch that uses flexible e-paper hits the stores" 2005-12-01

34.  ̂"Baselworld 2010 - Seiko Press Conference - Future Now, EPD Watch 2010-04-01

35.  ̂http://www.phosphorwatches.com/default.asp

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 11/13

36.  ̂http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1453463&highlight=

37.  ̂"LEXAR ADDS INNOVATIVE STORAGE CAPACITY METER WITH ELECTRONICPAPER DISPLAY FROM E INK". http://www.eink.com/press/releases/pr90.html. Retrieved22 January 2010.

[edit] Further reading•  New Scientist - Electric paper (2003)

•  New Scientist - E-paper may offer video images (2003)

•  New Scientist - Paper comes alive (2003)

•  New Scientist - Most flexible electronic paper yet revealed (2004)

•  New Scientist - Roll-up digital displays move closer to market (2005)

• Electronista - Seiko Epson develops ultra-dense e-paper display (11-2007)

• Unidym Press Room - Unidym and Samsung Electronics demonstrate the world's first

colour carbon-nanotube-based electrophoretic display (10-2008)

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Electronic paper 

• Epaper Central - Electronic Paper News, Information, and Analysis

• E-paper display market reaches $1.17 billion in 2014

• Electronic Paper:Merging between Traditional Publishing & e-Publishing

• Wired article on E Ink-Philips partnership, and background

• Bosner, Kevin. How Electronic Ink Will Work at HowStuffWorks. Retrieved on2007-08-26.

• MIT ePaper Project

• Xerox PARC epaper project

• Gamma Dynamics - Commercializing a New Pigment-Based Electrowetting Display

• Office of Tomorrow

• Tanaka, Naoki (2007-12-06). "Fuji Xerox Exhibits Color Electronic Paper w/ OpticalWriting System". Japan: Tech-

On!.http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20071206/143736/ . Retrieved2007-12-10.

• The Future of Electronic Paper - Past, present and future of e-paper including aninterview with Nick Sheridon, Father of E-paper at Xerox

• Fujitsu Develops World's First Film Substrate-based Bendable Color Electronic Paper featuring Image Memory Function.

[hide]v • d • e

Display technology

Video Current generation

Electroluminescent display (ELD) ·Vacuumfluorescent display (VFD) ·Light emitting diode

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 12/13

display (LED) ·Cathode ray tube (CRT) ·Liquidcrystal display (LCD) ·Plasma display panel(PDP) ·Digital light processing (DLP) ·Liquidcrystal on silicon (LCoS)

Next generation

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) ·Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) ·Fieldemission display (FED) ·Laser TV (Quantum dotlaser  ·Liquid crystal laser ) ·Ferro liquid display(FLD) ·Interferometric modulator display(iMoD) ·Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent(TDEL) ·Quantum dot display (QD-LED) ·Telescopic pixel display (TPD) ·Organiclight-emitting transistor (OLET) ·Laser phosphor display (LPD)

Non-video Electromechanical (Flip-dot ·Split-flap ·Vane) ·Electronicpaper ·Rollable ·Eggcrate · Nixie tube

3D displayStereoscopic ·Autostereoscopic ·Computer generatedholography ·Volumetric (Swept-volume) ·Laser beam

Static mediaHologram ·Movie projector  · Neon sign ·Rollsign ·Slide

 projector  ·Transparency

Related

articles

Display examples ·Free-space display ·Large-screen televisiontechnology ·Optimum HDTV viewing distance ·High dynamic range

imaging (HDRI)

Comparison of display technology

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper "Categories: Display technology | Electronic engineering | Paper | Electronic paper technologyHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external linksfrom September 2010 | Articles needing additional references from May 2007 | All articlesneeding additional references

Personal tools

•  New features

• Log in / create accountNamespaces

• Article

• Discussion

Variants

Views

• Read

• Edit

• View history

Actions

8/8/2019 e paper tec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/e-paper-tec 13/13

Search

Top of Form

Special:Search

Search

Bottom of Form

ec