E. P. Garrison, Attitudes Toward Suicide in Ancient Greece

8/13/2019 E. P. Garrison, Attitudes Toward Suicide in Ancient Greece

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Bn`rjibk Whjlelecjibl Bsseijbtjek

Bttjtua`s tewbra Yujija` jk Bkij`kt Cr`ì`Buther(s)= @ljs` W. Cbrrjsek_`vj`wà werf(s)=Yeuri`= Qrbksbitjeks ed th` Bn`rjibk Whjlelecjibl Bsseijbtjek (2:31-), Tel. 2?2 (2::2), pp. 2-91Wuoljshà oy= Qh` Mehks Hepfjks Pkjv`rsjty Wr`ssYtbol` P_L= http=//www.mster.erc/stbol`/?81117.

Bii`ssà= ?3/72/?72? 73=0?

Zeur us` ed th` MYQE_ brihjv` jkajibt`s yeur bii`ptbki` ed th` Q`rns & Iekajtjeks ed Ps`, bvbjlbol` bt.http=//www.mster.erc/pbc`/jkde/boeut/peljij`s/t`rns.msp

MYQE_ js b ket-der-predjt s`rvji` thbt h`lps sihelbrs, r`s`brih`rs, bka stua`kts ajsiev`r, us`, bka oujla upek b wja` rbkc` ed

iekt`kt jk b trustà ajcjtbl brihjv`. S` us` jkdernbtjek tìhkelecy bka teels te jkir`bs` preauitjvjty bka dbijljtbt` k`w derns

ed sihelbrshjp. Der ner` jkdernbtjek boeut MYQE_, pl`bs` iektbit suppertGmster.erc.

Bn`rjibk Whjlelecjibl Bsseijbtjekbka Qh` Mehks Hepfjks Pkjv`rsjty Wr`ssbr` iellboerbtjkc wjth MYQE_ te

ajcjtjz`, pr`s`rv` bka `xt`ka bii`ss te Qrbksbitjeks ed th` Bn`rjibk Whjlelecjibl Bsseijbtjek (2:31-).

http=//www.mster.erc
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Qrbksbitjeksed th`Bn`rjibkWhjlelecjiblBsseijbtjek 2?2 (2::2) 2-91

BQJQPA@Y QESB_AYPJIJA@ K BKIJ@KQC_@@I@@LJY@W. CB__JYEKQ`xbs B&N Pkjv`rsjty

Jk hjs butherjtbtjv` tuayNjbsnb,_eo`rtWbrf`ra`djk`s pellutjek"bsb fjkaedjkstjtutjek,th` n`tbphysjibl ustjdjibtjekder b s`t ed iekv`ktjekblr`speks`s teth` ajsruptjeked ljd` threuchvjel`kt a`bth."' Jt js ket se nuih b rbtjekbljzb-tjek bs b v`hjil` der `xpr`ssjkc seijbl ajsruptjek.Yujija`, bs b vjel`kt a`bth,thr`bt`ks e pellut` seij`ty bt lbrc`. Wbrf`r,hew`v`r, bssjcks "`xtrbpellutjek"te sujija`s, j.`., pellutjek o`yeka thbtbsseijbtà wjth a`bth ed bky fjka, bkapellutjekwhjih "eovjeuslya`rjv`sdren thbt sbn` nerbl r`vulsjekbcbjkstsuj-ija` thbt ibusà pukjtjv` n`bsur`s te o` tbf`kbcbjkst th` ierps`."? Wbrf`r'sorj`d bka sw``pjkc stbt`n`ktboeut th` pukjshn`kted th` ierps`s ed sujija`srbjs`s sjckjdjibkt qu`stjeks boeut th` typjibl bkij`kt bttjtua`tewbrassujija`,bka jt js jnpertbkt e r``xbnjk` th``vja`ki` Wbrf`rhbsiellìtà, bka te ir`bt`b lbrc`rpjiturèd bttjtua`s ewbrassujija`jk bktjqujtyoy `xbnjkjkcseuri`shènjts.9 Qh` seuri`s ek sujija` jk bkij`kt Cr`ì` prevja` ienpl`x bkaJ Njbsnb. Wellutjek bka Wurjdjibtjek jk @brly Cr``f _`ljcjek (Exdera 2:89)2?7.? Wbrf`r(boev`, ket` 2) 1?.9 Jk dbit, Wbrf`r obs`s hjs stbt`n`kt ek v`ry d`w seuri`s6 kbn`ly LYIC 201o99-946 Wlut. Qh`n. ??.?6 Hbrpeirbtjek, s.v. exythunjb6 A.L. 4.426 B`sih.9.?11. Ed ieurs`, th` qu`stjek ed sujija` pellutjek derns ekly b snbll pbrt edWbrf`r's brcun`kt bka se, theuch h` ae`s ket kì`ssbrjly njsjkt`rpr`t th` ijtàseuri`s, h` sjnply ae`s ket ijt` `keuch.Der th` djrst stuay ed sujija` whjih ienpr`h`ksjv`ly iellìtà bll jkstbki`s edhjsterjibl bka ljt`rbry sujija` jk Cr``f ljt`rbtur`,s`` _. Hjrz`l, "A`r Y`lostnera,"jk Brihjv djr _`ljcjekswjss`ksihbdt (L`jpzjc 2:78, rpt. Abrnstbat 2:44) 30dd,?19dd, 123dd. Jk hjs phjlesephjibl bpprebih te sujija`, Hjrz`l bjnà bt trbijkcth` `velutjek ed bttjtua`s tewbras sujija` dren bktjqujty te 2:th i`ktury C`rnbky.Qhreuch b ihrekelecjibl surv`y h` bss`nolà vjrtublly bll ed th` ljt`rbryr`d`r`ki`s te sujija` whjih w`r` bvbjlbol` jk 2:78, bka thjs jk jts`ld preaui`s bkjnn`ks`ly us`dul stuay. H` wbs jkt`r`stà prjnbrjly, hew`v`r, jk shewjkc hewbrt bka ljd` r`bit bka r`speka te `bih eth`r. B rì`kt ienpjlbtjek ibk o` deuka jkB. M. L. vbk Heedd, Dren Butethbkbsjb te Yujija`= Y`ld Fjlljkc jk IlbssjiblBktjqujty (_eutlàc` 2::7), whjih prevja`s bk up-te-abt` bss`noly ed jkstbki`sed bkij`kt sujija` bka jkilua`s ajsiussjek ed oeth Cr``f bka _enbk sujija`.A`spjt` th` jkt`r`stjkc stbtjstjis h` ienpjl`s, hjs jkt`rtwjkjkc ed Cr``f bka_enbk bttjtua`s nbf`s jt ajddjiult te djlt`r eut spìjdjiblly ek` er th` eth`r, kerae`s h` nbf` b il`br `keuch ajstjkitjek o`tw``k iewbraly bka hekerbol` sujija`.Pkdertukbt`lyh` ilbjns Aurfh`jn's thèry ed sujija` (der whjih s`` jkdrb) hbs ker`l`vbki` te `jth`r Cr``f er _enbk seij`ty oìbus` w` ibkket fkew bky netjv`s(eth`r thbk th` jnnàjbt` ek`s) ed bkij`kt sujija` vjitjns (87). Hew`v`r,Aurfh`jn hjns`ld `xiluaà jkajvjaubl's netjvbtjeks dren hjs ajsiussjek, bka `v`kvbk Heedd bt irjtjibl nen`kts r`serts te Aurfh`jnjbk `xplbkbtjeks (s``, derjkstbki`, 09, 2?4 er 2?3). Eth`r us`dul werfs ek sujija` jkilua` F. B. C`jc`r,A`r Y`lostnera jn flbssjih`k Blt`rtun (2888)6 "Y`lostnera" _@ JJ.B. (2:?9)2291-906 N. A`lieurt, "L` Yujija` pbr v`kc`bki` abks lb Crì` bkij`kk`,"_`vu`


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@ljs` W. Cbrrjseksen`tjn`s iektrbajitery vja`ki`, out ek` ev`rwh`lnjkcdbit `n`rc`s= seijblsjckjdjibki` bttbihà te sujija`, bka bt th` sbn` tjn` v`ry ljttl` eajun err`pulsjek. J prepes` te suppertthjs stbt`n`ktoy leefjkc bt sujija` blekc twebv`ku`s=threucha`sirjptjv`seuri`s whjih a`bl wjth th` bitubla`à, jkiluajkcth` vjitjn's netjvbtjeks,bka jts r`p`riussjeks(jksirjptjekbl vja`ki`, erbterybka pest djdth-i`ktury ljt`rbry `vja`ki`) er whjih r`dlìt pepulbr bttjtua`stewbras th` bit (djdth-i`ktur yhjstery ka trbcày), bka threuch pr`sirjptjv`seuri`s whjih try te rbtjekbljz` thes` pepulbrbttjtua`s(Wlbte bka Brjstetl`).1Qe bktjijpbt`ny iekilusjek,whjih bcr``swjthWbrf`r'siekilusjekieki`rkjkcth` jnpertbki ed th` seijbl rbnjdjibtjeksed sujija`, out whjih ajdd`rs jk eth`rwbys, th` r`lbtjv`sjl`ki` ed th` seuri`s ek th` tj`btn`kted sujijaìerps`sl`baste th` lecjibl iekilusjekthbtth`sìerps`sw`r` ieksja`ràoy bkalbrc`kernblierps`s. Jd jk dbit th`s` ierps`s w`r` bokernbl,ek` weula `xpìt `xpljijtn`ktjek ed th`pellutjekboev` bkao`yekath`pellutjekthbt r`sultsdren a`bthed bky fjka. Qh` vj`w ed sujija` whjih wjll `n`rc``nphbsjz`sth` jnpertbkièd th` ieki`pts ed shbn` bka hekerjk netjvbtjek,bka th` ajstjkitjeko`tw``kiewbraly bka ieurbcèus s`ld-a`struitjek, der th` `t`rkblly ajsturojkc ph`-ken`keked sujijaìl`brly kc`ka`rà ektrbajitery``ljkcsth`k bs kew.0

A@YI_JWQJT@@TJA@KI@Jk thjs sìtjek J wjll djrst tr`bt seuri`s ieki`rkjkc bitubl sujija` jk bk

btt`nptte neajdyWbrf`r'siekilusjek,bkasìekaly,J wjll baar`sspepulbrbttj-tua`s te sujija` jk b seijelecjibl iekt`xt,oìbusùka`rlyjkc hjs sìekapbrtjsth` bssunptjek thbt sujija` js b r`speks` te seijbl pr`ssur`s. Qheuch @njlÀurfh`jn(L` sujija` 28:3) djrstbrtjiulbtà hjs ph`ken`kek, t js ek` il`brly`vja`kià jk th` bkij`kt wrjt`rs.4Aurfh`jno`cjks wjth b a`djkjtjeked sujija`=a` 2' Hjstejr` a`s _`ljcjeks IXJX (2:9:) 201-326 I. N. Oewrb, Yepheil`bkQrbcày (Exdera 2:11) 146 S. O. Ytbkdera, a., Yepheil`s' Bmbx (Lekaek 2:49),Bpp`kajx @6 F. M. Aev`r, Cr``f Wepulbr Nerbljty jk th` Qjn` ed Wlbte bkaBrjstetl` (Exdera 2:31) 248-4:6 B. Fbtseurjs, "Qh` Yujija` Netjd jk Bkij`ktArbnb," Ajekjse 13 (2:34) 0-?4, erjcjkblly puoljshà jk Cr``f jk Aeaek` 1(2:30) ?79-916 Z. Crjs4, L` Yujija` abks lb _en` bktjqu` (Nektr`bl 2:8?) 243-:?6 O. Y`ja`kstjif`r, "Aj` Sbhl a`s Qea`s o`j Yephefl`s," jk @ktr`tj`ks surl'bktjqujt` ilbssjqu` XXJX= Yepheil`s (C`k`vb 2:8?) 270-016 _. Cbrlbka, Qh`Cr``f Sby ed A`bth (Lekaek/Jthbib2:80) :0-::6 K. Lerbux,Db,eks trbcjqu`s a`tu`r uk` d`nn` (Wbrjs 2:80), trbks. B. Derst`r, Qrbcji Sbys ed Fjlljkc b Senbk(Ibnorjac` bka Lekaek 2:83), te o` r`ba wjth th` r`vj`w ed O. Fkex, KZ_O,Bprjl ?8, 2:886 W. Sbliet, "Yujija`, b Ru`stjek ed Netjvbtjek," jk Ytuaj`s jkHekeur ed Q. O. L. Sòst`r J, àa. M. H. O`tts, M. Q. Heef`r bka M. _. Cr``k(Orjstel 2:84) ?92-93.1 Qh`s` br` ket, ed ieurs`, nutublly `xilusjv` ibt`cerj`s, bka bttjtua`s cl`bkàdren ek` suoajvjsjek wjll bddìt jkt`rpr`tbtjeks ed eth`rs. Ljf`wjs`, thàjstjkitjek o`tw``k c`k`rblly Cr``f bka spìjdjiblly Bth`kjbk js ajddjiult tenbjktbjk, theuch th` nbmerjty ed th` seuri`s uka`r ajsiussjek h`r` br` Bth`kjbk.0 Der b ajsiussjek ed th` ienpl`xjtj`s ed nerbl bttjtua`s tewbras sujija`threucheut hjstery s`` N. W. Obttjk, @thjibl Jssu`s jk Yujija` (@kcl`weea Iljdds,K. M. 2:8?).4 Der bk @kcljsh trbkslbtjek ed Aurfh`jn, s`` M. B. Ypbulajkc bka C. Yjnpsek,trbks. Yujija`= B Ytuay jk Yeijelecy (Lekaek 2:30). Der c`k`rbl ajsiussjeks edAurfh`jn bka hjs werf s``, `.c., Q. Wbrseks, Jkt`rkbtjekbl @kiyilepàjb ed Yeijbl

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`bky a`bth whjih js th` ajrìt er jkajrìt r`sult ed b pesjtjv` er k`cbtjv` bitbiienpljshàoy th` vjitjn bka whjih h` fkews wjll preaui`thjs r`sult.B p`r-sek nby us` b pesjtjv`, vjel`kt bitjek, er sjnply bostbjk dren ljd` suppert Erte put jt ner` suiijkitly, "sujija` js blwbys th` bit ed senèk` whe pr`d`rsa`bthte ljd`"(?33). Aurfh`jn eksja`ràsujija` rbt`s b n`bsur ed th` h`blthedth` seijbl oeay6 oy stuayjkc sujija` b o`tt`ruka`rstbkajkced th` ibus`s bkaieks`qu`ki`s ed th` uka`rlyjkcsjifk`ss ed b seij`ty ieula o` bihj`và. Hà`v`lepà hjs syst`n jk t`rns ed iellìtjv` s`ktjn`kts, thbt nerbl butherjtywhjih a`t`rnjk`soeththà`cr`èd ieep`rbtjv` eybltybka thèv`rrjajkciek-i`pt ed era`r.Hjs twe nbmer xplbkbteryvbrjbol`s,jkt`crbtjekbka r`culbtjek,ierr`speka k c`k`rblte th` Cr``fieki`ptsed (ptXjbbka4ji2.3 .tXjb r`d`rsteth` r`lbtjekshjps thbt xjst o`tw``k `qubls (Qhèckjs 974, H`reaetus3.297,Wlbte Yynpesjun 23:I), o`tw``k dbnjly n`no`rs (X`kephek Hj`r. 9.3,Brjstetl`We`tjis 2109O2:), o`tw``ka`p`ka`ktsbkasup`rjers X`kephekBkbo.2.4.9, Jseirbt`s 24.?8), bka o`tw``k stbt`s (Qhuiyaja`s 0.0) er iennukjtj`s(Jseirbt`s4.22)6 jt a`sirjo`s,jk shert,th` rbkcèd pessjol` bsseijbtjeks bkath`njxturèd seij`ty, bkaierr`spekasblnest`xbitly te Aurfh`jn'suka`rstbkajkced jkt`crbtjek.Der Aurfh`jn,th` str`kcthed iellìtjv` s`ktjn`ktsa`t`rnjk`sth` a`cr`` ed seijbl jkt`crbtjek.Brjstetl`jk th`Kjienbih`bk @thjis ket`s th`nultj-dbi`tàbspìts ed ptXjb(TJJJ.220:O?0dd),bkasucc`sts bk jktjnbtìek-kìtjek o`tw``k (ptXtxbka 4 FbittevTJJJ.2200B??-?8).8 Blj'r, mustji`, hbso``k a`djkàbs th`pr`s`rvbtjek d `stboljshàera`r,bkahbs rì`jvàdull btt`k-tjek `ls`wh`r`.:Bs th` iektrelljkcderi` jk seij`ty, 4jjri r`s`nol`sth` r`culb-tjek dbitered Aurfh`jn'splbk,r`culbtjekwhjiha`t`rnjk`sek`'s k`às bka th`n`bks te bttbjkth`n. Qh` bostrbitkbturèd Aurfh`jn'sseijbl syst`n jkvjt`sienpbrjsek wjth th`s` Cr``f seijbl ieki`pts, bka bltheuch pbrtjiulbrseijblrul`s nby vbry biierajkcte th`jrcècrbphjiblbka t`nperbl eibtjeks, hunbkiekdljit wjth th` vblu`s bostrbità renjkajvjaublrul`sp`rsjstsjk bky seij`ty.Yij`ki`s, A. L. Yjlls, à. Tel. 1 (K`w Zerf2:48)922-?76 S. Wep`,Aurfh`jn'sYujija`=B Ilbssji Bkblyzà Ihjibce2:34)6Y. Qbyler,Aurfh`jn ka th` Ytuayed Yujija`(K`w Zerf 2:8?)6M. Bl`xbka`r,Qhèr`tjiblLecji jk Yeijelecy, Tel.?. Qh` Bktjkenj`sed Ilbssjibl Qheucht=Nbrxbka Aurfh`jn O`rf`l`y 2:89).Y`` blse Sbliet(boev`,ket` 9) ?99-91 der b suiijkitajsiussjeked th` us`dul-k`ss ed Aurfh`jn's werf der uka`rstbkajkcbkij`kt bttjtua`s. Y`` blse Y.Hunphr`ys,Bkthrepelecyka th` Cr``fs(Lekaek2:38):1-274.3 J bn jkaòtà e Mbn`s_àdj`la er thjs succ`stjek.Aurfh`jn'shèryilbjnsvbljajty der bll seij`tj`s, bka th`r`der` s r`l`vbktte bky cècrbphjibl r t`npe-rbl `ktjty.Sh`th`r h` Cr``fsnjchthbvùka`rsteeat, theuchket jnpertbkteth` thèry'svblu` bs b teel, js jkt`r`stjkc,bka th` vjrtubljkt`rihbkc`bojljtydth` Cr``f vblu` t`rns wjth Aurfh`jn's t`rnjkelecy baas a`pth te th`bppljibojljtyed th` nea`l. Ed ieurs`, th` r`lbtjekshjpo`tw``kmustji` bka th`ketjeks ed heker bka shbn` jk Cr``f `thjis js ienpl`x, bka threucheut hjsihbpt`r jjiFQ jll o` ajsiussàuka`r th` ner`pbrtjiulbr etjeks ed shbn` bkaheker.8 Y`` N. I. Kussobun,Qh`Drbcjljtyed Ceeak`ss Ibnorjac` :84)919dd der bajsiussjeked th`s` ieki`ptsjk Brjstetl`.: Y``, `.c., B. S. H. Bafjks,N`rjtbka _`speksjojljty= Ytuay k Cr``fTblu`s(Exdera2:47)6 H. Lleya-Mek`s,Qh` Mustjièd ]ùs (O`rf`l`ybka Les Bkc`l`s2:32)6 Aev`r (boev`, ket` 9)6 @. B. Hbv`leif,Qh` Cr``f Ieki`pt ed Mustji`(Ibnorjac`,Nbss. 2:38)6_. Lbno`rtek,H`sjea(K`w Hbv`kbkaLekaek2:88).

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@ljs` W. CbrrjsekT`ry edt`k thjs iekdljit jssu`s jk sujija` o`ibus`bk jkajvjaublnby d``l b s`ks`ed shbn`, thbtjs, b d``ljkc ed jkba`qubiy k th` `y`s ed eth`rs, dren dbjlur`teduldjll th` r`qujr`n`ktsed o`jkc b dukitjekjkcn`no`rjk b k`twerf ed


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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`

J. Jksirjptjeks, rbterybkapest djdth-i`ktury vja`ki`Dren Ies th`r`js bk jksirjptjeked th` djrst pbrted th` thjrai`kturyO.I.whjih rìeras trbajtjekblrul`s r`lbtjkcte rjtublpurjty.2?Qhjs h`bvjly r`steràjksirjptjek dblls jkte thr``pbrts, th` djrst twe ed whjih a`bl wjth th` iults edA`n`t`r bt Elynpjbek Ies bkap`rhbpsbt Jsthnjb ek Ies r`spìtjv`ly.29Qh`thjra pbrt ljsts uksyst`nbtjiblly sbirjl`c`s jk k`à ed purjdjibtjek, bka th`s`rul`s s``n sen`tjn`s te o`lekc te pbrtjiulbriults, out sen`tjn`s te hbv`c`k`rbl bppljibtjek.Qh` whel` t`xt ieki`rksjts`ld wjthpellutjekte shrjk`sbkaprj`sts, bs w`ll bs wjth pellutjek thbt bddìts th` whel` iennukjty.Ljk`s 23-94 ed thjs thjra sìtjek lby eut preiàur`ste o` dellewà jk th` ibs` ed pellu-tjek dren a`bth, jkiluajkc thbt dren bk ep`k crbv` er b hunbk oek`. Qh`y

spìjdy thbtjd a`bthpellut`sb sbiràplbi`, th` cea's stbtu` nust o` ibrrjàeut,wbshà, b prepjtjbterysbirjdji` nusto` edd`rà, bka th` whel` shrjk` nust o`purjdjà. Jk bll jkstbki`s fjk er fyrjej, jd bky, br` r`speksjol` der ouryjkc thà`ba6 jd th`r` br` ke fjk, th` tbsf dblls te th` a`n`sn`k (?:-9?).21 Qh`jksirjptjek h`k ajsiuss`s ibs`s ed sujijaòy hbkcjkc(99-94)=bj 4j5 jcQji jbv QQtvat04pet b&3ayQbl QXEt^vjjEl, 4 j0(vtparzteQev FbQbitbueae QEo v =p T Fbji 5@jbQJFbFQbFbXMT(XQieQ ^ 4@ 1hXev 5@R2FeXb j3ay0rQbl, x3ieVrQbc(v55T5,jFbQiaFjFbQb iFbti bQxieFibj ô eXetvtev 4 j04v. bj 4ìFb j5p5`76 JYtjr VQEv jtbpjevtb pltECQEv 5F5f4E(e)Xb rb

E^t5jv.20Il`brly, wjth jts kun`reus r`sterbtjeks h` jksirjptjek `bv`s us wjth b plbusj-ol` y`t dbr dren i`rtbjkrìekstruitjek.Der `xbnpl`, jk 2.90 th` phrbs`5'tDbQtbriibiiiXvbxie js rìekstruitàek th` obsjs ed Bmbx :20dd bka Qhèirjtus?9.94dd bka 0?dd.24Kek`th`l`ss, w` ibk p`rhbpst`ka`rth` dellewjkc iekilu-sjeks. Jk th` iekt`xt ed th` jnnàjbt`ly prìàjkc ljk`s pr`sunbolyukourjàsujija` ierps`s blse dbll uka`rth` fjk-ourjblrul`, wjth bk baajtjekblieksja`rb-tjek= kbn`ly, ket ekly js th`r` pellutjek dren a`bth, out blse pellutjek drenth` nbt`rjbleomìts usà jk iennjttjkcth` sujija`, bkamust bs jk th` ibs` ednura`r`jth`r oy p`rseks ukfkewk er fjlljkc oy kek-hunbksth` w`bpek js"pukjshà" (`.c., A`n. ?9.346 Bth. Wel. 03.16 Wel. 8.2?7, B`sih. 9.?11).23Sjth sujija` th`r` js ke eth`rp`rsek te purjdybka/erpresìut`,se bppbr`ktlyth` jkstrun`kt oìen`s th` deius ed th` purjdjibtjek prei`ss. B prj`st, edieurs`, ljf` shrjk`sbka stbtu`s, js susi`ptjol` te b cr`bt`rbneukted pellutjek

2? _. H`rzec, Bohbkalukc`ka`r Wrùssjsih`k Bfba`nj` a`r Sjss`ksihbdt`k. Kr.4. H`jljc` C`s`tz` vek Fes (O`rljk 2:?8) ?7-?0, bka D. Yefelewsfj, Lejssbir``s a`s ijt`s crìqu`s (Wbrjs 2:4:) 201.29 _`sterà oy H`rzec ek th` obsjs ed Yìtjek B.J.28.21 Der sjnjlbr fjk-ourjbl r`speksjojljtj`s s`` A`n. 19.03-08.20 "VJd bkyek` jk b a`n` hbkcs hjns`ld^ wjth b rep`, l`t th` djrst te s`` hjnr`l`bs` Vth` ierps` bka iev`r jt wjth ilethjkc^. Bka l`t th` ek` whe s``s jt iutaewk th` weea dren whjih (th` sujija`) hbkcà hjns`ld, Vibrry jt bka^ th` rep`Veut bka oun th`n^. Jd b prj`st sheula s`` (th` ierps`), Vl`t hjn oja th` djrstpbss`roy^ te ae thjs" (ny trbkslbtjek).24 H`rzec (boev`, ket` 2?).23 Id. A. N. NbiAew`ll, Lbw jk Ilbssjibl Bth`ks (Jthbib 2:38) 223.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekthbk th` lbynbk. Out i`rtbjkly thjs pbssbc` cjv`s ke jkajibtjek ed pukjtjv`n`bsur`stbf`kbcbjkstth` bitublierps`.

B ner` ajddjiult pbssbc` te jkt`rpr`teiiurs jk Wlutbrih'sLjd` ed Qh`njste-il`s ??.?, wh`r` h` a`sirjo`sbketh`ribs` ed s`ld-a`struitjek y hbkcjkc.3Xrmljev 45 rj6 ejFjib FberieF@$bi@v@v N`Xjrk 'o jpe4v, e7vvv rb


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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`B@Xp7ejY6&aeeC`Qj/Xb Fibj 8t5peQ&ebbt kpj 'e eT Zup5pe9bFE/Qe6Qj 45j jetijv, b 5E7@ `Qektberb Q&t j5p5`j Fb:' jotvev XEr`zQbj`2xeuejbv/@@5xv j`5p bxtb&6, r&6 05 4pe7p@&6Zp)/uJveebte= jbtatvEQej &yabX2bxre6 JP/pe56 Fibt ebt 7ejLEQ6j5`Q5Fb Qp`5j bxte/ty`vevrbt Fxbjejt JeT) j]brp46 /ByvJCEjjteEVQ^pej6, 5@jr=tQb r&vml@v /beJy3bv kaXblv 2ikteF@PaxbtjFb7iik`p /qT kpe4r`pev, E4T84vbev Fbeapeibvrb/Qej6 TE%LtJEp.vej6 {5tT FbQb Jrb a/brptbB ...?2

Il`brly, thjs pbssbc` js ieki`rkà wjth pellutjek ed th` stbtu`, whjih weula o`pellutà oy bky a`bth jk b sbkitubry. Qh` pbssbc` nbf`s ke `xpljijt n`ktjek edth` bitubl ierps`, bka w` bssun` p`rhbps sen` sjnjlbr ajspesbl bs thbt spìjdjàoy th` Iebk rul`s, thbt th` rep` wjll o` ourkà bka th` ierps` ourjà oy hjs fjk.Qe bssjck `xtrb-pellutjek h`r` ce`s o`yeka th` bvbjlbol` `vja`ki`.??Edt`k jk ajsiussjeks ed sujija`, bs w` hbv` ketà, th` jnpl`n`kts usà teiennjt th` bit rì`jv` th` `nphbsjs, bs jk th` dellewjkc a`djkjtjek ed 4e7u7l'tbedren Hbrpeirbtjek, th` Bl`xbkarjbk l`xjiecrbph`r.

vtJEJ p5IT,Xv 5bQ2 Fblt 'BpjexbpXe6, 4u:jttetb 65y@e:bjspbebQb 4,)Xbap' ov btlayXevQbj tT5`6,&3io QreJE (eq6Q(EreXWeEeibj. QbEQIb4' FFjiQ4ETJ@rv6}epjte]et Fbj FibljePej.?9H`r` bcbjk, whbt`v`r hbs o``k jk iektbit wjth b sujija` js pellutjkc, jk thjspbssbc`, th` jkstrun`kt. Jt rì`jv`s th` sbn` tr`btn`kt bs bky jkbkjnbt` nura`rw`bpek weula, bka oìen`s th` deibl pejkt der purjdjibtjek dren th` pellutjek

?2 "Jk th` tjn` ed th` prj`st ed th` Yuk Wythbkkbs, sek ed Brihjpeles jk Ljkaes,senèk` `kilesà hjns`ld jk sìr`t aurjkc th` kjcht bka hbkcà hjns`ld dren th`stbys ed th` preps bttbihà te th` wbll o`hjka th` stbtu`. Sh`k th` Ljkajbkswbktà te s`ka te A`lphj bka jkqujr` boeut whbt hba hbpp`kà, th` ceaa`ssbpp`brà te th` prj`st jk b ar`bn bka tela hjn ket te o` ieki`rkà boeut h`r, outte r`nev` th` pbrt ed th` reed boev` th` stbtu` te `xpes` jt bka te l`bv` jt thusder thr`` abys. Sh`k jt hba o``k il`bksà oy th` obths ed h`r dbth`r (rbjk), sh`tela hjn te r`plbi` th` reed must bs jt wbs dern`rly, bka hbvjkc purjdjà th`t`npl` wjth th` iustenbry nbt`rjbls, te sbirjdji` te ]ùs jk th` bki`strbl dbshjek"(ny trbkslbtjek).?? Wbrf`r (boev`, ket` 2) 280 k. ??8 weka`rs jd thjs js bk bitubl ibs` ed"nerblly ie`rijv` sujija`" ed th` typ` deuka jk H`reaetus 3.212.? er Qhuiyaja`s9.82.9, er ljf` thbt usà oy B`sihylus jk Yupplji`s 10:-3:. Hew`v`r, jk bllth`s` ibs`s th` pellutjek (er thr`bt ed pellutjek) sur`ly r`sults dren a`bth jts`ld,ket sujija` p`r s`. Wbrf`r's qu`ry sjnply ibkket o` bksw`rà. Qh` jnpertbktiennek pejkt, hew`v`r, js thbt th` ierps` jts`ld js ket pukjshà ker js th`r`n`ktjek ed `xtrb pellutjek dren jt. Jk `ddìt, Wbrf`r iekdlbt`s th` pukjshn`kt edth` ierps` wjth th` pukjshn`kt ed th` sujija` jnpl`n`kts. Jt njcht w`ll o` b ibsèd th` sujija` bitjkc eut ed b s`ks` ed bkenj`, `xpr`ssà oy hjs bppbr`ktbkc`r btth` ceas bka/er hunbk bc`kts r`speksjol` der hjs s`ld-a`struitjek, out wjtheutfkewjkc th` sujija`'s netjv`s, w` ibk ekly spìulbt`. Aurfh`jn (boev`, ket` 4)?81 ilbssjdj`s pèpl` whe iennjt sujija` threuch bkc`r bs bkenji typ`s.Qhreucheut thjs sìtjek ed th` pbp`r, th` Aurfh`jnjbkdrbn`werf ibk o` bppljàekly t`kueusly sjki` w` ae ket fkew th` ijriunstbki`s ibusjkc th` a`bths, outekly th` `ddìt th` sujija`s hbv`.?j "Yen`, jkiluajkc Brjstbrihus, sby, thbt exythynjb br` th` tr``s dren whjihsen` hbkc th`ns`lv`s, oìbus` ed tr`btjkc th` spjrjt ojtt`rly. Bka iuttjkc th`sàewk, th`y ibst th`n o`yeka th` oera`r bka oun th`n" (ny trbkslbtjek).

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjseked a`bth. Qh` pbssbc` ae`s ket suppertth` succ`stjek thbt th` ierps` jts`ldsudd`rsnjstr`btn`kt.

S` hbv` ekly twe pjì`s ed `vja`ki` dren th` djdth bka deurthi`kturj`ssucc`stjkc th` pessjojljty ed pukjtjv`n`bsur`stbf`kbcbjkstth` bitubl sujija`vjitjn, k`jth`red whjih js ienp`lljkc, bka oeth ed whjih Wbrf`r enjts drenhjs ajsiussjek. Ek iles`r jkspìtjek,hew`v`r, th` twe pbssbc`s pejkt jk eppe-sjt` ajrìtjeks.Lysjbs 2?, Bcbjkst @rbtesth`k`s,abtà 179 O.I., prevja`sil`br`vja`ki` bcbjkst pukjtjv` n`bsur`s tbf`k bcbjkst sujija` ierps`s. Bt 2?.:4Lysjbs a`sirjo`ssen` ed th` herrers hbteiiurràaurjkc h`r`jcked th`Qhjrty.Qej)Y 48 &ke4Qiev j bt yevjiev FbI y5evbjFiv b&pXFEv`Y(pev@bY bjjEievjjvbyFibebv y@5vèEt Fib't 4Q xQbpdjm6r6 vemtt-reLi,vrlk6 i@bbv QPXijv, r3yeuiL@vet xQT btE'j]v bpXjlvW,ipbtEr@pbev `5vbEtQkd6 jbpb Q&v Eìv 'tjiepjb6.?1

Qheuch bt djrst clbki` thjs pbssbc` nby s``n te succ`st sen` iekkìtjeko`tw``k s`ld-slbucht`rbka b prehjojtjekdreniustenbryourjbl,iles`r jkspì-tjek js r`v`bljkc. I`rtbjklyth`r` js ke crbnnbtjiblr`bsek te pestulbt`b ibus`bka `ddìt o`tw``k th` twe `v`kts. FIbj4)0` (ket xer`) succ`sts sen`thjkc"jkbaajtjekte,"ket "wjth th` r`sultthbt," en` durth`rajscrbi`jkdljitàoy th`Qhjrty, whe w`r` `bc`r te bveja th` k`cbtjv` puoljijty iustenbry duk`rblsweula preaui`, out y`t s``nà ukwjlljkc te deroja ourjbl ienpl`t`ly, bs bt 28Lysjbs stbt`s thbt Wel`nbrihus bs b vjitjn ienp`llà oy th` Qhjrty te arjkfh`nleif, bltheuch h` wbs a`kjà preth`sjs jk bky ed hjs heus`s jk Bth`ks, wbsk`v`rth`l`ss lbja eut jk b hut blse jk Bth`ks. Jk thjs ibs`, k`jth`r hjs "irjnjkbl"stbtus oreucht puolji njstr`btn`kt (id. Wlut. Qh`n. ??.?), ker aja hjs jkstjtu-tjekbl sujija`?0 (id. Wlbte Lbws :) orjkc bky baajtjekbl r`vulsjek upek hjn,

?1 Y`` blse 2?.10 wh`r` Lysjbs r`d`rs te ijtjz`ks whe w`r` derià te p`rjsh oy b"nest shbn`dul bka jckenjkjeus a`bth," wh`r` il`brly h` jkt`kas ket te r`prebihth` a`ba, out rbth`r te `xpr`ss th` r`vulsjek ajrìtà bcbjkst th` Qhjrty. Y`` Aev`r(boev`, ket` 9) ?1?.?0 Jkstjtutjekbl sujija`, se-ibllà oìbus` ed `xt`rkbl pr`ssur` er ie`rijek tep`rdern jt (`.c., th` sutt`` jk Jkajb er hbrbfjrj jk Mbpbk), js tìhkjiblly sujija`sjki` th` vjitjn biienpljsh`s th` bit (s`` boev`, ket` 27). Jk Mbpbk hbrbfjrj wbsnba` ienpulsery bs b dern ed pukjshn`kt der thes` ed keol` rbkf, bllewjkc th`nte aj` oy th`jr ewk hbka rbth`r thbk bt bk `xìutjek`r's, bka te th`ròy r`tbjkth`jr ajckjty. Jk bkij`kt Cr`ì` th`r` js ljttl` `vja`ki` te succ`st thjs`xplbkbtjek, bka sur`ly th` Qhjrty weula ket o` ieki`rkà wjth th` qu`stjek ed"ajckjty" jk th` a`bth ed th`jr eppek`kts, bka theuch Yeirbt`s i`rtbjkly aj`s wjthajckjty, th`r` js ke n`ktjek thbt thjs wbs th` butherjty's jkt`ktjek. W`rhbps"jkstjtutjekbl sujija`" prevjaà th` butherjty wjth b wby te bveja pellutjek (biles` pbrbll`l te thjs o`jkc Irèk's netjv` der ouryjkc Bktjcek` bljv` rbth`rthbk fjlljkc h`r jk th` Bktjcek`), out wh`k th` prbitji` ed usjkc h`nleif der`xìutjek o`cbk bka jk whjih wbys jt sup`rsàà th` eth`r n`theas ed `xìutjekjs ukfkewk (s`` NbiAew`ll Vboev`, ket` 23^ ?00). Der seijelecjibl ajsiussjeksed th` ph`ken`kek ed jkstjtutjekbl sujija` s`` `.c., K.L. Dbro`rew, "IulturblHjstery ed Yujija`," jk Yujija` jk Ajdd`r`kt Iultur`s, à. K. L. Dbro`rew(Obltjner` 2:30) 2-246 B. T`kfeob _be, "Yujija` jk Jkajb," jk Yujija` jkAjdd`r`kt Iultur`s ?92-986 N. Jcb bka F. Qbtbj, "Ihbrbit`rjstjised Yujija`s bkaBttjtua`s tewbra Yujija` jk Mbpbk,"jk Yujija` jk Ajdd`r`kt Iultur`s ?00-876 bkaA. aÌbtbkz`re, Yujija` bka Y`ld-Abnbcjkc O`hbvjer. B YeijeojelecjiblW`rspìtjv` (K`w Zerf 2:82) ?3-?8.

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`bltheuchLysjbs h`r`der rh`terjiblpurpes`str`btsienpulsjekte fjll ek`s`ld bswers` thbk o`jkc nura`rà.?4Qh` Lysjbs pbssbc` succ`sts twe jnpertbkteos`rvbtjeks= jrst,Lysjbs tr`bts kstjtutjekbl ujija` bs sujija`,bs aja Wlbte(s`ò`lew), bkasìeka, jk hjs jkajckbtjekbt th`pev`rtyed hjs oreth`r's uk`rbl,h`tbf`s jt der crbktàthbthjs oreth`rsheula hbv` hba b kernbl duk`rbl.Yeirbt`sblse `xpìtà b kernblduk`rbl,bs h` jkajibtàoy obthjkco`der` arjkfjkcth`h`nleif te spbr`th` wen`k th` treuol`lbt`r.Jk eth`rweras, thes` whe arbkfh`nleif hba`xpìtbtjeksed r`culbrduk`rblhekers. Ek th` eth`rhbka,ierps`sed `xìutà irjnjkbls w`r` threwkjkte b obrbthrek bka bltheuch th`y w`r`tìhkjibllyourjà,erajkbry jt`s w`r` ket iekauità.B`sihjk`s' sp`ìh ed 997 O.I. Bcbjkst It`sjphek?11, jk baajtjekte th``vja`ki` ieki`rkjkc th` tr`btn`kted nura`rw`bpeks (s`` boev`), prevja`s bsìeka shràed `vja`kiìeki`rkjkc h` njstr`btn`kt d sujijaìerps`s.

...`j Qb p@T j)Xb Fbij tEjt6 XjEej6 Fibl xerv ej4rjpev, QXbb&pevbFbj zQb byviepevb, @av zQ( `pè4evQb &eajeFQ`jvk,tjt`p-epjte.t`v, @av Qtq b'jreQv 8jbIxpjelrjrbt, Q2v x`tjpb eQv QEvQepaeebbbv xiepjY6 te metl.bQ6 e arel`v.Qhjs pbssbc` prevja`s th` ekly il`br t`stjneky, bt l`bst der Bth`ks (out s`ò`lew der eth`r plbi`s), der pukjshn`kted bky sert ed th` ierps` ed b sujija`vjitjn. Y`v`rbl eos`rvbtjeks, hew`v`r, k`à te o` nba`. Nest eovjeus js thìekkìtjek B`sihjk`s nbf`s o`tw``k eomìts whjih fjll, wh`th`r jt o` jkbkj-nbt` thjkcs er ek`'s ewk hbka.Jk oethibs`s, th` jkstrun`kted th` a`struitjeknust sen`hew o` jselbtà,oìbus` jk Cr``ftheucht t js kì`ssbryte leibljz`cujlt. Jk thjs ibs` cujlt js plbià jk th` hbkablek`, whjih thus ibkket o` ourjàwjth jts vjitjn, whe weula o` edd`kaà.?3Yìekaly, sjki` thjs js th` eklyr`d`r`ki` te suih tr`btn`kt d b sujija`,w` br` l`dt te weka`r hew r`culbrly hìuttjkcedd ed b hbkaeiiurrà.Jkth` thjraplbi`, thìekt`xt ed thjs sp`ìhnusto` f`pt jk njka, `spìjblly jk ljcht ed th` ajstjkitjek o`tw``k iewbraly bkahekerbol`sujija` whjih js bk jnpertbktajstjkitjekjk th` ajsiussjeks ed Wlbtebka Brjstetl` (s`` o`lew). Qh` sp`ìh, est`ksjoly bcbjkst It`sjphek, prjnbrjlys``fs te ajsiràjt A`nesth`k`s bs th` jkstjcbter ed th` ajsbstreus obttl` edIhb`rek`b.Qhjs rh`terjibliekt`xt bavjs`s ibutjekjk jkt`rpr`tbtjek.B`sihjk`s`qubt`s A`nesth`k`s, th` o`trby`red selaj`rs, wjth th` tr`bih`reus tjifs bkastek`s thbtfjll senèk` bka th` hbka thbt fjlls jts ewk oeay. B`sihjk`s h`r`nbf`s ke n`ktjek ed th` fjka ed sujija` h` hbs jk njka, thbt js te sby, wh`th`rth` sujija` whe sudd`rs thjs pukjshn`ktiennjttàb iewbralyer keol` bit, out`brlj`r jk th` sp`ìh B`sihjk`s hbs succ`stà thbt ek eiibsjek sujija` js th`hekerbol`selutjek, der bt ?2? h` stbt`s thbt A`nesth`k`s js se iekt`nptueus

?4 Y`` blse X`kephek, H`ll. 22.9.04 wh`r` Qh`rbn`k`s bdt`r arjkfjkc h`nleifpeurs th` lbst d`w areps eut jk (sbribstji) trjout` te Irjtjbs. X`kephek's r`nbrf jst`lljkc= "Kew J bn ket ukbwbr` ed thjs thbt th`s` br` ket sbyjkcs werthy edrìera6 out J a``n jt banjrbol` jk th` nbk thbt wh`k a`bth wbs iles` bt hbka,k`jth`r s`ld-pess`ssjek ker th` spjrjt ed plbydulk`ss a`pbrtà dren hjs seul."?3 Qhjs sbn` nìhbkjsn js `vja`kt jk trbcày, `.c., Qùi`r tblfs boeut Bmbx'sa`bth bt th` hbkas ed Hìter's swera se thbt Hìter oìen`s hjs fjll`r6 erBktjcek` nbkjpulbt`s th` buaj`ki` jkte olbnjkc Irèk der Hb`nek's a`bth,whjih th`k oìen`s ner` ed b nura`r thbk b sujija`.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjseked ijvji heker thbt h` wjll ket fjll hjns`ld jd h` dbjls. Qhreucheut h` erbtjekth` thrust js thbt A`nesth`k`s prevà b iewbra, bka p`rhbps?11 sheula o`jkt`rpr`tàwjth th` iewbraly/keol` ajstjkitjek jk njka. Jk eth`r weras, thìewbra A`nesth`k`sa`s`rv`spukjshn`kt ust bs b iewbralysujija` ae`s.Ek` eth`r pjì` ed ieurtreen `vja`ki` shews must hew ukdeukaà br`stbt`n`kts whjih ibt`cerjiblly ilbjn pukjshn`kt ed th` sujija` ierps`. JkA`nesth`k`s' sp`ìh Bcbjkst @uoulja`s, abtà te 910 O.I., th` sp`bf`r,@uxjthùs,btt`nptste prev` thbt h` js jka`à bk Bth`kjbkijtjz`k, iektrbryte@uoulja`s' ilbjns te th` eppesjt`. H` kas hjs pl`b wjth bk netjekbl eutourstbaar`ssjkc h`qu`stjeked ourjbl 03.07)=

5,y 45 Qe'jp5v kbxpp6 4p1pbv46 FbX5`X5j:pEQv,rv E*5 tlkQp'jiF5i5t@je &6Y Fjibj&bvltWEfX 08l QEQET QEv byie)v' &t404eQ 7etEai\bt @j6 Q'b tbrxpb JvlLubQb Fiblj L J5` FIEXWEQQx5,45bjjeXlv zE(lQrlCkQ, rLj5 QI4)vejFiI5JTabIQ2e5pj(rZQ5EQECeQETETQeI)T Qje e6, Fbjt[)X6bef5eryr`. j3pEQ5pev ybp jm jrpe-fX5lv Q PgYe 6, j pJm 0PvbQeov 3jk' b&)QiEv5j ee:djvbl,b3xeFQ5ijvbl]p' v 5pbuxoev, djeQ'5v trM /ibtpjYt y' jo'rJEQ ievQb(ipdvbt.

Qheuch ieurtreensp`ìh`s br` oy kbturà`sjckà te p`rsuba`bka nby thusev`rstbt` b ibs`, kek`th`l`ssth`y nusts``njFji4 te th`mury.S` nby aàui`dren th` pbssbc` spef`k oy ek` ilbjnjkc te o` bk Bth`kjbkthbt th` iennekprbitji` wjth r`cbrate sujija` ierps`s wbs sjnjlbr te th` ajspesjtjek ed bkykernblierps`.S` pess`ss sen` v`ry lbt` `vja`ki` p`rtbjkjkcte eur ajsiussjek whjihsucc`sts b i`rtbjk uk`bsjk`ss boeut sujija` ierps`s,out bcbjk th` iekt`xt pre-vja`s jnpertbkt pejkts ed ilbrjdjibtjek bs te wh`th`r er ket b ierps` js"pukjshà."Brt`njaerus k EkAr`bns 2.1 rìerasth` dellewjkc ar`bnbs bk`xbnpl` ed b ar`bnwhjih preilbjnsnbkythjkcs threuchb d`w jnbc`s.?8elev5j ei5 Qi6 Q bXQeA 4eve Xcbb eX5Fjivbt. .r9l bAQxieQejXQEp5T QTETvEv bIef3XbtlE xtX Q64Qtp.J )Qxtev (ax3)[5e5pevev,&b f'ett iFbj rbQEevelpb Fibfe'15`vec6 QvPX v 4 kbj6)QeT~Qe

5 Fibjj'v iQdjebtv &Ep4bv, 8tjiev Qtvwv4v xypb(p5etCvE, 5(p' btl6 bfXie


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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`Qh` pbssbc` r`d`rs ket te th` bitubl ierps`s, out rbth`rth` psyih`,97bka thjslbt` ?ka i. B.A. r`d`r`ki` js eur djrst ketji` ed suih b prbitji` ed `xilusjek.Sh`k er wh`r` jt o`cbk r`nbjksukfkewk,bka th` qu`stjekjs durth`rienplj-ibtàoy th` dbit thbt th` ar`bn`r s bt th` tjn` ed hjs sujija`b irjnjkbl,b stbtuswhjih jk jts`ld nby biieuktjk pbrt,bt l`bst, der th` `xilusjek.92Whjlestrbtuspr`s`ktsjk hjs H`rejius b lekc ajblecuò`tw``kb Whe`kjijbks`bnbk bka b leibl vjktk`r jk th` Qhrbijbk Ih`rsek`s`. Jk th` ajblecu`, th`vjktk`r,ilbjnjkc te o` jk iektbit wjth Wret`sjlbus'spjrjt, cjv`s b v`rsjek ed th`Qrembkwbr ajdd`r`kt dren Hen`r's.Qh` ajblecu`sykth`sjz`sljt`rbtur`,hjsterybka r`ljcjek, bka ol`kas jk typjibl sephjstji nbkk`riekt`nperbrybka brihbji`l`n`kts.9?Ed jkt`r`st te eur ajsiussjek js Wret`sjlbus'v`rsjek ed th`muacn`kted brns bka th` tr`btn`kt d Bmbxbdt`r hjs sujija`(288).

53kbve)TQ(ev 04 QIev BXbjtv QoE 'E4ub`b j5x55m FibtQiPF=pe6, Q&b 5 e8fib 3ibpt5lQzè J.L yb&pe(etb `5jvit 5`vQalpb JbQEv Ebvble- bextbu. @Eb-ibv 45 iJ(QETFbiQbE`p.Lvet6 jlv ydrvQx (& bi, ~5QlyeEu5Teu FabfXbve6~ x6s e5X 7et7le k)ptE4bttx`bebte't j5buXxejuc&reFljvibvi65.99Iblihbs' jkmukitjekket te oun sujija`s s``ns te hbv` o``k tbf`k eut ed bkbkij`kt pe`n, der blr`bay jk th` Jljbs Wbrvb Bmbx wbs ket ir`nbtà out jk-hunà.91 Jk thbt pe`n, thjs hbpp`kà "oìbus` ed th` bkc`r ed th` fjkc," bka

97 Jk thjs ibs` th` seul, oy ket o`jkc cjv`k dull duk`rbl rjt`s, s``ns te hbvò``k theucht ket te `kt`r ienpl`t`ly jkte th` werla ed th` a`ba. Der th` jkd`r`kièd seul o`lj`d dren duk`rbl rjt`s s`` M. Or`nn`r, Qh` @brly Cr``f Ieki`pt ed th`Yeul (Wrjki`tek 2:89). Or`nn`r iekilua`s thbt sjki` ek` ed th` dukitjeks ed th`duk`rbl rjt`s wbs te h`lp th` trbksjtjek ed th` seul jkte bdt`rljd`, "jt nby o`r`bsekboly bssunà thbt suih b trbksjtjek aja ket tbf` plbi` jk th` ibs` edsujija`s, slbv`s, ihjlar`k bka bael`si`kts" (277). H` iekià`s, hew`v`r, thbtth`r` js ke `xpljijt abtb der th` ibt`cerj`s ed sujija`s bka slbv`s, bka jk ljcht edny ajsiussjek hjs stbtà bssunptjek s``ns qu`stjekbol`. Shbt h` ae`s `ddìtjv`lyshew, theuch, js thbt `v`k der pèpl` whe ajà "eutsja` th` era`rà seijbl werla"th`r` js ljttl` `vja`ki` thbt th`y r`nbjkà te hbukt th` ljvjkc bs chests err`v`kbkts (ihbpt`r 9, pbssjn). Der bk bkthrepelecjibl/struiturbl bpprebih teduk`rbl rjtubls, s`` L. N. Abkderth,Qh` A`bth _jtubls ed _urbl Cr`ì` (Wrjki`tek2:8?) bka th` ojoljecrbphy th`r` ijtà.92 Bltheuch th`s` seuls br` theucht te o` bkcry bka th`r`der` ljf`ly te ae hbrn.Y`` blse vbk Heedd (boev`, ket` 9) 247-42.9? Y`` C. Bka`rsek, Whjlestrbtus. Ojecrbphy bka O`ll`s L`ttr`s jk th` QhjraI`ktury B.A. (K`w Hbnpshjr` 2:84) ?12-08.99 "Yjki` th` Bihb`bks w`r` prbjsjkc Eayssùs, Qùi`r blse prbjsà hjn, outiursà th` brns. Der, h` sbja, jt wbs ket ceea te oury th` ibus` ed a`bth jk th`sbn` teno. Bka th`y ourjà hjn, plbijkc hjs oeay jk th` `brth, sjki` Iblihbsaìlbrà thbt thes` whe fjll th`ns`lv`s br` ket lbwdully ourjà oy djr`" (nytrbkslbtjek).91 Y`` @. _eha`, Wsyih`. Qh` Iult ed Yeuls bka O`lj`d jk Jnnertbljty Bnekcth` Cr``fs (K`w Zerf, 2:44, 8th à.), trbks. S. O. Hjlljs, 283-88 k. 99, whebrcu`s bcbjkst thjs pejkt ed vj`w. Out id. Or`nn`r (boev`, ket` 97) :4, bka hjsajsiussjek ed th` ajstjkitjek o`tw``k jkhunbtjek bka ir`nbtjek jk whjih hìekilua`s thbt "th` r`l`vbki` ed iektrbstjkc jkhunbtjek bka ir`nbtjek p`r s` hbste o` r`mìtà," bka obs`s th` r`nbjka`r ed hjs brcun`ktek th` jssu` ek th` dbitthbt "jt weula hbv` o``k strbkc` jd th` Cr``fs, wjth th`jr pelbr wby ed thjkfjkc,

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekket oìbus` sujija`s nust o` pukjshà.90k eth`rweras, theuchb ajdd`r`ki`jkstbtuso`tw``k sujija`s bka th` kernbla`ba nby o` theuchtte biieukt der th`prehjojtjekbcbjkstir`nbtjek,jk th` pe`n thjs r`bsekjs ket succ`stà. Bcbjk,w` ibk putke sjckjdjibkt kt`rpr`tjv w`jcht ek th` stbt`n`kt.Qh` Yjxty-deurth Ajsieurs`, "Ek Dertuk`,"bsirjoà te Aje Ihrysesten,theuch jts buth`ktjijtyhbs o``k a`kjà,94o`cjks wjth b ibtblecu` ed pèpl`whe hbv` olbnà dertuk` er th`jrpreol`ns,suihbs Nà`b er Njabser Er`st`s(2-?). Qh` buther th`kprei`às te t`ll b Iyprjbktbl` ed A`nekbssb,whe wbscjdtà jk stbt`snbkshjpbka lbw-cjvjkc. Yh` js sbja te hbv` cjv`k th` Iyprjetsthr`` lbws, th` sìeka ed whjih rìeras thbt sujija`s shbll o` ibst eut wjtheutourjbl.93 A`nekbssb hba twe seks, ek` ed when ajà der hbvjkc slbjk bk ex(th` thjra bw ed A`nekbssb),whjl` th` eth`r derhbvjkcfjllà hjns`ld wbs ibsteut ukourjà.Lbt`r k h`r ewk ibr``r,s``jkc b iew lewjkc ev`r b ayjkcibld bkarìeckjzjkc h`r ewk njsdertuk`,sh` n`ltà orekz` bka l`bpà jkte jt (1). Qh`buthered th` ajsieurs`r`pertsb Iyprjetprbitji`,bka t`lls us boeutth` lbw ed bwenbk whe h`rs`ld iennjts sujija` jk b wby whjihprìlua`sienpljbki`wjthh`r ewk lbw Qh` tee-iles` iekkìtjek o`tw``k th` lbws bka h`r ewk njsder-tuk` l`bas us te suspìt th` `vja`ki` bltec`th`r, bltheuch`v`k jd th` stery edA`nekbssbjs djitjek, th` lbw nbyo` r`bl.98Qh` sìeka i`kturyB.A. pbre`njecrbph`r]`keojus jk Oeef 4.23 r`pertsthbt,biierajkcte Brjstetl`,jk Qhò`s thes` whe hbv` fjllà th`ns`lv`srì`jv`ke heker. Jkt`r`stjkcly, Yeirbt`s bka hjs drj`kas-jkiluajkc Iò`s th`Qhòbk-s``n te hbv` hbake fkewlàc` ed thjs prehjojtjek,bkap`rhbpsjt jske `brlj`r thbk th` tjn` ed Brjstetl`.Qh`s` wrjt`rs ed th` Yìeka Yephjstji, theuch edt`k purpertjkc te o`rìerajkcnuih ela`r jkdernbtjek kaprbitji`s,br`th`ns`lv`s brc`lyieki`rkàwjth styl` rbth`rthbkhjsterjibl er sihelbrly prìjs`k`ss bka, ed ieurs`, r`dlìtth` bttjtua`s ed th`jr ewk tjn`,9:rbth`r thbk th` bttjtua`s ed th` hjsterjiblp`rjeaste whjih th`yr`d`r.Der th`s`r`bseks,theuchth` vja`ki`baauiàae`ssucc`st bk uk`bsjk`ss boeut sujija`s whjih nby hbv` b trbajtjekblbka lekc-stbkajkc obifcreuka, h` vja`ki` ae`s ket succ`st b ibt`cerjiblnjstr`btn`kted er seij`tblr`vulsjekdren sujija`s.

JJ.Djdth-i`kturyhjsteryQe thjs pejkt, J hbv` seucht te ilbrjdy eur uka`rstbkajkced th` ilbssjiblCr``f pesjtjek ek sujija` oy `xbnjkjkc a`sirjptjv`seuri`s ieki`rkjkcbitublsujija`. Bs w` turkkew te bk xbnjkbtjeked a`sirjptjv`seuri`s whjih r`dlìthba ket usà th` twe nea`s ed ajspesbl te ajdd`r`ktjbt` o`tw``k pèpl` biierajkcte th`jr bc` bka nbkk`r ed th`jr a`bth."90 Qheuch Or`nn`r(boev`, ket` 97) :4 succ`sts thjs js b lbt` `xplbkbtjeksjki` sujija`s o`lekcàte th` ilbss ed "a`ba wjtheutstbtus."Out bt p. 277 h`banjtsthbt th`r` s ke `xpljijtabtb der th` "ljnjkbl" tbtused sujija`s.94 Oy H. v. Brkjn,Lò`kuka S`rf a`s Ajek vekWrusb(28:8).93 Xv btXtEv&ajeFQ`jvbvtbbbbipev pjjt`ÈIbt' 54@t=pEY E{)QE Brlevaeerj6veue0.9 Hjrz`l (boev`, ket` 9) 04 k. 2, `v`k qu`stjeks th` hjsterjijty ed A`nekbssb.9: Der c`k`rbl ienn`kts ek th` wrjt`rs ed th` Yìeka Yephjstji s`` Bka`rsek(boev`, ket` 9?) `spìjblly ihbpt`rs 1 bka 0, bka hjs ojoljecrbphy.

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`pepulbr bttjtua`s, w` djka thbt th`s` bttjtua`sierr`spekate twe ieki`pts edpredeuka sjckjdjibki` jk Cr``f theucht-shbn` bka heker.17Qh`s` seijblvblu`s th`ns`lv`sr`pr`s`kt h` nerbl iea` obsàek th` utjljtbrjbkeos`rvbki`sed (ptX{tbka04.{r @v`ry ijvjljzà seij`ty r`qujr`ssuih b nerbliea`. Yeij`tyr`culbt`sth` ner`s whjih, jd ev`rst`ppà,preaui`shbn` jk bk jkajvjaubl,bkaseij`ty a`t`rnjk`sth` a`cr`` ed hekercrbktàte bk jkajvjaubl der bah`rjkctejts stbkabras.Jk eth`r weras, oeth shbn` bka heker jnply b sirutjkyed th`jkajvjaubl oy th` nbky, th` ek` wjth b k`cbtjv` eutien`, th` eth`r wjth bpesjtjv` r`sult. Qh`s` seijbl ph`ken`kbed shbn`bka heker(bkajts eppesjt`,ajsheker)netjvbt`nbkyed th` sujija`s rìeraàoy th`hjsterjbksbkak`brlybllsujija`s jk Cr``f trbcày.Der `xbnpl`, jk b seij`ty `nouà wjth th` h`rejiiea` ed a`bth ev`r ajsheker,b typjibljnp`tuste sujija` nby o` ek`'s o`hbvjerjk obttl`. Qheuch Lèkjabs (H`reaetus3.??7-?2) bt Qh`rnepylb`njcht hbv`sbvà hjns`ld bka hjs snbllcreup,h` ihes` te stby, te sbirjdji`hjns`ld bkahjsn`k, bka te rì`jv` hekeroy l`bvjkco`hjkab cr`btkbn`.12S` nby ibll thjs bs`ld-sbirjdji` rbth`r hbkb sujija`, out jk seijelecjibl thèrys`ld-sbirjdji` bkakeol` sujija` r`sultdren th` sbnèv`r-prekeukiàkt`crbtjekkte seij`ty bkath` sbn` wjlljkck`ss te aj`.1? Qwe eth`r ed th` 977 Ypbrtbks, @urytus bkaBrjstea`nus,obrrà renth`djchtoìbus` ed `y` jkdlbnnbtjek, hes` ajdd`rjkcpbths=@urytuste djcht bkywby6Brjstea`nuste survjv`.@urytus,theuchfjllàjkstbktly,rì`jvà au` heker,whjl` Brjstea`nus jvà jk jkdbnyuktjl h` nba`bn`kas bt th` obttl` ed Wlbtb`b(Hat. 3.??8dd), theuch`v`k th`k hjs a`bthwbsr`cbraàbs bnojcueus,sjki` h` wbs ieksja`ràbpterexeoy H`reaetus(:.32-3?), out ket oy th` Ypbrtbks,oìbus` theuchh` hba deucht nbckjdji`ktly,h`hbaaek` se n`r`ly te r`trj`v`hjs lest heker. H`reaetussucc`sts thbtp`rhbps`kvy netjvbtà th` Ypbrtbks' bitjeks bcbjkst Brjstea`nus.19 Ek` djkblsurvjver-Wbktjt`s--ek hjs r`turk e Ypbrtb eukahjns`ld jk suih ajscrbi`thbth` hbkcàhjns`ld (3.?9?).Qhuiyaja`s, jk th` Ieriyrb`bk ijvjl wbr `pjsea` (9.82), n`ktjeks th`sujija` ed th` N`ss`kjbk prjsek`rs whe r`dusà te o` trjà oy th`jr ibpters.Qhuiyaja`shbs `nphbsjzàth` bkenji stbt` ed bddbjrs bt Ieriyrb,th` c`k`rblihbes bka a`spbjr thbt biienpbkj`s r`velutjek. H` th`k prei`às te thèrjz`boeut r`velutjek jk c`k`rbl. Qhuiyaja`s l`kas b "trbcji"bjr te thjs fjka edsujija` oy usjkc th` wera &vibXjeietbt der sujija`. Qh` obsji n`bkjkc edIbvbXteF7ie,us` up"er "sp`ka," s `xt`kaàoy th` trbcàjbks e "fjll,"bkajkthjs n`bkjkc s``ns prjnbrjlyte o` r`strjità e trbcày (`.c., B`sih. Bc. 0376Yeph. EQ 2231, Dr. 8:? (_bat)6 @ur. @l. 482). Qh` N`ss`kjbks iennjttà

17 Der th` i`ktrbljty ed th`s` ieki`pts jk Cr``f ljd` s``, `.c., @. _. Aeaas,Cr``fs bka th` Jrrbtjekbl (O`rf`l`y bka Les Bkc`l`s 2:02) pbssjn6 Hjrz`l (boev`,ket` 9) `sp. sìtjeks 2 bka ?6 Aev`r (boev`, ket` 9) `sp. ?94-1?6 Sbliet(boev`, ket` 9) pbssjn6 bka vbk Heedd (boev`, ket` 9) pbssjn.12 Der b sjnjlbr `v`kt s`` X`kephek, H`ll. JT.8.9: ieki`rkjkc Bkbxjojus.1? Y`` Aurfh`jn (boev`, ket` 4) ?17, whe jksjsts thbt jkstbki`s ed s`ld-sbirjdji`hbv` bs th`jr reet "th` sbn` stbt` ed bltrujsn whjih js `qublly th` ibus` ed whbtnjcht o` ibllà h`reji sujija`."19 Qheuch der th` Ypbrtbksieurbc` js ket banjrbol` ukl`ss th`r` js c`kujk` d`br.J bn crbt`dul te _uth Yiea`l der pejktjkc thjs eut te n`.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsek"trbcji" sujija` jk era`r te `sibp` pukjshn`kt bka durth`r ajscrbi`. Qh`Bth`kjbks ek th`Birepeljs jk 187 (Hat. 8.09) bitàljf`wjs`.

H`reaetusr`lbt`s bketh`r kstbki` ed sujija` iennjttà te `sibp` pukjsh-n`kt. Kjteirjs (?.277), Ru``k ed Oboylek, bdt`r tbfjkc r`v`kc` ek th` @cyp-tjbks der fjlljkc h`roreth`r, h`jrrul`r,dlukc h`rs`ld jkte b reen ed bsh`s.11@xpljijt netjv`s ed shbn` nby o` s``k jk th` dellewjkc `xbnpl`s drenH`reaetus. Jk 2.10 Barbstus stbooà hjns`ld dren shbn` bt hjs oba luifoìbus`, theuchiennbkaàoy Ire`sus te pretìtBtys, jkst`babitubllyfjllàhjn. Jk ?.292 Nyi`rjkusth` Fjkc ed @cypt a`sjrà bka vjelbtà hjs abucht`r,whe th`khbkcàh`rs`ld oìbus` ed thèutrbc`.10H`reaetush`r` us`s th` werabjXe te a`sirjo` h`r stbt` ed njka, b wera jkdr`qu`kt k pres` out iennek jktrbcày.14Bs jk Qhui. 9.82 b sjkcl` wera h`lps te ir`bt`b trbcjibtnesph`r`breukab sujija`.Psublly, k`jth`rQhuiyaja`sker H`reaetusnbf`sbky xpljijt vblu` muac-n`kts ieki`rkjkcth` sujija` vjitjns th`y n`ktjek,out jnpljijtly, oy usjkc bk`veibtjv` wera,oy ir`btjkcb trbcji btnesph`r`,oy jnputjkcth` sbn` netjvb-tjeks te Cr``fs bka obrobrjbks ljf`, bka oy iekiàjkc-er rbth`r,oy th` v`rybit ed rìerajkc h` v`kts wjtheutolbn`,h`lpjkcte ir`bt`-pjty bkaheker dernbkyed th` vjitjns, th`y l`bv` us wjth th` s`ks` thbt sujija` ir`btàke "nerblr`vulsjek," out rbth`r prevjaà pèpl` wjth bk hekerbol` r`l`bs` dren bkuka`sjrbol` ljd`, b ljd` nba` uko`brbolòìbus` ed shbn` er ajsheker, j.`.,oìbus` ed ukdbverbol` seij`tbl p`ri`ptjek. Hew`v`r, H`reaetus `xpljijtlyprbjs`s b sujija` bt l`bst eki`= h` iekilua`s hjs a`sirjptjeked th` sujija` edOec`s (3.273) oy sbyjkc "thus jt js thbt h` js mustly (4uibtite6)prbjsà oy th`W`rsjbks te thjs aby."13

W_@YI_JWQJT@@TJA@KI@O`der` w` turk te b ajsiussjek ed sujija` jk trbcày, jt wjll o` us`dul te`xbnjk` th`pr`sirjptjv` vja`ki` jk era`rte hjchljchtb sih`n` ed ajstjkitjeksbnekc sujija`s te whjih trbcàyibk o` ienpbrà.Bs w` `xbnjk` th` phjle-sephjibl ajsiussjeks ed Wlbte (Yeirbt`s) bka Brjstetl`, th` seij`tbl ieksja`rb-tjeks ed shbn` bka hekerbr` v`ry nuih uka`rieksja`rbtjek,bka vblu` muac-n`kts oìen` `xpljijt. Jk thjs pr`sirjptjv``vja`ki`, w` wjll ket` thbt oethWlbte bka Brjstetl` ajstjkcujsho`tw``k bii`ptbol`bka ukbii`ptbol`sujija`s,

11 Der ihefjkc oy bsh`s bs b W`rsjbkpukjshn`ktusà oy AbrjusEihus s`Ìt`sjbs?:.18, 02, 0? jk DCrH JJJi488.It`sjbssbys thbt Abrjus k era`rte `vba`bk ebth h` hba tbf`kket te fjll thesìbucht k b iekspjrbiybcbjksthjn a`vjsàb pukjshn`kt y whjihth`y weula dbll jkte b pjt ed bsh`s whjl` bsl``p.Id. Tbl.Nbx. :.?.4 bkaEvja, Jojs 923.10 X`kephek,H`ll. TJ.1-3, r`lbt`s hew th` Lùitrjbknbja`ks blse hbkcàth`ns`lv`sbdt`rth`y w`r`vjelbtàoy th` Ypbrtbks.14 Sh`kb&xe ae`s eiiur jk pres`, jt bpp`brs k iekt`xts ieki`rkjkctrbcjibka/ernythjibl djcur`s. @.c., X`kephekIyr. 0.0.4.1 bka 4.2.93.06 Brjstetl`dr.417.?1-?0 (_es`)6er Bktjphek Yeph).Q`stjnekjbdr. 4.27-22 (Aj`ls/Frbkz).13 Oec`s' sujija` dellews th` `xìutjeked hjs dbnjly bka s`rvbkts,out bll th`vjel`ki` js prìjpjtbtà y hjs r`dusblte surr`ka`re th` Bth`kjbks. k bktjqujty,bs vbk Heedd (Vboev`,ket` 9^ 278) sbys, b "l`ba`rs `xpìtà e `kahjs ljd` jd h`hbs o``ka`d`btà...".

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`bka th`jr ajsiussjeks uka`rljk` nbky ed th` ienpl`xjtj`s bka bnojcujtj`sjkvelvà jk r`bitjekste sujija`.

Wlbte ajsiuss`s s`ld-a`struitjekk th`Whbàe,18 ajblecu`whjih r`lbt`sth`djkbl iekv`rsbtjek ed Yeirbt`s wjth twe yeukc sp`bf`rs,Yjnnjbs bka Iò`s,oeth ed when o`lekc te th` "sij`ktjdji"sja` ed th` Wythbcer`bknev`n`kt.Oyr`njkajkcth`n ed th` ieki`ptjeks whjih dernWythbcer`bkr`ljcjek, Yeirbt`spejkts eut th` jkieksjst`kiy ed jts sij`ktjdji a`v`lepn`kts wjth jts r`ljcjeusbspìts. Yeirbt`sputs derth b nerblbrcun`ktoy succ`stjkc thbtjd ek` hbs putbsja` bll eth`r pl`bsur`s sbv` th` pl`bsur` ed l`brkjkc, th`k h` ibk hep` thbta`bth js th` ktrbki` e b o`tt`r jd` (221A-220B). Qh` ajsiussjek whjih l`bas tethbt iekilusjek rì`jv`s jts jkjtjbl jnp`tus dren Yeirbt`s' stbt`n`kt thbt bphjleseph`r js ek` whe wjll wjlljkcly aj`, theuchte ae vjel`ki` te ek`s`ld jsket lbwdul (42I).1:Qh` pbrbaex hbt jt js o`tt`r te o` a`ba out derojaa`kte fjllek`s`ld oìen`s th` l`nnb dren whjih Yeirbt`s ibk ròut bk bppbr`ktlyboselut` prehjojtjekek sujija` ed th` Wythbcer`bks, 7b prehjojtjek succ`stàoy Whjlelbus bt 42@. Yeirbt`s ukrbv`lsth` pbrbaexjk 4?O-I oy shewjkc thbtmust bs w` weula o` bkcry jd ek` ed eur pess`ssjeks fjllà jts`ld wh`k w` hbaket r`qujrà t te, se tee weula th` ceas o` bkcryjd b nbk fjlls hjns`ld o`der`th`y s`ka sen` kì`ssjty upekhjn.02Djrst ed bll, sujija` js prehjojtàoìbus` bky jkajvjaublo`k`djt (j.`., a`bthjs o`tt`r thbkljd`) js eutw`jchà oy th` a`prjvbtjek t ibus`s th` ceas.0?Out h`ce`s ek te sby thbt v`k bdt`r a`bth h` wjll o` wjth `qubllywjs`, theuchbppbr-`ktly ajdd`r`kt, ceas (49O-I), bka se thjs "ljo`rbtjek" ren b ljd` uka`r th`cujabkièd sen` ceas ir`bt`ske k`w pbrbaex.Yeirbt`so`lj`v`s ket ekly jk th`jnnertbljtyed th` seul, out blse thbtth` seuls ed th`must br` jk ceas' ibr`bdt`ra`bth bs w`ll bs o`der`. Yeirbt`s hbs nbkbcà te neajdy bka `xpljibt` th`Wythbcer`bk tbki` ek sujijaòy pejktjkceut b ijriunstbki uka`rwhjih s`ld-a`struitjek oìen`s p`rnjssbol` bka bii`ptbol`609kbn`ly, wh`k b sjck js

18 Der c`k`rbl ajsiussjeks s`` B. @. Qbyler, Wlbte. Qh` Nbk bka hjs Serf, 1thà., (Lekaek 2:93) 231-?786 F. Aert`r, Wlbte's Whbàe= Bk Jkt`rpr`tbtjek(Qerekte2:82)6 M. @ifst`jk,Qh` A`bthabyed Yeirbt`s (K`w M`rs`y2:82)6A.Oesteif,Wlbte's Whbàe(Exdera2:84)6Kussobunboev`,ket` 8) 294-47.1: Der b r`vj`w ed jkt`rpr`tbtjeksed thjs pbrbaex, s`` Aert`r (boev`, ket` 18)22-2:.07 Y`` M. I. C. Ytrbihbk,"She aja deroja sujija` bt Whbàe 4?o5"IR 41 (2:37)?24-?7, whe succ`sts thbt Wlbte h`r` r`d`rs ket te b Wythbcer`bk prehjojtjek,out rbth`r te bk Erphji ek`.02 ...QE 5E)ej 5tvbit rj. v QE)6 tijp.5 .vej6 Fbji`lt_&b6 QE)6 bvEpa6et6 'TQIEvFQ-kpbriev Qej6 Eèj6 `lvbl. "H elt e 8EF5j`j uQte66 "@ceetyi, qprkbv 4Fptj6. EFET,6, jie, Fb e) bjv, Q&vebvxejv FQjrt4tiev @l XQbxQE4bvQEbjeFxtvvelt jt|k ErjWrjMvbv4QE6ce 't 9ekWJ 5Xtebrève57vbt, xbf5Xjbivet6 bvbuexr, lFb b ,tv Let, epeje bv6 Hlvu y', @'qp2."JIEw$QEJvuvxQbQ'2 E4F f5jeyevc_m jrpe4r@pev bt x3v cjeFjitvv{vbtj 4jv, jptv ibvbyFrvJQvb 5e76 @~QkI@j_A,e4k`5p jiFbtQT vOv lp_jTkibpeee bv.0? Aert`r (boev`, ket` 18) 24.09 @ifst`jk (boev`, ket` 18) 11-07 brcu`s thbt th` iektrbajitjek o`tw``k th`boselut` prehjojtjek ek sujija` bka Yeirbt`s' iekilusjek thbt sen`tjn`s sujija`js kì`ssbry pejkts te th` "jki`rtjtua` ed th` whel` brcun`kt," bka brcu`s durth`rthbt th` nbjk thrust ed th` Whbàe js thbt Wlbte "js pbjkdully eppesà te Yeirbt`s'

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekcjv`k. Durth`rner`,h` Wythbcer`bk tbki` js jk ke wby jkajibtjv` ed iennekprbitjièr theuchtek th` suomìted sujija`,bs w` hbv`blr`bays``k.

Wlbte `lboerbt`sjk th` Lbws.01 Qhjs v`ry lekc bka prbitjiblwerf r`dlìtsWlbte's nest nbtur` theuchts ek th` suomìts ed `thjis, lbw bka àuibtjek."Ner` thbk bky eth`r werf ed Wlbte, th` Lbws stbkas jk ajrìt r`lbtjek te th`peljtjibl ljd` ed th` bc` jk whjih jt wbs ienpesà bka js n`bkt te sbtjsdy bpr`ssjkc d`lt k`à."00Ed sjckjdjibki` der ny ajsiussjek js Lbws : jk whjih th`l`cjslbter jktreaui`s irjnjkbl lbw bka pukjshn`kt,bka baar`ss`squ`stjeks edl`cbl r`speksjojljty. Iekt`nperbryBth`kjbk lbw bka l`cbl jkstjtutjeks jkc`k`rbl prevja` th` obsjs der th` a`tbjls,04bka se Lbws : durkjsh`s bk `xi`ll`ktseuri` der b ajsiussjek ed Bth`kjbkbttjtua`s tewbras sujija`.03Jk oeef : th`Bth`kjbk djrst ajsiuss`s "ibpjtbl irjn`s" jk a`si`kajkc era`r ed crbvjty-sbirjl`c`, tr`bsekbkapbrrjija`.Bdt`rh` nbf`s th` ajstjkitjeko`tw``k ibusjkchurt er less (Wdfibpq)ka bits ed jkmustji` (&b8tFtb)(842@-84?I), h` ir`bt`s bp`kbl iea` obsà ek thbt ajstjkitjek.H` th`k s`ts eut r`culbtjeksder ibs`s edhenjija`bkasujija`,p`kbltj`sderwhjiha`p`kaek th`nbjk ajdd`r`kiò`tw``kpXbplqbkabtFijb, ek th` stbtused th` pbrtj`s,bka ek jkveluktbryhenjija`,henjija` iennjttà jk bkc`r, bka veluktbry henjija`. Qh` lbst ibt`cery ednura`rs"whjih br` pr`nàjtbtàbka sprjkcdren sh``r jkmustji`-th` lbif ediektrel ev`r th` a`sjr` der pl`bsur`bka ev`r ek`'s lusts bkam`bleus d``ljkcs"(84:@) rì`jv` th` nest s`v`r` pukjshn`kt,kbn`ly thbt"h` nust o` pukjshàoy a`bthbkao` a`prjvàed ourjbljk th` ieuktryed hjs vjitjn. (Jk thjs wby wìbk shew h` hbs ket o``k dercjv`k, bka bveja jnpj`ty.)"(832A). Qhes` cujltyed spìjdji fjk-nura`rwjll o` `xìutàoy th` eddjijbls, bkathrewkeut, kbfà,bt b spìjdjà plbi` wh`r` thr`` rebas n``t eutsja` th` ijty. Qh` eddjijbls th`kstek` th` ierps`'s h`bate purjdy th` `ktjr`stbt`,bdt`rwhjih th` ierps` js ibsteut o`yeka th` oera`rsbkacrbktàke ourjbl(839B-O). Jnnàjbt`ly ellewjkcth` eutljk` ed thjs s`v`r` pukjshn`kt ien`s th` Bth`kjbk's ajsiussjek edsujija` (839I-A),08lecjiblly prei`àjkcdren b ajsiussjeked "fjk-nura`r."dsujija`." Out sur`ly h` ce`s tee dbr jk bss`rtjkc thbt Wlbte a`ljo`rbt`ly duzzj`sYeirbt`s' thjkfjkc ek thjs iruijbl suomìt.01 Y`` durth`r M. Ourk`t, Cr``f Whjlesephy, Qhbl`s te Wlbte (Lekaek 2:21)972-2?6 Qbyler (boev`, ket` 18) 149-:36 @. Obrf`r, Cr``f Weljtjibl Qhèry=Wlbte bka hjs Wràì`ssers (Lekaek 2:28) ?:?-9876 @. Obrf`r, Qh` WeljtjiblQheucht ed Wlbte bka Brjstetl` (K`w Zerf 2:0:) 289-?736 L. Ytrbuss, Qh`Brcun`kt bka Bitjek ed Wlbte's Lbws (Ihjibce 2:30)6 Q. L. Wbkcl`, Qh` Lbws edWlbte (Ihjibce bka Lekaek 2:87)6 bka _. D. Ytbll`y, Bk Jktreauitjek te Wlbte'sLbws (Jkajbkbpeljs 2:89).00 Qbyler (boev`, ket` 18) 149.04 Y`` C. _. Nerrew, Wlbte's Ir`tbk Ijty. B Hjsterjibl Jkt`rpr`tbtjek ed th`Lbws (Wrjki`tek 2:47) 011dd.03 Der rì`kt c`k`rbl ajsiussjeks, s`` Wbkcl` (boev`, ket` 01) 1:4-0716 bkaYtbll`y (boev`, ket` 01) 293-07. K`jth`r ek`, hew`v`r, ajsiuss`s th` Bth`kjbkl`cjslbter'svj`ws ek sujija`.QEv 8584j ubavQevTj tEtJ ev (iiEl 5y45ivev :jpJQbQev 7 &vb elFQ=jvk,Qj p-q kbaex`tv6 X5 y5E 85 06E bv jb-xrev rijvrk, QQvQkj6 `jtbpcvk l69brbe.r`tp&v uelpbv, QM'Q@eìQba4X, k 6 4jlik, .5jm5=`5pew8{Tpap.qFQq'6zpeeQ5 èeek xQu,M bvbyib(e:`j, pke@ bj(tXv.kt6 QtveI &xkepev ibj9jev)v5Qb6Xiv, vpyjb FBjbvbv0`jb%6 `txjb 5bXeQr yjFTbeo Fevsie j.zETQxEe Qb lb5T [fb E`7 elt`v b ]Wh v4eujtb yjyvèEibtx`pl FbEbpmet76 Q5

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujijaèk` iennjts sujija` wh`k jt js ket l`cblly era`ràoy th` Ytbt`,er wh`k h` jsket oura`kàoy sen` jktel`rbol`bka jk`vjtbol`njsdertukèr ajscrbi` thbtjso`yeka r`này, out n`r`ly fjlls hjns`ld oìbus` ed lbzjk`ss bka iewbraji`,0:th`k-ukljf` thes` iennjttjkcsujija`mustjdjboly, whe wjll o` ourjàoy th`jrfjk-th` iewbralysujija` wjll o` ourjàjk bk jselbtà plbi` bka jk th` obrr`kbka kbn`l`ss oera`rsed th` tw`lv` ajstrjits.Qh`y wjll o` der`v`r jkdbneusbkawjll hbv` k`jth`r b tenostek`ker tenos nbrfàwjth th`jrkbn`s.Jt js jkt`r`stjkcte ket` th` ajdd`r`ki` jk tek` wh`k Wlbte turkste th` suo-mìt ed sujija`, bs w`ll bs th` l`ss hbrshpukjshn`ktsh` pr`sirjo`s.Wlbtebanjtsibt`cerj`sed bii`ptbol sujija`s,bka nbf`sb il`br ajstjkitjeko`tw``kiewbralybkahekerbol sujija`,oìbus`threucheutLbws: h` c`k`rbllybss`rtsthbtpuk-jshn`kts der irjn`s nustvbry biierajkcte th`jrnetjv` bkaijriunstbki`.47kbaajtjek, sujija` js bii`ptbol` jd era`ràoy th` Ytbt`, j.`., Wlbte rìeckjz`sjkstjtutjekbl sujija`. Yur`ly Wlbte h`r` rìblls Yeirbt`s' ka.42Durth`rner`,dek` hbs dbll`k uka`r sen` `xiruijbtjkc pr`ssurèr te sen` uk`kaurbolàjs-crbi`, Wlbte jnplj`s ke pukjshn`kt js au`, bka th`r`der` sjtubt`s hjs ewkthjkfjkcwjthjkth` pepulbrnerbljtyw` ibk baaui` drenthèrbters,hjsterjbksbka trbcàjbks.4?d, hew`v`r, iewbrajièr lbzjk`ss (bpyjQ 8Y' FbI&tv4pjbt64tXjb)49 netjvbt`s ek`'s s`ld-a`struitjek, th`k th` sujija` vjitjn nust oòurjàblek`,bkajk ajscrbi`, k a`s`rtàplbi`sout wjthjk thòera`rs,wjtheutbh`bastek`. Lbt`rjk th`Lbws (:77@:-:72IO), th` l`cjslbtera`djk`s &pyjib kat`Xjbi bs `l`n`kts ed th` seul, whjih, sjki` jt js th` seuri` ed `v`rythjkc,nust o` th` seuri` ed vblu`s-ceea bka oba, dbjr bka deul, must bka ukmust(8:4A).41Yleth js thèddsprjkced iewbraji`(:72@0),bkaiewbraji` js b pbrtedobak`ss (:77@2). Jk eth`r weras, iewbraji` bka lbzjk`ss br` jkt`llìtubljiit Qb(p46, XEv5 yrQl346 Q` bib ibjret6 5j``,i(Qb v4eej)6 5bvipe_5TEE6xprjQEt6ByyQbXb y`v`t et5@jv b(XQete FibQbQJ QpeexbQx4ep`vb. ipevc0'5tvitJ 'ret6 E'Qf(e(pe7bpbtet peQev .5v Fbb 4vbc uY p.' 5v4vc @vQb(peu,`tib 5v Qej6 QIETe 5Fb eptjetet c5p(ev QEv eveb bpyb Fbtj bv&evv. b, EIbkQ5tv&iX`55j6 bXQEc6, JQ@Q5etjbtX6 XQ5ève4bikt 0qXfevQb6 QEJ6 Qaipevc6.0: Wlbte,ukdertukbt`ly,e`s ket cjv` `xbnpl`sed th` fjkas ed sujija`sh` iek-a`nks,out ek` njchtpessjoly brcu`thbtWhbàrb,whe n`ktjeks bzjk`ss bs thìbus` ed a`struitjek, heuch bppbr`ktlyk h`r ibs` lbzjk`ss n`bks ket iennjt-tjkc sujija`, er Hb`nekiennjt ukbii`ptbol sujija`s. Wlbte njcht ieka`nki`rtbjktrbcjisujija`soìbus`th`y c`k`rbt pjty der pbssjekbt bitjeks.Jk baaj-tjek, b sujija` whjih hbrnsdrj`kasnjcht blse o` k`cbtjv`ly uacà.Ye N. S.Oluka`ll, H`lpjkc Drj`kas bka Hbrnjkc @k`nj`s. B Ytuay jk Yepheil`s bka Cr``f@thjis (Ibnorjac` 2:8:), brcu`s ieki`rkjkc Bmbx. Hew`v`r, jk Bmbx's a`bth hàe`s hbrn hjs `k`nj`s oy hjs iurs` bka pbrbaexjiblly h`lps hjs drj`kas oy hjsqubsj-h`reji pew`r.47 Ytbll`y (boev`, ket` 01) 211.42 Ye _. Hbifderth, Wlbte's Whbàe (Jkajbkbpeljs 2:00) 94 k. 1. Y`` blse@ifst`jk (boev`, ket` 18) 18 whe ilbjns Yeirbt`s' a`bth wbs b sujija` ketoìbus` hjs ewk hbkas oreucht th` pejsek te hjs ljps, out oìbus` h` hbablt`rkbtjv`s ed cejkc jkte `xjl` er `sibpjkc dren prjsek.4? Y`` Aev`r (boev`, ket` 9) 243-4: whe succ`sts thbt thjs bttjtua` wbs dernàjk pbrt oy th`jr "hjch r`cbra der th` nbk whe dbi`s th` jkstrun`kt ed a`bthukdljkihjkcly."49 Qhjs js bk jkt`r`stjkc `xbnpl` ed hypekyny, ljf` thbt jk A`n. ?2.247"oìbus` ed hjs 5`tXjbbka &vbvpjbp." Y`` Aev`r (boev`, ket` 9) 41.41 Y`` Ytbll`y (boev`, ket` 01) 237-3?.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekprep`rtj`s, bka se Wlbte jnplj`s thbt jckeol` sujija` r`sults dren b a`dìtjv`seul. Qh`r`der`thjs fjkaed sujijaà`s`rv`s xilusjek bkapukjshn`kt,oìbus``v`k cea hjns`ld boherssuih b ihbrbit`r :72B4).40Wlbte's ajstjkitjeko`tw``kbii`ptbol`bkaukbii`ptbol` ujija` js ed sjkculbrsjckjdjibki`te b ajsiussjek edsujija` jk bktjqujty.S` hbv`blr`bayketàjt dr`qu`ktly.Bka v`k bk ukbii`pt-bol` sujija` rì`jv`s dbr l`ss pukjshn`ktthbk b veluktbryhenjija`. Il`brly,sen` `xtrb"sen`thjkc"bttbih`ste i`rtbjksujija` vjitjns, outWlbte nbf`s ken`ktjek ed th` k`à te purjdy th` `ktjr` stbt` (bs h` aja jk r`cbra te fjk-nura`r`rs),ker te a`ky ourjbl bltec`th`r. Wurjdjibtjek bka ourjbl r`st jk th`hbkas ed sujija` vjitjns' r`lbtjv`s.Jk Brjstetl`'s Kjienbih`bk @thjis ,44w` jkjtjblly `kieukt`r bk `kien-pbssjkc ieka`nkbtjeked sujija`, out hjs r`bseks der derojaajkcjt put sjckjdj-ibkt `nphbsjs ek jts seijbl bka peljtjibl rbnjdjibtjeks. Lbt`r, hew`v`r,Brjstetl` hjns`ld qubljdj`s hjs sw``pjkc prehjojtjek.Brjstetl`'s @thjis js t`lè-lecjibl= oeth th` Ytbt` bka th` jkajvjaublthreuchbitjek s``f th` ceea, whjihBrjstetl` a`djk`s bs "thbtbt whjih bll thjkcsbjn"(2.27:1B2-9). Qh` Ytbt` bkath` jkajvjaubl bjn bt th` sbn` ceea, theuchth` ceea jk th` Ytbt` js cr`bt`rbkakeol`r (2.27:1B?3-O22). Qhus `thjis oìen` b pbrt ed peljtjibl er seijblsij`ki`, j.`., bk jkajvjaubl oìen`s `xpljibol` bka ibk `xhjojt hjs ieurbc`(bv4p`jb)) jk t`rns ed hjs jkt`rbitjek wjth hjs seij`ty. Brjstetl` a`djk`s&bvpiij bs "b n`bk wjth r`spìtte thjkcs thbtjkspjrìekdja`kièr d`br...bkajt ihees`s er `kaur`sthjkcs oìbus` jt js keol` te ae se, er oìbus` jt js obs`ket te ae se" (9.222OB27-2?). Yujija` js hjs `xbnpl` (9.222OB2?-20).43Jt js,h` stbt`s, th` nbrfed b iewbra te aj` jk era`rte `sibp` drenpev`rtyer lev` erbkythjkc pbjkdul, oìbus` jt `xhjojts sedtk`ss te `sibp` dren whbt js treuol`-sen`. Qhjs fjka ed p`rsekae`s ket aj` oìbus` jt js keol`, out ekly te `sibp``vjl.Brjstetl` hbs blr`baystbtà thbt b typjibl eomìted d`br js a`bth,oìbus` "jtjs th` `ka, bka kethjkc js theuchtte o` bky lekc`r `jth`r ceea er oba der thà`ba"(22 20B?O-3). Qh`r`der`,ek` whe dbi`s a`bth nust hbv` ieurbc`,whjih`kbol`s hjn te `kaur` jt jk th` prep`r spjrjt. Qh` prenjk`kt plbi` Brjstetl`cjv`s te sujija` s``ns te jkajibt` thbt sujija` wbs b iurr`kt ssu` uka`rajsius-sjek, out thbt h` ieksja`rà th` suomìt k`àà ilbrjdjibtjek. Jk lbrc` pbrtBrjstetl`'s ajsiussjek js v`ry sjnjlbr te Wlbte's. Der`xbnpl`, sujija` te `sibp`

40 bp.jb eiiurs `ls`wh`r` jk Wlbte bka s``ns sen`tjn`s te r`d`r te physjibljal`k`ss ( Qh`bit. 209O4.0-46 Yynp. 2:2B8-O26 _`sp. 9:8@4-36 _`sp. 170i:-Al6 _`sp. 1??B2-?6 Lbws 342B2-?), bka sen`tjn`s jk baajtjek te th` Lbwspbssbc`s h`r` ijtà te jkt`llìtubl jkbitjvjty ( Yeph. ?9?B3-O26 Yeph. ?43A0-46Yynp. 28?A9-16 Whbàr. ?0:B?-9). Jk th` Qjnbùs 8:@4-3 bka :2@8-:?B2, hìenojk`s oeth physjibl bka jkt`llìtubl bspìts ed &pyjb, stbtjkc thbt th` seuloìen`s w`bf dren lbif ed netjek bka se c`ts irushà jkte b k`w physjibl dern.44 Y`` H. H. Mebihjn, Brjstetl`. Qh` Kjienbih`bk @thjis (Exdera 2:02)6 H. C.Bpestl`. Brjstetl`. Qh` Kjienbih`bk @thjis (Hellbka bka Oestek 2:30)6 D. H.@t`revjih, Brjstetl`'s Kjienbih`bk @thjis= Ienn`ktbry bka Bkblysjs(Sbshjkctek, A. I. 2:87)6 Q. Jrwjk, tr. Brjstetl`. Kjienbih`bk @thjis(Jkajbkbpeljs 2:80)6 Kussobun (boev`, ket` 8) `sp. ihbpt`rs 27 bka 22.43 t ' &e7vev,3mieItv p5ivyevQ(xbjvjbv @p7etbjj Qt XLktrlpev {i bv0p.je)u,&xbj &b.Xxev5txej). biulbe jb ybp QE4p`yitv Q4= o@jievb, jib.5. , cetFibX4vJ=el@vit, Bf =


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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`pev`rtys``ns te o` b derned Wlbte's sujija`"dren bzjk`ss bka iewbraji`."Jkbaajtjek, theuch Brjstetl` us`s th` wera LbXfbFjb whjih s``ns te succ`st bi`rtbjkp`ri`ptjeked `dd`njkbiysurreukaàujija`,48 ` ibr`dullyspìjdj`swhbtfjkaed sujija` js th` nbrfed b iewbra,bka wjth ner`prìjsjekthbkWlbte, h`blse ir`bt`s b ljst ed ukbii`ptbol`sujija`s whjih succ`sts thbt sen` typ`s edsujija` br`bii`ptbol`.Jk oeef 0 Brjstetl` ajsiuss`s mustji`, bka jk whbt s`ks` jt js b n`bk. Hìekià`s thbtmustji` js ket r`bllyb n`bk jk th` wby eth`r vjrtu`sbr`,out jk th`s`ks` thbt "jt r`lbt`s te bk jkt`rnàjbt`bneukt,whjl` jkmustji` r`lbt`s te th``xtr`n`s" (2299O97dd). Mustji` blse, blek` ed th` vjrtu`s, js theucht te o`bketh`r'sceea (2297B9-1). Yjki` thjs js th` ibs`, ibk b nbk tr`bthjns`ld uk-mustly er ket (2298B1)5 Brjstetl` prevja`s b k`cbtjv` bksw`r (2298B0dd).4:Qh`r`br`must bits, h` succ`sts, whjih br`pr`sirjoàoy th` lbw, bka sjki` th`lbw ae`s ket `xpr`ssly p`rnjtsujija`, jt derojas jt. Jd senèk` or`bfs th` lbwbka hbrns bketh`r veluktbrjly (thbt js, bk bc`kt whe fkews when h` jsbddìtjkc bka whbt h` js usjkc), h` bits ukmustly.Bkyek` whe jk bkc`r stboshjns`ld or`bfs th` lbw bka bits ukmustly, theuch ket tewbras hjns`ld outtewbras th` Ytbt`. Qh` sujija` whe fjlls hjns`ld jk bkc`r sudd`rs veluktbrjly,theuch ke ek` veluktbrjly sudd`rs jkmustji`. Qh`r`der` th` Ytbt` sudd`rs th`jkmustji`, bka se pukjsh`s sujija`s oy b i`rtbjk less ed ijvjl rjchts (blrtcb),whjih pr`sunbolyn`bks lbif ed ienn`nerbtjek,bka p`rhbpsiurtbjln`ktedth` usublrjtubls,b preiàur whjihWlbte blse deroba` eriewbralysujija`s.37

Il`brly, der Brjstetl` b sujija` pes`s b pbrbaexjibl preol`n whjih h`btt`nptste r`selv` jk t`rnsed sujija`'s `ddìts ek seij`ty. Brjstetl`,ljf` Wlbte,ieka`nksekly i`rtbjkfjkas ed sujija`,bkah`r` (bs eppesàte 9.2224B2?-20)kbrrewsth` ajstjkitjek v`k ner` te thes` whe iennjt sujija` 4t' 4epydv.Out48 Id. 2207O20, bka Jrwjk (boev`, ket` 44) 901.4: EJ4ipev 8' 5vx@5ibt li)bAQEv b&4uijv j e4, pbve5pEv ji5FQT 5jpl I5T(ev.,Qb .tlv ybp 5etJ rE)v 48tbjiev rb Fbrb t&bebv &p5@rxv {kt4 QeP v4EeujQ5xbyu5vb, etev 7B) lF5if55tBXQEFQJTTlTbel 5beQE4v 44ev, b85 u F55f545Jt,bj=byep`5Pt. nrxtrxbvk=bpb Qov v4jev WVXj.tck j&v`QT Xtbxiev 5F(T, &uiF5j,5F=&)T 4 5j0&6 Fib 4v ibbj e. 4 45Jpij v5itxov eWjX Qev5F=eTepve

84p&bpb QET p74v f4yev, E E4iFb 4 v4Epe6.&FI5j bpb. &f. ' jvb6 jm QrlTtE4 T, b'EQv 8' e 5Fiv ybp 3aex5t, &liF5jtbjt 4' et85jc6 5FixT. 4t bej Qxke4j6 2jltejj, Fbj QJ6 &tjpjtb tp4e5ieQj xe) lbuQov 8tbwp`5jpbvQt j6 Qrjv tjeXjv&buiej)vtj.37 Ek` weula ljf` te fkew, der jkstbki`, `xbitly whbt b&rtjjb b sujija` vjitjn(er hjs fjk5) nby jkiur. Jt s``ns ukljf`ly thbt Brjstetl` sheula o` r`d`rrjkc h`r`te p`kbltj`s ek ihjlar`k, out rbth`r s``ns te jkajibt` thbt iewbraly sujija`ssheula ket o` n`nerjbljzà. Ijtj`s, threuch puolji pr`ssur` rbth`r thbk wrjtt`klbw, nby c`k`rblly hbv` r`strjità duk`rbl hekers der "oba"sujija`s, bka preobolydbnjlj`s weula o` r`lbtjv`ly wjlljkc te o` l`ss iles` te suih a`ba, cjv`k th`jkt`ks` bnojvbl`ki` thbt th` r`lbtjv`s ed sujija`s d``l, `spìjblly w`bfly netj-vbtà sujija`s. M. Ourk`t, à., Qh` @thjis ed Brjstetl` (Lekaek 2:77) ?10, ijt`sB`sih. Bcbjkst It`sjphek ?11 bka sbys, "Jt js il`br dren thjs Vth` B`sihjk`spbssbc`5^ thbt th` &4tFjb ieksjstà jk orjkcjkc oleea-cujltjk`ss (cljbecb) ekth` stbt`, ket jk a`prjvjkc th` stbt` ed b ijtjz`k. H`ki` brtmj.b js th` bppreprjbt`pukjshn`kt, ket abnbc`s." Hew`v`r, jk iekt`xt Ourk`t's iekilusjek js dbr drenil`br, bka S. A. _ess's VBrjstetl`. @thjib Kjienbih`b (Exdera 2:20)^trbkslbtjek-kbn`ly, less ed ijvjl rjchts-s``ns ner` biiurbt` jk thbt jt r`tbjksth` bnojcujty ed Brjstetl`'s stbt`n`kt.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekwjth Brjstetl` w` r`nbjk squbr`lyjk th` r`bln ed seijbl thèry,bka hjs t`stj-neky suppertsth` succ`stjek thbtseijbl sjckjdjibki`bttbihàte sujija`s, bkathbtb ajstjkitjeko`tw``k ajdd`r`ktfjkased sujija``xjstà.A@YI_JWQJT@@TJA@KI@ Iektjkuà)

QrbcàyJk trbcày,bstekjshjkclyedt`k sujija`prevja`sihbrbit`rswjthb r`selutjekte th` uko`brbol pbjked ljvjkc. Jk 29 ed th` 9? `xtbkttrbcàj`s (jkiluajkcth`Bli`stjs) sujija` bka/er s`ld-sbirjdji` djcur` prenjk`ktly, wh`th`r bitubl,thr`bt`kà,er iekt`nplbtà.Jk 27 eth`rsirjpts,jt plbys b sjckjdjibktjkija`ktblrel`, bkajk sen` ed thàrbnbsner` thbkb sjkcl` jkstbkièd sujija` eiiur.Bllthr`` trbcàjbksus` th` netjd ed sujija` bs b n`bks ed `xplerjkc th` jkt`rr`lb-tjekshjp ed trbcji djcur`s wjth dbnjly, peljtjibl syst`ns, bka/er th` ceas, thbtjs, ed `xplerjkc th` bitjeks ed bk ja`bljzàjkajvjaublwjthjkb seij`tbl iekt`xt.Qh` jssu` ed trbcjisujija` js dbrtee ienpl`x der xhbustjv`tr`btn`kth`r`,outoy leefjkc bt s`v`k r`pr`s`ktbtjv` xbnpl`s w` ibk p`rhbpsedd`r sen` jksjchtjkte pepulbrbttjtua`sieki`rkjkc trbcjis`ld-a`struitjek,32whjih js der th` nestpbrt keol`, ieurbcèus, r`selut` bka seijblly-netjvbtà. J hbv` a`lbyà uktjlkew ajsiussjek ed sujija` jk trbcày oìbus` jk nbky wbys th` trbcàjbkspr`s`kt th` nest ienpl`x pjitur` ed bk jkh`r`ktly pbrbaexjiblph`ken`kek.Qrbcày olurs th` suotl` out jnpertbktajstjkitjeko`tw``k wjlljkck`ss te aj`rbth`r thbk dbjlur` te o`hbv` hekerboly (N`keìùs) bka `bc`rk`ss te aj`(Bktjcek`). T`ry edt`k trbcàyolbn`s sujija` ek eth`rpèpl` (`.c., Hb`nekbka @uryaji`),out dr`qu`ktlysujija` eiiurs oìbus` ed ek`'s s`ks` ed shbn`.Yujija` ibk o` ihbrbit`rjzàoy b sjl`kt `xjt (A`jbk`jrbbka@uryaji`),out blseoy s`ld-bkblysjs ed th` dbjlurèd jkt`crbtjek Bmbx, Bktjcek`bkaWhbàrb).Ekèd trbcày's eutstbkajkc ihbrbit`rjstjis js th` `xt`kt te whjih vjrtublly bllsujija`s rì`jv` synpbthy.Jk th` Aurfh`jnjbk sih`n`, pur` ibt`cerj`s der th` nest pbrt oìen`jkt`rnjkclà,bs trbcjiihbrbit`rs r`qu`ktlyd``l th` push bka pull ed eppesjt`t`ka`kij`s, r`sultjkc jk b t`ksjek bka bnojcujty whjih prìjpjtbt`s s`ld-a`struitjek.Jk th` s`v`k sujija`s te o` ajsiussàh`r`sjx ajdd`r`ktAurfh`jnjbkibt`cerj`seiiur.Jk `xtbkt B`sihyl`bk plbys, bitubl sujija` k`v`r eiiurs theuchIlyt`nk`strbilbjns te hbv` ar`bntboeut jt jk th` Bcbn`nkek, bka jk th`Yupplji`s sujija` thr`bts dern bk jnpertbktienpek`kt jk th` dborji ed th`plby.3?Qh` Abkbjas' thr`bto`cjks bs b v`jlà r`d`r`ki`,out oìen`s ner`bka

32 Derstuaj`s ed sujija`jk arbnb, `` `.c., Fbtseurjs,Y`ja`kstjif`r kaLerbux(boev`,ket` 9). Der b stuayed trbcjisujija`whjih us`s th` seijelecjiblthèryed Aurfh`jn, `` @. W. Cbrrjsek,Yen` Iekt`xtsed Yujija` jk Cr``f Qrbcày(Ytbkderaajss`rtbtjek2:83).3? Y`` durth`r . H. Djkl`y,Mr.,Wjkabr bka B`sihylus(Ibnorjac`,Nbss. 2:00)2:0-?786 B. D. Cbrvj`,B`sihylus' Yupplji`s. Wlby bka Qrjlecy (Ibnorjac`2:4:)6 H. Drjjs Mehbks`kbka @. S. Shjttl`,àa., B`sihylus= Qh` Yuppljbkts(Iep`khbc`k2:87)6 _. W. Sjkkjkctek-Jkcrbn,tuaj`sjk B`sihylus(Ibnorjac`2:89) 00-3?6 bkaN. Yjih`rl,"Aj`Qrbcjfa`rAbkbja`k,"NusùnH`lv`tjiun 9(2:84) 82-227.

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`ner` enjkeus bs th` bitjek prei`às, uktjl bt 2. 140 th`jr thr`bt ed pellutjekir`bt`s b turkjkcpejkt jk th` plby wh`r` r`ljcjeus butherjtypr`vbjls ev`r ijvjilbw.39 W`lbscus r`spekas te th` thr`bted a`bth pellutjek oy ienplyjkc wjthth`jr a`nbka der pretìtjek. Out eki` th`y hbv` bttbjkàth`jrcebl th`y l`bvèdd ie`rijek, theuchket th` ja`b ed sujija`. Qh` pretìtjekedd`ràoy W`lbscusbdt`r th`jrie`rijv` sujija` thr`bts``ns t`kueuskew, bkath`y d``l ekly a`spbjrbka a`sp`rbtjek.Qh`r`der`, th` thjra stbsjnek (334dd),31 th` "@sibp` Yekc,"oìen`s bk `lboerbtà`bth wjsh jk whjih th`y stbt` th`jrwjlljkck`ss te aj` oyvbrjeus n`theas.Qh`y s`` jk th`jrpessjol` sujija`s b wby te `nphbsjz` th`jrdr`àen dren th` rul`s ed b seij`ty thbto`trethàth`n te uka`sjrbol`nbt`s,der, th`y iekilua`, ekly jk a`bthwjll th`y djka r`l`bs` dren th`jr jlls (87?-9).Qhjs djkbl sujija` thr`btshews th` xt`kt te whjih th`y br`pr`pbrà e bssun`r`speksjojljty erth`ns`lv`s,bkay`t thjs`lboerbt` ujija`thr`btr`plbi`sbitublsujija`, sjki` th` Abkbjas br` a`stjkà te iennjt vjel`ki` bcbjkst eth`rs.30Shjl` th` ie`rijv` thr`bt erns b pjvet der th` bitjek ed th`plby bka ibrrj`sth`bitjek derwbra, h` lyrjibla`bth wjsh ed th``sibp` sekc hblts bitjek.B`sihylus`kc`ka`rspjty jk us der th` suppljbktsoìbus` ed th` urc`kiyed th`jrpràjib-n`kt,bka d`broìbus` th`jrsujijablwjsh`s jkt`ksjdyth`jrvjel`ktkbtur`s.Jk `xtbkt Yepheil`s, sujija`s boeuka. Yjx ed th` s`v`k plbys hbv` bt l`bstek` sujija` bka/ersujija` thr`bt.Bmbx, Bktjcek`,@uryaji`,Hb`nek,A`jbk`jrbbkaMeibstb bll fjll th`ns`lv`s, whjl` @lìtrb bkaWhjleit`t`s thr`bt`k e ae se,bka th` iherus d`brs Eàjpusnby fjll hjns`ld.34Bll ed th` sujija`s Yepheil`sa`pjits bs keol` bka uka`rstbkabol`,bka bll ed th` vjitjns fjll th`ns`lv`s jkr`speks`te seij`tblpr`ssur`s.Qh` Bmbx prevja`sbk `xi`ll`kt `xbnplèd seijelecjibl bspìts bt werf jkCr``f trbcày,33whjih w` ibk `xbnjk` threuchth` vbrjeus netjvbtjeks der

39 Djkl`y (boev`, ket` 3?) ?7?.31 Der ajsiussjeks ed thjs ea` s`` _. A. Nurrby,Qh` Netjd ed Je jk B`sihylus'Yuppljbkts (Wrjki`tek 2:08) 3?-396 N. Fbjnje, Qh` Iherus ed Cr``f Arbnb(H`lsjkfj 2:37) ?1?-196 bka Q. _es`kn`y`r, Qh` Brt ed B`sihylus (O`rf`l`y2:8?) 24?.30 Ojoljecrbphy ek th` trjlecy jkilua`s _. W. Sjkkjkctek-Jkcrbn,"Qh` AbkbjaQrjlecy," MHY 8? (2:42) 212-0?6 Cbrvj` (boev`, ket` 3?) ihbpt`r 0 wjth dullojoljecrbphjibl ijtbtjeks6 Drjjs Mehbks`k bka Shjttl` (boev`, ket` 3?) 2.17-006bka Yjih`rl (boev`, ket` 3?).34 Hjrz`l (boev`, ket` 9) :1 iekilua`s dren thjs bstekjshjkc stbtjstji thbtYepheil`s hjns`ld nby hbv` hba b prep`ksjty te sujija`.3 Ojoljecrbphy jkilua`s Q. vek Sjlbnewjtz-Ne`ll`kaerdd, Aj` arbnbtjsih`Qìhkjf a`s Yephefl`s (O`rljk 2:2:)6 I. H. Shjtnbk, Yepheil`s= B Ytuay edH`reji Hunbkjsn (Ibnorjac`, Nbss. 2:02)6 Q. O. L. Sòst`r, Cr``f Qh`bt`rWreauitjek (Lekaek 2:04)6 O. N. S. Fkex, "Qh` Bmbx ed Yepheil`s," HYIW 40(2:42) 2-936 W. Bnett, Cr``f Yi`kji Iekv`ktjeks (Exdera 2:4?)6 N. Sjceasfy,"Qh` 'Yblvbtjek' ed Bmbx," H`rn`s :7 (2:4?) 21:-086 S. O. Ytbkdera, à.,Yepheil`s Bmbx (Lekaek 2:49)6 O. N. S. Fkex, Qh` H`reji Q`np`r= Ytuaj`s jkYepheil`bk Qrbcày (O`rf`l`y bka Les Bkc`l`s 2:41)6 W. Ojccs, "Qh` Ajs`bs`Qh`n` jk Yepheil`s' Bmbx, Whjleit`t`s bka Qrbihjkjb`," IW 42 (2:44) ??9-906N. Yjnpsek, "Yepheil`s' Bmbx= Hjs Nbak`ss bka Qrbksdernbtjek," Br`thusb ?(2:4:) 88-2796 C. H. C`llj`, Yepheil`s= B _`bajkc (N`loeurk` 2:3?)6 M. Qyl`r,"Yepheil`s' Bmbx bka Yepheil`bk Wlet Iekstruitjek,"BMW :0 (2:31) ?1-1?6 N.Yjih`rl, "Qh` Qrbcji Jssu` jk Yepheil`s' Bmbx," ZIY ?0 (2:33) 43-:86 I. W.Cbrajk`r, "Qh` Ytbcjkc ed th` A`bth ed Bmbx," IM 30 (2:3:) 27-216 7. Qbpljk,

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@ljs` W. CbrrjsekBmbx's sujija`. Bmbx o`lj`v`s hjs sujija` wjll bllew hjn te bveja neif`ry, terìekijl` hjns`ld wjth th` ceas, te prev` te hjs dbth`rthbt h` wbs ket b iewbra.Er, jk t`rns ed hjs r`lbtjekshjpte seij`ty, te nbjktbjkhjs heker bka ev`rien`hjs shbn`, te r`jkt`crbt`hjns`ld jkte r`ljcjeus seij`ty, bka te o` tru` te hjs"wbrrjer" thes. Jkbaajtjek e th`s`"pesjtjv`"r`bseksdersujija`,Bmbxblse hbs"k`cbtjv`"netjvbtjeks,kbn`ly hjs r`mìtjeked iekt`nperbryvblu`s, whjih jsshewk oy hjs crewjkc bka s`ld-jnpesà jselbtjek dren ceas bka n`k. Qh`jnpertbki` ed hjs seljtua` jk hjs aìjsjek te fjll hjns`ld js shewk oy th`s`v`rbl wbys Yepheil`s pr`s`kts jt. Der `xbnpl`, bt 9:4dd Bmbx bifkewlàc`sthbt h` ibk leef te k`jth`rceas ker hunbksder h`lp6bt 108dd, h` stbt`s thbth`js hbtàoy th` ceas, oy hjs d`llew wbrrjers,bka `v`k oy th` lbka jts`ld. Qh`tbol`bu ed Bmbx pjtjdully sjttjkc bnjast th` slbucht`rà bkjnbls (981-0:0)pr`s`ktsbk Bmbx pbssjv`ly ihbll`kcjkchjs h`reji seij`ty, der h` hbs btt`nptàte iennjt nura`roy tr`bih`ry.38Qh` iherus dr`qu`ktlyket`s hjs jselbtjek oyeos`rvbtjekssuih bs "d`àjkchjs ewk njkabpbrt" 421). Bmbxhjns`ld s``ns teuka`rstbkahjs jselbtjek bka h` uka`rsier`s t jk hjs dbneus seljlequy (414dd).Durth`rner`, h` jnpljà obifcreukaed th` plby, kbn`ly hjs blj`kbtjek drentwe seij`tj`s, pejckbktlyr`njkasus ed hjs jselbtjek, der h` r`dlìts th` iekdljito`tw``k th` trbajtjekblh`reji ja`bl bka djdth-i`kturyr`bljty.3:Qh` si`k` ed th`bitublsujija`,87ts r`nevbldren th` ibnp,v`ry arbnbtjibllykajibt`shjs utt`rblek`k`ss. N`k`lbusbkaBcbn`nkekblse s`rv` bs r`njka`rsed Bmbx's ukjqu`pesjtjek, `v`k bdt`r h` js a`ba= bt 2743-48 N`k`lbusket`s thbtek` ieula ketrul` Bmbx whjl` h` wbs bljv`, bka Bcbn`nkek (2?91) sierkdully rìbllsQùi`r'silbjn thbtBmbx ibn` te Qreyuka`rhjs ewk iennbka.Bka ed spìjblsjckjdjibki`, th`preph`tjiwbrkjkc(301-3:), est`ksjolyderBmbx, k`v`r r`bih`shjn.82I`rtbjklyth` prephìy, ljf` nbky prephìj`sjk Cr``ftrbcày,shewsthbt th`r` js b ajvjk` plbkbt werf,8?out ke eth`rprephìyr`nbjksukr`v`blàCr``fQrbcày k Bitjek(O`rf`l`ybka Les Bkc`l`s 2:3:)6_. S. O. Ourtek,QhÌherusjk Yepheil`s'Qrbcàj`s Exdera2:87)6W. Helt,"Bmbx'sBjln`kt,"_bnus: (2:87) ??-996 I. W. Y`cbl, Qrbcày bka Ijvjljzbtjek. Bk Jkt`rpr`tbtjekedYepheil`s (Ibnorjac`,Nbss. 2:82)6 _. W. Sjkkjkctek-Jkcrbn,epheil`s. BkJkt`rpr`tbtjekIbnorjac` :82)6Y. W. Njlls,"QhÀ`bthed Bmbx,"IM 34 (2:87-2:82) 2?:-906 _. Yiea`l, Yepheil`s (Oestek 2:81)6 M. D. Abvjasek,"Yepheil`bkArbnbturcykath` Bmbx OurjblAòbt`s,"_bnus 21 (2:80) 24-?:6I. Yerun,"Yepheil`s'Bmbxjk Iekt`xt,"IS3: (2:84) 942-336 I. W. Cbrajk`r,Qh`Yepheil`bkIherus.B Ytuayed Ihbrbit`r ka Dukitjek JewbIjty 2:83)6N.H`bth,Qh`We`tjised Cr``fQrbcày Ytbkdera2:83)6D. Meubk,"Bmbx,a'Hen`r`b Yepheil`," L 9: (2:83) 43-396 bka Oluka`ll(boev`,ket` 0:).38 Der eth`r sjckjdjibkt tbol`bux jk th` Bmbx s`` Qbpljk (boev`, ket` 33) 278-:.3: Y`` Yerun (boev`, ket` 33).87 Der ajsiussjeks ieki`rkjkc th` stbcjkc ed th` sujija` s`` `.c., Sòst`r(boev`, ket` 33) 23-286 Brkett (boev`, ket` 33) 292-996 Ytbkdera (boev`, ket`33) 239-316 Cbrajk`r, "Ytbcjkc," (boev`, ket` 33) 27-216 H`bth (boev`, ket`33) 2:?dd.82 Der ajsiussjeks ed th` prephìy s`` `.c., Sjlbnewjtz-Ne`ll`kaerdd (boev`,ket` 33) 0?-096 Fbn`ro``f, "Wrephìy bka Qrbcày," Nk`nesyk` 28 (2:40) ?:-176 Sjceasfy (boev`, ket` 33) 21:-086 bka Cbrrjsek (boev`, ket` 32).8? Qyl`r (boev`, ket` 33) ?1-1?, brcu`s thbt Iblihbs' biieukt bttrjout`s Bmbx'sa`bth te `v`kts dblljkc `ktjr`ly eutsja` ed th` bitjek ed th` plby, j.`., ajvjk`r`trjoutjek der hyorjs. Qh` eth`r sja` ed th` stery, th` hunbk netjvbtjeks, ir`bt`s

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`te jts suomìt.89Der th` plbys ed Yepheil`s, jk pbrtjiulbr,erbil`s dukitjek teshew th` ajstbki` o`tw``k hunbkfkewlàc`bka ajvjk`wjll,81bkaYepheil`bkjreky thrjv`s ek hunbkbtt`nptste ev`rien`hunbk jnjtbtjeks.Bmbx ajsabjksajvjkjty.H` js ukieki`rkàwjth th` k`à te btt`npt e ajsiev`rajvjk`purpes`.Qhjs ir`bt`s th` jreky jk th` Bmbx= a`spjt` hjs sierk ed jt, ajvjk` purpes`pr`vbjls. Jt `xjsts wjtheut hjs fkewlàc` ed jt, bka oy f``pjkc th` prephìydren Bmbx Yepheil`s hbs a`dtly ir`btà bketh`rwby jk whjih te a`pjit b h`rea`tbihà dren h`reji seij`ty. Qrbcji ihbrbit`rs nby try te a`dy er r`sjsterbil`s-ek` k`à ekly thjkfed Eàjpuser Meibstb-out th`y blwbys bt l`bstfkew whbt th` erbil`s preph`sy. Out oìbus` Bmbx js dbr r`nevà dren hjswerla h` ae`s ket v`k rì`jv` th` prephìy,bka hjs sujija` ibk o` k`jth`rbr`speks`te kerb rò`lljek dren jt. Biierajkcly,ek` nust leef te Bmbx hjns`ldbka hjs pesjtjek jk hjs seij`ty der hjs netjvbtjekste sujija`.Hjs jselbtjek r`sults ket se nuih dren hjs n`cblenbkjbibl prja`,80outrbth`r dren hjs btt`nptte nbjktbjk trbajtjekblvblu`s wh`k seij`ty ke lekc`rp`rnjtsjt. Qhbt js te sby, wh`k Bmbx wbs pbssà ev`r bt th`muacn`kted brns,trbajtjekbl vblu`s oref` aewk, oìbus` theuch jk b h`blthy h`reji seij`tynbrtjbl br`t` tbf`s prìà`ki` ev`r bll `ls`, h`r` th` brns w`r` crbktà teEayssùs,b r`pr`s`ktbtjv` d b seij`ty wjth ajdd`r`ktvblu`s,"jkb ieurt'snbmer-jty v`rajit"(2?19). Z`t th` plby a`pjits ner` thbk b sjnpl` or`bfaewked ek`typ` ed seij`ty, oìbus` jk th` p`rsek ed Bmbx jt a`pjits th` iekdljit o`tw``kh`reji bka djdth-i`kturyr`bljty.84Yujija` hbpp`ksbt suih b irjtjibl nen`kt,wh`k ek` djkas ek`s`ld jk th` nbrcjkblbr`bjk whjih ek` s`t ed vblu`s js o`jkcr`plbià oy bketh`r, out k`jth`r s`t ed vblu`s js ienpl`t`ly `stboljshà jkseij`ty.83Bmbx's `xi`ssjv` h`rejinerbljty,er jk Aurfh`jnjbk `rnjkelecy,hjsstbt` ed `xi`ssjv` jkajvjaubtjek,oeth synptenjz`sb seij`ty jk aìby, bka th`sbn` `xi`ss blse pr`v`kts hjs jkt`crbtjekjkte bk `n`rcjkc out l`ss jkajvja-ubljstji seij`ty. Oìbus` Bmbx hbs s`t hjs ewk p`rsekbljty "ek se hjch bpà`stbl thbtjt ibk ke lekc`r o` suoerajkbtà e bkythjkc,"88 js ekly selutjekb plby wjth b aeuol`plet, oeth sja`s ed whjih r`sult drenBmbx's `xtr`n`s`ld-iekdja`ki`.89 H`reaetus `lbt`sek` jkstbkièd bk erbil`whjih js cjv`k te senèk` eth`rthbkth` p`rsekieki`rkà. k 4.2: h` rìerasthbtwh`k th` Brcjv`s w`r` iek-sultjkcth` A`lphjierbil`boeutth` sbd`tyed th`jrewk ijty b r`speks wbs cjv`kwhjih ket ekly bksw`rà th`jr jnnàjbt` ieki`rk out whjih iektbjkà bkbaajtjekblpbssbc`boeutNjl`tus.Bltheuchth` Njl`sjbkshba ke der`fkewlàcèd th`jr pràjitàaeen, jt ibn` boeutkek`th`l`ss.Wbrf` bka Sern`ll,QhÀ`lphjiErbil`J bkaJJ (Exdera2:04)81, bkaHewbkaS`lls,B Ienn`ktbrykH`reaetus, ? vels. (Exdera 2:2?) 2.37-32, :1-:0, bii`pt jt bs c`kujk`.Hew`v`r, M. Dekt`kres`,Qh` A`lphji Erbil`= Jts _`speks`s bka Ep`rbtjeks(O`rf`l`y2:38) 24: qu`stjeks h` buth`ktjijty d th` "aeuol erbil`"oìbus`keeth`rWythjbkr`speks`sbaar`ssbkyekòut th` ieksultbkt.81 Sjkkjkctek-Jkcrbn(boev`, ket` 33) 282 k. 1.80 Id. Sjkkjkctek-Jkcrbn(boev`, ket` 33) ?7.84 Ye Yerun (boev`, ket` 33).83 Y`` Aurfh`jn (boev`, ket` 4) 208dd. Jt js ajddjiult te fkew wh`th`r th` plbyr`dlìts b r`bl irjsjs ed vblu`s jk Bth`ks er wh`th`r Yepheil`s uka`rsteea thjsjkstjkitjv`ly, out i`rtbjkly th` trbcàjbks w`r` jkdernà oy er susi`ptjol` te th`jkdlu`ki` ed th` Yephjsts, whe brtjiulbtànbky ed th` vblu` irjs`s.88 Aurfh`jn (boev`, ket` 4) ??3 boeut th` `cejstji sujija`.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekbneukts te whbtAurfh`jnweula hbvìbllà"`cejstjisujija`,"ienojkà wjthb d``ljkc ed bkenj`whjih h` ajsplbys oy hjs iurs`bcbjkstthes` h` h`lar`spek-sjol` der hjs ukhbppjk`ss.Hjs heker,sljchtàbt th`muacn`kted brns,là hjnte btt`npt nura`roy tr`bih`ry, bka hjs shbn` bt hbvjkc dbjlà là hjn tesujija`. Hjs sujija` biieras wjth hjs ketjek thbt te ljv` keoly bka te aj` keolyo`djt th` nbk ed keol` oleea (133-87), bka th`plby k`v`ra`pjitsth` sujija` bsiewbralyer a`s`rvjkced pukjshn`kt, jki` jk th` ka Bmbx js crbktàourjbl.Jkdbit, th` ihbrbit`rs kvelvà jk th` iektrev`rsyev`r Bmbx's ourjblk`v`r r`d`r tehjs sujija` bt bll, ker js th`r`bky succ`stjek thbtourjbl js sen`hew b ieki`s-sjek bka thbtourkjkcweula hbv` o``k ner` typjibl jd Bmbx hba ajà jk senèth`r wby. Ed ieurs`, trbcji djcur`s br` blwbys lbrc`r thbk ljd`, bka iljkc teja`bls whjih eutstrjpr`bljty,out eur r`bitjek te Bmbx js ek` ed pjty bkar`spìt,ket lebthjkcer d`br.8:Bktjcek` r`pr`s`ktsb ner` pbrbaexjibl bspìt ed th` `ddìt ed seij`ty ekek`'s aìjsjek te iennjt sujija`.:7Qhreucheuth`r plby sh` js arjv`koy iek-dljitjkc deri`s=th` a`sjr` te o` r`jkt`crbtàwjth h`ra`badbnjly,bkah`r r`dusblte o` jkt`crbtàjkte h`r peljs. Nuih ed thjs iekdljit r`sekbt`s jk ek` ed th`pr`vbl`ktnetjds ed th` plby, th` Orja` ed Hba`s netjd, whjih edt`k prevja`s bpejkted iekv`rc`ki`der twe eth`r npertbkt h`n`s=a`bthbkanbrrjbc`.Qh`s`th`n`s eiiur sjckjdjibktly jk vjrtublly v`ry `pjsea` ed th` Bktjcek`, out dereurpurpes`sth` deurth`pjsea` prevja`sth` nest strjfjkc`xbnplèd th` Orjaèd Hba`s netjd usà bs b ieki`ktrbtàbka suiijkit stbt`n`kted th` a`bthbkanbrrjbc` nbc`ry.Qheuch fkewjkc dren th` eks`t ed th` bitjek thbtsh` nustaj`, Bktjcek`hbs kew l`brkàthbtsh` wjll o` ourjàbljv`, bka sh` js herrjdjà.Qh` nbrrjbc` kaa`bth nbc`rywhjihhbs o``k brtjiulbtàk `v`rysi`k` bkaoybll nbmerihbrbit`rskew n`rc`sjk ek` sjnpl`s`kt`ki`="J wjll nbrryBih`rek"

8: Y`` Sbliet(boev`,ket` 9) ?90-94 der sen` orj`d out jkijsjvìenn`ktsekth` sujija` ed Bmbx.:7 Ojoljecrbphykilua`s_. D. Ceh``k,Qh`Jnbc`ryed Yepheil`s'Bktjcek`.BYtuay ed We`tji Lbkcubc`bka Ytruitur` Wrjki`tek2:02)6Shjtnbk boev`,ket`33)6 I. Y. L`vy, "Bktjcek`'sNetjv`s= B Yucc`stà Jkt`rpr`tbtjek," BWB :1(2:49) 293-116 I. W. Y`cbl, "Yepheil`s'Wrbjs` ed Nbk bkath` Iekdljitsed th`Bktjcek`,"Brjek 9 (2:41) 14-446 Fkex, H`reji Q`np`r(boev`, ket` 33)6 C.Null`r, Yephefl`s Bktjcek` (H`ja`lo`rc 2:43)6 S. N. Ibla`r, "Yephefl`s'Weljtjibl Qrbcày,Bktjcek`,"C_OY :(2:48) 98:-1736 C`llj` (boev`, ket` 33)6M. I. Fbn`ro``f,Qh` Wlbys ed Yepheil`s.Wbrt JJJ. Qh`Bktjcek` L`ja`k 2:38)6Ourtek(boev`, ket` 33)6 H. _ehajih,Bktjcek`. O`jtrbc zu `jk`r Qhèrj` a`ssephefl`jsih`kH`la`k (H`ja`lo`rc2:87)6Sjkkjkctek-Jkcrbnboev`,ket` 33)6Y`cbl (boev`,ket` 33)6 Yiea`l (boev`,ket` 33)6 Y. Nurkbchbk, Bktjcek` :71-?7 bka th` Jkstjtutjeked Nbrrjbc`,"BMW 273 (2:84) 2:?-?736 Lerbux(boev`,ket` 9) `sp. 92-9? bka 986 _. S. Oushk`ll,"Ytbc`Qyrbkts.Qh` Ibs` ed Irèkbka Ib`sbr,"INL 3 (2:83) 32-806 Cbrajk`r,Iherus (boev`,ket` 33)6 A. H.Wert`r,EklyIekkìt.Qhr``Ytuaj`s k Cr``fQrbcày Lbkhbn,NA 2:83)6I. S.Eua`nbksbka B. W. N. H. Lbrajkejs,Qrbcji Bnojcujty. Bkthrepelecy,Whjlesephy bka Yepheil`s' Bktjcek` (L`ja`k 2:83)6 _. S. Oushk`ll,Wreph`syjkcQrbcày.Yjck bka Teji` jk Yepheil`s' QhòbkWlbys (JthbibbkaLekaek 2:88)6 Oluka`ll (boev`, ket` 0:)6 I. Yeurvjkeu-Jkweea, Qh` DeurthYtbsjnek ed Yepheil`s' Bktjcek`,"OJIY 94 (2:8:) 212-406 I. Yeurvjkeu-Jkweea, "Bssunptjeks bka th` Ir`btjek ed N`bkjkc= _`bajkc Yepheil`s'Bktjcek`,"MHY 27: (2:8:) 291-186 _. Cbrk`r,DrenHen`rte Qrbcày.Qh`Brted Bllusjek k Cr``fWe`try(Lekaek2::7) 89-:7.

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`(824), jk ek` orj`d outr`v`bljkcn`tbpher.Yh` `kvjsjeksh`rpr`nbtur a`bthbsb nbrrjbc`,bka thjs jk pbrtoìbus` sh` s``s h`r"ljd`"bs hbvjkc n`bkjkc eklyjk th` uka`rwerlawh`r` sh` wjll mejk h`rdbnjly.:2Yh` blse r`njkasus oy thjsstbt`n`kt thbt sh` r`nbjks der`v`rb nbja`k,bka h`r s`xubljty wjll ekly ienèd bc` jk h`r a`bth, a`bth oy h`r ewk hbka, bka ket threuchh`r nbrrjbc`teHb`nek. Sh`k sh` `xpr`ss`s thjs orj`d n`tbpher,sh` fkews sh` wjll aj` bherrjolà`bth, bka se th` prei`ss l`bajkc te h`r "bktjijpbtery"ujija` suotlyo`cjks. Yh` ihees`s Kjeo` bs h`r nythelecjibl `x`nplun-th`r` wbs ke`sibp` der h`r dren h`rreifiev`rjkc`jth`r.:?Qh` ienpbrjsek e Kjeo` iblls tenjka p`trjdjibtjek.Bktjcek` wjll ket p`trjdy jk th` s`ks` ed ayjkc slewly, outrbth`rjk th` s`ks` ed ayjkc ukduldjllà bs b wenbk. H`r r`c`k`rbtjv` pew`r,ukljf`Kjeo`'s, wjll p`trjdy`v`k o`der`jt ibk o`cjk. Z`t sh` pr`s`ktsh`rjkt`k-tjek te fjll h`rs`ld se suotly thbt jt lua`s th` iherus,der jk th` deurthstbsjnekth` nythelecjibl`xbnpl`s ed jnprjsekn`ktwhjih il`brly p`rtbjk e Bktjcek`,Abkb` bka Ilèpbtrb, br` `xbnpl`s jk whjih th` jnprjsekà wen`k br`r`siuà.:9Bktjcek` tbf`s iektrelev`r h`r ljd` bka h`r s`xubljty jk h`r sujija`threuchhbkcjkch`rs`ld wjth h`rcjral`, th` lees`kjkc ed whjih synoeljz`s h`rless ed vjrcjkjty,:1out b less whjih prìlua`s r`c`k`rbtjekbka thusjkt`crbtjekjkte h`rpeljs. Qh` Orjaèd Hba`sn`tbpher ren kew ek jk th`plby neaulbt`sdren th` jnbc`ryed a`bthjk c`k`rblte th` jnbc`ryed sujija`jk pbrtjiulbr.Qh``xeaes js dull ed a`bth,spìjdjiblly sujija`, bs th` n`ss`kc`r-jk th` pr`s`kièd @uryaji` whe jk turk fjlls h`rs`ld-r`perts th` sujija`s ed Hb`nek bkaBktjcek`,bka bs h` ae`s se h` blse `npleys th` n`tbpher 2?71-06 2?17-12).Bktjcek`'s sujija` `x`npljdj`s b i`ktrblpbrted Aurfh`jn'sa`djkjtjek edsujija`. H`r a`bth js oeth th` r`sult ed bk jkajrìtk`cbtjv` bitjek jk thbt shàjseo`ys Irèk's era`r,bka js bt th` sbn` tjn` b ajrìt,pesjtjv` bit=sh` hbkcsh`rs`ld. H`r jkt`kt js `xpljijt. Oy 2. 3? sh` stbt`s h`r bwbr`k`ss ed th` ieks`-qu`ki`sed h`ra`djbki`= jt js ceea der n` aejkc thjs te aj`. Qe ljv` keoly, te aj`bs b nbrtyr e ek`'s iekvjitjeks-th` Bmbxjbknbxjnhelas der Bktjcek`.Jk Bktjcek`'s w`ll-fkewk sp`ìh boeut"ukwrjtt`kbws" (147-37) wh`r`sh` a`sirjo`s seij`ty jk t`rns ed ]ùs, Ajf`'s lbws, th` peljs bka th` dbnjly,sh` iektrbsts twe seijbl struitur`s, ek` obsà ek Irèk's lbws, ek` ek

:2 Y`` Cbrlbka (boev`, ket` 9) ihbpt`r 06 bka Oluka`ll (boev`, ket` 0:) ihbpt`r1.:? Der Bktjcek` bs b nbt`r aeleresb, s`` Y`cbl, Qrbcày bka Ijvjljzbtjek(boev`, ket` 33) 287-896 bka Eua`nbks (boev`, ket` :7) 288-8: whe str`ss`sthbt theuch Bktjcek` rìeckjz`s th` sjnjlbrjty, sh` ae`s ket bii`pt h`r sjtubtjek.:9 Der ajsiussjeks ed thjs ienpljibtà ea` s``, `.c., Ourtek (boev`, ket` 33)6Cbrajk`r, Iherus (boev`, ket` 33)6 Eua`nbks (boev`, ket` :7) 214-026Yeurvjkeu-Jkweea, "Deurth Ytbsjnek" (boev`, ket` :7) 212-406 bka Cbrk`r(boev`, ket` :7) 89-:7.:1 Lerbux (boev`, ket` 9) 92-9?, oìbus` sh` ajstjkcujsh`s o`tw``k speus`swhe iennjt sujija` bka vjrcjks whe br` fjllà, nust sen`hew biieukt derBktjcek`'s sujija`. Yh` succ`sts thbt jk dbit Bktjcek`'s sujija` js b sert edbokernbl sbirjdji`, obsà ek Irèk's weras bt 339-87. Out Irèk nbf`s b d`òl`btt`npt te rja hjns`ld ed cujlt, bka th`s` d`w weras ed hjs br` ket r`pr`s`ktbtjvèd Bktjcek`'s p`ri`ptjeks er bitjeks.

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@ljs` W. Cbrrjsekukwrjtt`k lbws.:0Bs b prepek`kted ela`r, trbajtjekblvblu`s sh` s`ts h`rs`ldbpbrtdren th` ljd` ed th`peljs, out sjki` th`s` trbajtjekblvblu`s plbi` cr`bt`nphbsjs ek dbnjly ljd`, sh` iennjts sujija` oeth te `sibp` Irèk's werlawhjih sh` r`dus`s te uka`rstbkabka te mejk, out blse, pbrbaexjiblly, te mejkr`pr`s`ktbtjv`sed b sjnpl`r werla. Bka h`r `xjt sp`ìh rìeras y`t bketh`rbnojcujty=h`rwjlljkck`ss te aj`, h`r"nbrtyraen,"s `xpr`ssàoy Jsn`k` bkaIrèk, jkajibt`s h`r lbif ed jkt`crbtjekjkte th` pells, whjl` h`r lbn`kts btayjkc uknbrrjàsucc`st th` pessjojljty ed kernbl jkt`crbtjekbdt`r bll.:4Jkseijelecjibl t`rns `v`k h`r sujija` js pbrbaexjibl, der jt r`pr`s`ktsoeth bkjkt`ks` jselbtjek drenseij`ty (ljf` Bmbx),out bk`qublly jkt`ks` a`kjbl ed ek`'sewk `xjst`ki` jk dbver ed bk jkt`crbtjekwjth bketh`rfjka ed seij`ty, j.`., h`rsujija` js bt eki` `cejstji bka bltrujstji. Ke ek` jk th` plby ieka`nksh`r deriennjttjkc sujija`, bka oy h`r sujija` sh` r`bddjrns th` jnpertbkièd thèjfes, bs wjll @uryajiòy h`rsujija` lbt`r.@uryaji` bka Hb`nek blse iennjt sujija`, bka jt js threuch th`sìhbrbit`rs hbtYepheil`s `xbnjk`s Irèk's r`lbtjekshjp e hjs dbnjly. QheuchHb`nek hbs b arbnbtjipurpes` jk th` plby jka`p`ka`kted Irèk, @uryaji`dukitjeksarbnbtjibllybs b pbrted h`rhusobka'sstery,jk nbkywbys prevjajkcb dejl der hjn. Yepheil`s ae`s ket `xp`kanuihtjn` ek @uryaji`6 h` buaj`ki`h`brskethjkcboeuth`ruktjl h`ruk`xpìtàbka ukbkkeukià ktrylbt` jk th`plby (2289-:2).:3 Yh` sp`bfs ekly kjk` ljk`s bs sh` ien`s eut ed th` heus` teduldjll h`rr`ljcjeusautj`s,outsh` js cr``tà oy th`n`ss`kc`r'skbrrbtjv ed th`sujija`s ed Hb`nek bka Bktjcek`. @uryaji` `x`npljdj`s th` r`ljcjeus bkaaen`stji ja`bls ed h`r seij`ty6 sh` js pertrbyà jk h`r d`w ljk`s bs w`ll-jkt`crbtà.@uryaji`plbyà ke pbrtjk th` plby up te thjs nen`kt. Ke ek` hbs`v`k n`ktjekàh`r, ket `v`k Q`jr`sjbs jk hjs lekc prephìyed aeen, jk pbrtoìbus` th` plby's bitjek hbs trbkspjrà k puolji, whjl` @uryaji` prjnbrjly`noeaj`s th` prjvbt` ljd` ed th` ejfes, jk pbrtoìbus` Yepheil`s helas h`r jkr`s`rv` te lbka th` djkbl a`vbstbtjkcolew ek Irèk.Bdt`rljst`kjkc te th` n`s-s`kc`r a`sirjo` th` sujija`s ed Hb`nekbka Bktjcek`, @uryaji``xjts sjl`ktlybka slewly,:8outeur btt`ktjekek h`rjs jkt`rruptà oruptlywh`k Irèk`kt`rswjth th` ierps` ed Hb`nek. Eki` bcbjk, bs threucheutnest ed th` plby, w`turk eur btt`ktjekbwby dren@uryaji`bs Irèk,ukbwbrèd hjs wjd`'s a`njs`,sjkcs b ajrc`der Hb`nek.

:0 Jk seijbl-bkthrepelecjibl t`rns, th` Bktjcek` `xbnjk`s th` iekdljit o`tw``kb trbajtjekbl bka fjk-obsà seij`ty thbt bojaà oy iustenbry out ukwrjtt`k rjt`s edourjbl bka bk `n`rc`kt bka ienpl`x peljs-obsà ek` thbt obs`s jts butherjty ekth` wrjtt`k lbw. Der vbrjeus vj`ws ed th` iekdljit jk th` Bktjcek`, s`` Fkex,H`reji Q`np`r (boev`, ket` 33) :4-:86 Nurkbchbk (boev`, ket` :7)6 Oushk`ll(boev`, ket` :7)6 Yeurvjkeu-Jkweea, "Bssunptjeks" (boev`, ket` :7)6 bkaOluka`ll (boev`, ket` 0:) 299. W`rhbps jkt`rpr`t`rs `xbcc`rbt` th` ajihetenyo`tw``k Irèk bka Bktjcek` r`cbrajkc wrjtt`k bka ukwrjtt`k lbws. Der nypurpes`s, th` sblj`kt pejkt js thbt oeth th` dbnjly bka th` ijty br` seijbl ukjts,bka Bktjcek` ihes`s jkt`crbtjek jkte ek` rbth`r thbk th` eth`r.:4 Der bspìts ed phjljb jk th` plby, s`` Oluka`ll (boev`, ket` 0:) `sp. 297dd.:3 7. Qbpljk, Qh` Ytbcìrbdt ed B`sihylus. Qh` Arbnbtji Ps` ed @xjts bka@ktrbki`s jk Cr``f Qrbcày (Exdera 2:33) 22, k.9.:8 Y`` @. W. Cbrrjsek,"@uryaji`'s Djkbl @xjt te Yujija` jk th` Bktjcek`," IS 8?(2:8:) 192-90.

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Bttjtua`s ewbrasYujija`Sh`k th` n`ss`kc`red aeen sen` ?4 v`rs`s bdt`r@uryaji`'s`xjt r`turkswjth th` bkkeuki`n`kted h`r sujija`, Irèk's ajrc` iektjku`sbka@uryaji`'s

oeay js r`v`blà(2?:1). Qh` n`ss`kc`rwbtihà h`rw``p der h`r a`baihjlar`kbka stbo h`rs`ld ek th` bltbrbdt`r h`r djkbliursùpekIrèk(2972-0). Qh` n`s-s`kc`rwhe shertlyo`der` hba r`lbtàse pe`tjiblly th` sujija`sed Hb`nekbkaBktjcek` kew eomìtjv`ly a`sirjo`s@uryaji`'s. H`r netjvbtjeksr`s`nol`, jkpbrt, thes` ed Bktjcek`= oeth shbrply d`lt th` less ed th`jr dbnjlj`s6 oethsudd`rà wh`k th`jr jkt`crbtjek kte thes` dbnjlj`s oìbn` jnpessjol`. Pkljf`Bktjcek`, @uryaji`'s ekly s`ks` ed purpesìbn` drenh`rdbnjly tj`s, pbrtjiu-lbrly dren h`r neth`rheea,bka sjki` h`r dbnjly js kew a`streyà,sh` s``fs br`jkt`crbtjekwjth jt jk a`bth. Yh` iennjts bk bltrujstji-bkenji sujija` jk bstbt` ed a`spbjrder h`r lest dbnjly, bka r`bits te th` ajsjkt`crbtjeked h`rdbnjlyjk bkc`r bs sh` iurs`s Irèk der h`r less. H`rprjvbt`bit hbs puolji r`p`rius-sjeks bs Fjkc Irèk js r`l`ktl`ssly o`bt`k oy th` pbjk ed s`pbrbtjekdren hjsdbnjly.@uryaji` ihees`s te stbo h`rs`ld ek th` bltbr.Qh` leius ed th` bitjek, ekth` bltbr(2972), bka th` w`bpek,b fkjd` (2972), bt djrst clbki` succ`st b sbirj-dji`,:: bka theuch th` t`xt bt thjs pejkt js hep`l`ssly ierrupt,277h` siheljbpbrbphrbs`th` ljk` ex6 j5p`tev k`pj QETpTe4v Cep7&yrl,tbpibQv pe.t4vkpe3k`Qrj6. ew`v`r, th`r` r`nbjkssen` bnojcujty,sjki` bk bltbrblse prevja`sth` leius der bitjvjtj`seth`r thbksbirjdji`s,suih bs ebthtbfjkcer suppljibtjek,bka th` veiboulbrya`sirjojkch`r bit hbs ke spìjdji sbirjdjijbl iekketbtjeks.Qh` fkjd`, bs dbrbs w` ibk t`ll, js ket b sbirjdjijblfkjd`, ket b eibixxrj66ker ajash` sljt h`r threbtjk prep`rsbirjdjijblpreiàur`._bth`r,sh` struif h`r h`brtwjth h`r ewk hbka (kbjbib 'p' Qjbp bi)QeX`tp bito.rv 2920). Irèk jk hjscrj`d r`d`rste h`rbs b e(p4ytev(2?:2), out h` r`d`rste h`r"slbucht`r"s h`bpàupek Hb`nek's.272Sh`th`rsh` s``s h`rs`ldbs b sbirjdji` er ket, i`rtbjklyshìhees`s th` bltbrbs th` plbi` nest `ddjibijeus der jkir`bsjkcth` pew`r ed h`riurs` ek Irèk.27?Ljf` Bmbx, sh` iurs`s th` ultjnbt` ibus` ed h`r s`ld-a`struitjek,bka k`jth`rjs olbnà der jt wjthjk th`jrplbys.279Qh` pellutjek edth` bltbrblse o`brswjtk`ss te th` s`rjeusk`ss ed th` ajsruptjeked th` r`ljcjeusbspìtsed h`rseij`ty.Hb`nekfjlls hjns`ld jk crj`d bkabkc`r,271whjih bs w` hbv` s``k, iekstj-tut`s creukasder ieka`nkjkcth` bit jksedbrbs Brjstetl` js ieki`rkà.Out jkth` Bktjcek`, w` d``l ekly synpbthyder hjs bit oìbus` w` olbn` Irèk, bsae`s Irèk hjns`ld. Out bltheuch Hb`nek js bppbr`ktlyket netjvbtà oyshbn` bka heker-bltheuch w` ibkketajsr`cbraienpl`t`lyth`pessjojljtythbth` d``ls shbn` bt btt`nptàpbrrji

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E. P. Garrison, Attitudes Toward Suicide in Ancient Greece