E-Mail, Web, Blogs, Facebook, Etc. - APA Style (6th Ed

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12/03/2013 E-mail, web, blogs, Facebook, etc. - APA Style (6th ed.) -- Library Guide - Library Guides at Nova Southeastern University

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Online Forums, Discussion/News Groups, and Individual E-Mail

Online communities include a variety of options for people on the Internet to communicate on a variety of topics of interest. This may

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NSU Libraries Library Guides Alvin Sherman Library Guides APA Style (6th ed.) -- Library Guide

APA Style (6th ed.) -- Library Guide Tags: apa, apa en espanol, citations, endnote, how do i cite, reference list, retrieval statements

This library guides provides help using the APA Style (6th ed.). The guide provides detailed in-depth help appropriate for graduate students, including linkto Links and the APA Style Blog and video tutorials.

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E-mail, web, blogs, Facebook, etc. Comme nts(1) Print Page Search: This Guide Search
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Ex. 1: Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group.APA does not recomm end including pers onal

communications in a reference list, and this includes private email messages because of the difficulty of recovering them at a later

time. However, see APA manua l (6th ed.), pp. 214-215 orAPA Style Guide for Electronic References (2012), pp. 31-33 for the format

for messages posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group. Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Title of message

[Any identifier]. Retrieved from [URL]

Johnson, D. F. (2012, April 3). Problems accessing information [Online forum comment]. Retrieved

from http://groups/google.com/group/sci.psyc.hyposis/

Provide author(s) last name followed by initials or screen name if that is all that is available.

Use the exact date that the message was posted.

The subject line of the message should not be italicized. Any description goes in brackets after the title.

The URL used should be the address for the archived version of the message.

Include the name of the list to which the message was posted, if this information is not part of the URL.

Ex. 2: Message posted to an e lectronic mailing list. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 215 #75.

"Electronic mailing list" is the appropriate generic term for LISTSERVS since this is a trademarked name for a particular software

application.

Josie. (2010, May 30). Best practices for using LibGuides [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved

from http://libref.ala.org/online/dils/

When the author's name is provided, use the format with last name and initials. If only a screen name is provided, use that

followed by a period.

Once you decide on the format, be sure to be consistent in using the same format for the name throughout your document.

Ex. 3: Individual e-mail SeeAPA Style FAQ andAPA Style Guide to Electronic References (2012), pp. 31-32.

E-mail by private individuals are not recoverable and are treated as personal communications by APA. Thus, there is no reference

citation provided. In the body of the paper, the author's last name and initials plus the date are included in parentheses. For example,

(A. C. Schaefer , personal communication, June 3, 2012) orA. C. Schaefer (personal communication, June 3, 2012). No reference

citation is included in the reference list.

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Web Sites, Web Pages, and Reports on the Web

See this video (4 min. 45 sec.) on how to format a webpage or web site and theAPA Blog posting on web citations

Ex. 1: Entire w ebsite See the APA Style FAQ on citing entire websites.

The APA manual (6th ed.) says that you do not need to cite entire webs ites in the reference list. In the body of the paper, provide the

name of the site and URL. For example: The Department of Health has just released a new s ite called HealthCare.gov at

http://www.healthcare.gov/to help people identify and compare health car e programs available in their area. However, entire

websites like HealthCare.gov would not be included in the reference list.

The APA Style website provides information about using this formatting s tyle (http://www.apastyle.org).

Ex. 2: Web page w ith no authorSee the APA Style FAQ on citing a web page with no author.

Tesla coils: How they work. (2009). Retrieved June 4, 2010, from http://www.pupman

.com/teslacoils.htm

The title of the webpage is formatted like a newspaper article and should not be italicized in the reference citation or the text

citation. Include the first couple of words in quotes . For example, ("Tesla Coi ls", 2009). In contrast, a report located on the web

would be formatted like a book and have the title italicized in the reference and text citations.

Ex. 3: Web material w ith no author, no date, and no page numbers. See the APA Style FAQ on citing web material with no author, no

date, and no page numbers.

Survey: More Americans get news from the Internet than newspapers or radio. (n.d.). Retrieved

March 16, 2010, from http://www.cnn.com/2010/TECH/03/01/social.network.news/index.html

Citing a webpage with no author, date, and page numbers can be problem atic in the body of the paper. According to the APA Style

FAQ, you can use:

A paragraph number, if provided or count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document. For example, (para. 4)An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section. (Methods, para. 3)

A short title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full. ("Survey: More Amer icans

Get News")

The article claimed that more Americans get news from the Internet than news papers or radio ("Survey: More American get news ",

n.d., para. 4).

Ex. 4: Web page archived on a company site, two authors:

Barbell, K., & Freundlich, M. (2001). Foster care today. Retrieved from Casey Family Programs

National Center for Resource Family Support w ebsite: http://www.casey.org

/Resources/Archive/Publications/FosterCareToday.htm

Ex. 5: Report on web w ith six authors. See the APA manual , pp. 205-206, #31-33.

Wirl, J., Chou, S., Provasnik, S., Rooney, P., Sen, A., & Tabin, R.(2003). The condition of education:

2003 (Report No. NCES 2003-067). Retrieved from the National Center for Educational Statistics

website: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/2003067.pdf

- Web sites and pages

- Blogs

- Facebook

- Twitter

- Wikis

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APA's Website Sources

APA's Blog Archives

APA's Frequently AskedQuestions

APA's Supplemental

Materials

APA's Email He lpYou can email APA w ith

tricky questions.

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Need Help?

Ask in Person

Ask by Phone

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Appointment

Some General FormattingDetails

- APA (6th ed.) us es hanging

indentations to format reference

citations in the reference list. In

Microsoft Word, you can us e the

formatting feature in Paragraph

> Indents and Spacing > Special

> Hanging to provide a clean

and consistent format for the

reference citations. Using this

formatting option ensures that

the first line of each reference

citation "hangs" out to the leftone half inch.

- Double spacing: The spacing

of the reference citations in this

APA Style Library Guide are not

to scale . APA states that the

reference citations in the

reference list s hould be double

spaced, but many institutions of

higher education permit

students to single space inside

the citations and double space

between citations. So, check

with your academic program.

- Information included for

resources retrieved online: The

formatting for a resource
http://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#http://wintext%28%29/http://winchat%28%29/http://winemail%28%29/http://winphone%28%29/http://winperson%28%29/http://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#mailto:[email protected]://www.apastyle.org/manual/supplement/index.aspxhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspxhttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/archives.htmlhttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#http://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#wikihttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#twithttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#facehttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#bloghttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#websiteshttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspxhttp://www.apastyle.org/http://www.healthcare.gov/http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-website.aspxhttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/how-to-cite-something-you-found-on-a-website-in-apa-style.htmlhttp://www.nova.edu/library/help/video/apa/apa_advanced/web_sites/http://www.nova.edu/library/help/video/apa/apa_advanced/web_sites/http://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-individual-email.aspx


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Unlike a web page, the title of a report on the web is italicized in both the reference and text citations. According to the APA Style

FAQ, the title is formatted like the title of a book whil e a webpage is formatted like the title of a newspaper article.

Notice that the title in the reference list only has the first word in the title and subtitle capitalized as well as proper names

like American, but all the important words are capitalized when the title is used in the text of the paper.

Ex. 5: Transcr ipt of class lecture retrieved online

Court, C. (2009). Qualitative and quantitative research. Retrieved from http://www .nova.edu/

schoolofed/~court/qual_quan.html

Ex. 6: Webpage from a university

Author, A. A. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of specific document. Retrieved from Name of

University website: URL of specific document

Philosophy/ mission. (2009 ). Retrieved from Nova Southeastern University website:

http://www.nova.edu/overview/mission.html

Tunon, J. (2010 ). APA style library guide. Retrieved from Nova Southeastern University website:

http://nova.campusguides.com/apa

This example is a university web site, but notice that the web title is not italicized.

Ex. 7 Press release SeeAPA blog,

Nova Southeastern University, Student Government Association. (2006, November). NSUSGA

launches speak out campaign [Press re lease]. Retrieved from http://www .nova.edu/nsusgq

/minutes/press /

Toyota. (2010 , July 8). Toyota to expand product quality field offices across United States and

Canada [Press release]. Retrieved from http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/toyota-to-

expand-product-quality-161715.aspx

When a person did not write the press release, then the press releases are typically written by an organization about itself,

usually for journalists. APA says that when you find press releases on an organizations own website without a specific authorattribution, you can as sum e the organization to be the author (this is true for the second example above). When a reference

includes a larger organization as well as a department or office within that organization, the larger entity comes first in the entry

(as in the example for Nova Southeastern University, Student Government Ass ociation).

The month or the month and day of the press release follow the year and are separated by a comma.

The title of the press release is not italicized.

The words [Press release] are enclosed in brackets.

The retrieval statement does not include the date of retrieval because this is the archived version of the press release. In other

words, the press release will not be changed in the future. If there are any changes, a new press release will be made

instead.

Ex. 8: Press release indexed by a commercial distribution service like PR Newswire

Pierpoint Communications. (2010, September 10). Wise Men to help break world record at Houston

Astros game tonight [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-

releases/wise-men-to-help-break-world-record-at-houston-astros-game-tonight-

102627924.html

This press release was about an organization called Wise Men Consultants, but it was authored by PierpointCommunications, and indexed on the PR Newswire site. To find the author, you would have to go to the bottom of the press

release. In this case, you would have to be careful to distinguish between the author and the company that is the subject of the

press release.

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Blogs

Ex.1 : Blog post See APA manua l (6th ed.), p. 215 #76

Author, A. A. or Screen name. (Year, Month Day). title of blog posting [Web blog posting]. Retrieved from URL

Baird, L. R. (2009, July 3). Meeting at ALA's DLS discussion group [Web log post]. Retrieved from

http://www.cmu.edu/ocls/2010/6/meeting_at_alas.php

A blog comm ent in reply to the posting would be formatted as follows:

Ex.2 : Blog post, screen name See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 215 #76

Hawkke . (2009, January 3). Coffee and bagels will be provided [Web log comment]. Retrieved from

http://www.cmu.edu/ocls/2010/6/coffee_and_bagels.php

When the author's name is provided, use the format with last name and initials.

If only a screen nam e is provided, use that followed by a period. Note that if the author posted with a screen name, that is the

name you must use in your document. This is addressed in theAPA Publ ication Manua l(6th ed., p. 215, Ex. 76). Although a

nickname may seem informal, keep in mind that a blog is a more informal mode of comm unication than a journal article.

Whatever the medium, it is important to identify the author by the name under which he or she wrote the work in question.

Ex. 3: Video blog post. See APA manual (6th ed.), p. 215, #77

Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of mess age [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxx

Librarian in Black. (2011, August 3). The IRB process [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.you_tube.com/group/watch?v=Xkas43nsu_IRB

Ex. 4: Embedded video in a blog post -- see APA (6th ed.), p. 215, #76

retrieved online and in print no

longer always has the same

exact content. Online materials

may have supplemental material

not available with the print

version of the same source. APA

(6th ed.) recommends that you

include the same elements in

the reference citation in the

same order for online and fixed-

media s ources. For the online

sources, add as much

information as you to provide to

help others locate the source

you are citing. See APA (6th ed.),p. 187 section 6.31 for more

information.

- When to italicize the title:

Major works like names of

journals , books, movies, DVDs,

and so forth are italicized, but

journal articles , book chapters,

and web pages do not. Thus, a

video on DVD would be italicized

because the DVD would be

considered a major work, but a

video blog post would not.

- Some citations have been

modified to illus trate s pecific

formatting points and are not for

actual resources.

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Sheppard, N. (2010 , June 12). Commemorating 23rd anniversary of Reagan's 'Tear down this wall'

speech [Video file]. Retrieved f rom http://newsbusters.org/blogs/noel-sheppard/

2010/06/12/commemorating-23rd-anniversary-reagans-tear-down-wall-speech

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Facebook

Ex. 1: Facebook . SeeAPA Style FAQ andAPA Style Blog.

References to Facebook that are cited in the body of the text should just provide the URL.

Johanna Tunon (2010, June 13a). Off to ALA [Facebook post]. Retrieved from http://www.facebook

.com/posted.php?id)=8391245488922

According to the APA Style blog, provide the author's name as wri tten in Facebook (for example , Laura Baird) for simplicity's

sake and to ensure accuracy. This means not changing the author's name in the citation to Baird, L.

Alphabetize under L, not B. See the APA manual , section 6.25 on pp. 181-182.

Include the year and day but not the time.

If you have several posts by the same person in the same year, use a and b to distinguish between the postings.

Provide information about the form in brackets such as Twitter post or Facebook update.

The URL should lead directly to the post, not the Facebook feed in general,

Johanna Tunon (2010, June 13b). The DLS meetings have been moved to Rm 202. http://my

.johannatunon.com/page/ala/dils/hTyDSD [Facebook update]. Retrieved from

http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id)=8391245488922&comment1#

200024857903002

The APA editor said that it is OK to truncate the message used in the title posting is there is a long URL included.

Ex. 2: Facebook fan page, no date. SeeAPA Style Blog. |

Usernam e or Group Nam e. (n.d. or ca. Year). In Facebook[Page type]. Retrieved Day, Year, from

http://www.facebook.com/specificpageURL

DistEd. (n.d.). In Facebook[Fan page]. Retrieved from http://www .facebook

.com/pages/DistEd/2809992783334

Use (n.d.) when there is no date. However, the other option is (ca. 2010) if you know the approximate date. The APA editor says

in the APA Style blog that it is a judgment call which option should be used.

Ex. 3: Citation of a Pr ivate Page on Facebook. SeeAPA Style Blog.

Pages that are private or for friends only cannot be retrieved by everyone so these should be treated like personal communications

and only cited in the text of the document. See APA manual (6th ed.), section 6.20 on p. 179.

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Twitter

Ex. 1 Twitter, screen name SeeAPA Style FAQ andAPA Style Blog.

References to Twitter that are cited in the body of the text should jus t provide the URL.

Screen name. (Year, Month Day). Posting title: URL [Twitter pos t]. Retrieved from URL for home site

TheOilDrum. (2010 , June 3). Edible landscape: One transition step from peak oil: http://su.pr/

1VTqZm#oilspill#oilpocalyspe#BP#peakoil#environment#green [Twitter post].

Retrieved from http://twitter.com/TheOilDrum

The APA editor said that it is OK to truncate the message used in the title posting is there is a long URL included.

The APA Style editor says to include the s creen name as it appears in Twitter and Facebook to be on the safe s ide. The

reference citation would be a lphabetized by T. Normally the word "The" would be ignored, but in this cas e, it is part of the

screen name..

Ex. 2 Twitter, screen name SeeAPA Style FAQ andAPA Style Blog.

References to Twitter that are cited in the body of the text should jus t provide the URL.

SarahPalinUSA. (2010, March 23). Commonsense conservatives & lovers of America: "Don't retreat,

Instead - RELOAD!" Pls see my Facebook page: http://twitter.com/sarahpalinusa/

status/10935548053 [Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/SarahPalinUSA

The APA Style editor says to include the s creen name as it appears in Twitter and Facebook to be on the safe s ide. The

reference citation would be a lphabetized by S, not P.

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Wikis

Ex. 1: Wikipedia, no date of publication but retr ieval date is included. See theAPA Style Blog.

Gertrude Bell. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 3, 2010, from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-wikipedia-in-apa-style.htmlhttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-twitter-and-facebook-part-i.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-twitter.aspxhttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-twitter-and-facebook-part-i.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-twitter.aspxhttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/social-media/http://www.facebook.com/specificpageURLhttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-facebook-fan-pages-group-pages-and-profile-information.htmlhttp://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/10/how-to-cite-twitter-and-facebook-part-ii.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-facebook.aspxhttp://nova.campusguides.com/content.php?pid=114919&sid=992805#


5/5



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Bell

The name of the article comes in the first position when there is no author identified.

Use (n.d.) for no date.

The entry in Wikipedia is m odeled on the format for a print reference entry in an encyclopedia.

The date of retrieval is included because the entry in Wikipedia is not the final archival version but can ins tead be updated at

any time because of being in a wiki format. Be sure to include a comma after the year as well as after the day.

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