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Parasitic Protozoan / DSE-1 (Gen)/GE-3/BU/SEM-V/ M-I/ Dr Surajit Das, Asst Professor in Zoology, Kabi Nazrul College,Murarai, Birbhum

e-LEARNING BSc(GEN) Zoology

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e-LEARNING B.Sc.(GEN) Zoology

e-Text

Subject Zoology

Course DSE-1 (Gen)/GE-3/BU/SEM-V

Topic Parasitic Protozoa

Module No.

M-I

Content Writer

Dr Surajit DasAsst. Professor in Zoology Kabi Nazrul College, Murarai, Birbhum, WB,731219

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TOPIC Module Syllabus/ SEM-V/ The University of BurdwanParasitic Protozoa

M-I Introduction of Protozoan Parasite, Types of Protozoan Parasite, Kinds of Malaria and Pathogenicity of Protozoan Parasite


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e-TextContent Objective Course Outcome

Introduction To know-Why do we read Parasitic Disease? What is Protozoan Parasite?

The importance of pathogenic disease.

The vector of Malarial parasite

To know- How many types of malaria? What is vector ? How do we express the transmission of the disease?

The meaning malaria and transmission of the parasitic disease.

Host –parasitic disease

To know : How many host are found? How many types of Protozoan parasite?

Conception about primary/definitive host and secondary host

Life cycle of malarial parasite: Asexual and sexual stage.

To know: What is Asexual and Sexual cycle ? Where it is found? What is gametogony?

The concept of Pre-erythrocytic ,Exo –erythrocytic , Erythrocytic cycle and gametogony


INTRODUCTION

The name malaria is derived from the Italian word ‘mala aria’ meaning bad air. Malaria has been one of the world’s worst disease. Malaria continuous to major health threat in India as well as world, mainly Plasmodium falciparum is caused Malignant Malaria. The biggest burden of malaria in is borne by the back ward, poor and remote part of the country. The malarial parasite is a Protozoan parasite. Scientist Laveran first time identified the presence of malarial parasite found in human body. In 1898, Sir Ronald Ross first time reported that female Anopheles mosquito as a vector of the malarial parasite. Around the world, the malarial situation is serious and getting worse. Malaria threatens the lives of 40% of the world’s population-nearly 2,200 million people. Each year, there are an estimated 300-500 million clinical case has been found.

Types of Malarial parasitic species- Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium malariae.

The mosquito is the vector of this disease. Transmit the disease as well as harbour of the parasites and a part of life is completed in that is called vector. The human malaria is caused by the infection of protozoan parasite , Plasmodium transmitted by the infective female Anopheles mosquitoes. Although infections with the fifth parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is an important cause of human malaria and other Primates. The

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behavior of man also plays an important role in the epidemiology of Malaria. In the sexual life -cycle of malaria Gametocytes to transmit the infection.

Life -cycle of Plasmodium is digenetic: two different kinds of hosts.

i ) Man (Vertebrate) ii) Mosquito (Invertebrate)

In this Life cycle, Man – Primary host/definitive host and Mosquito-Secondary host.(According to Cheng, sexual maturity attain in the man ,so man is the definitive host) Kinds of Malaria (in Human):

Disease Species of parasites Fever intervals

1. Benign Tertian malaria Plasmodium vivax 48 hrs.

2. Malignant Tertian malaria P. falciparum 40-48 hrs.

3. Ovale Tertian malaria P. ovale 72 hrs.

4. Quartan malaria P. malariae 72 hrs

THE LIFE- CYCLE OF MALARIAL PARASITE : The Life- cycle of Plasmodium may be divided in the following stages.

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A. Asexual cycle : in Man 1. Pre- Erythrocytic cycle 2.Erythrocytic cycle 3.Exo-erythrocytic cycle

B. Sexual cycle: in Female Anopheles mosquito

A. Asexual cycle: 1. Pre- Erythrocytic Cycle & 2. Exo-Erythrocytic Cycle

The parasites are inoculated as sporozoite by the bite of the infected female Anopheles mosquito in the blood stream of man. The sporozoites are penetrate into the liver parenchymal cell in Man. During this period, each sporozoite develops into schizont, in the process of schizogony. This phase of multiplication within parenchymal cells in liver is called Pre-Erythrocytic cycle .Each schizont rupture and liberated crypto-merozoites into liver. Crypto-merozoites attack in to fresh liver cells, than it is called Exo-Erythrocytic cycle.

3. Erythrocytic Cycle

The other crypto-merozoites liberated from liver cells and attack to the R.B.C.in the blood stream. Inside the R.B.C. the merozoites round up and soon develop into trophozoites. The shape of trophozoites resembles a ring at this stage and is called signet-ring stage. It is made up of darkly stained chromatin in the nucleus and a circular rim of cytoplasm. The vacuoles are disappearing with further growth. A full-grown trophozoite assumes a round shape and occupies with the whole R.B.C. The remaining portion of the cytoplasm are called schuffner’s dots. The

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nucleus is divided and covers haemozoin granules looks like a patels of rose. Schizonts are bursts a number of erythrocytic merozoites are set free. These merozoites enter into R.B.C. and continuing the erythrocytic cycle. Gametogony: Few schizogony do not take part in the biological changes. They are take place only reproduction. These types of changeable merozoites are called gametocytes.

B. Sexual cycle

After a series of asexual cycles, the parasite develops into sexual forms, i. e. gametocytes. One male (contains 8 micro-gametes) and one female (macro-gamete) are required for mosquito blood meal for infection to occur. After ingestion in the blood-meal of a biting female anopheles mosquito, the male and female Gametocytes become activated in the mosquito’s gut. After fertilization, male and female gametes are united to form a zygote. Within 24 hrs. the enlarging zygote becomes motile and this forms into ookinate which are penetrates the wall of the mosquito gut where it encysts as an oocyt. The oocysts are finally bursts, to liberate the sporozoites and it migrates into the coelomic cavity of the mosquito. Then the sporozoites are migrates into the salivary glands to await the

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Fig. 1. Life –cycle of Malarial Parasite in man and Mosquito.

inoculation into next human host during feeding. The development in the mosquito takes about 8 and 35 days.


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Self- study(Audio-Visual)

Subject Zoology

Course DSE-1(Gen)/GE-3/BU/SEM-V


Module No.

M-I

Content Writer

Dr Surajit DasAsst Professor in Zoology Kabi Nazrul College, Murarai, Birbhum, WB,731219

Go to e-Text Learn -more Assignment

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Le ar Subject Zoology



Module No. M-I

Content Writer Dr Surajit DasAsst Professor in Zoology Kabi Nazrul College, Murarai,Birbhum, WB,731219

Go to e-Text Self- study Assignment

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Further Reading

1. Biology of Animals – Ganguly, Sinha , Adhikari2. Parasitology and Helminthology- K. D. Chatterjee3. Medical parasitology- D.R. Arora and B. Arora4. Medical Entomology- Dr. A.K. Hati5. Biological Science- D J. Taylor, N.P.O. Green, G. W. Stout6. Other Source- Internet

e- LEARNING B.Sc.(GEN)Zoology

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Ass

ign

men

t

Subject Zoology



Module No.

M-I

Content Writer

Dr.Surajit DasAsst Professor in ZoologyKabi Nazrul College, Murarai, Birbhum, WB,731219

Go to e-Text Self- study Learn -more

Choose the correct answer:

1 .Malaria is caused by ---------parasite.

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A) Virus

B) Bacteria

C) Protozoan

D) Fungal

2. Malignant Malaria is……

A) Plasmodium vivax

B) Plasmodium malariae

C) Plasmodium falciparum

D) Plasmodium ovale

3. The disease Malaria is transmitted by

A) Anopheles mosquito

B) Culex mosquito

C) Aedes mosquito

D) Mansunia sp

4. Plasmodium knowlesi is the fifth Protozoan parasite found in…

A) Man

B) Man and Primates

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C) Aves

D) None of these

5. In human body, which type of reproductive cycle is occur?

A) Sexual reproduction

B) Asexual reproduction

C) Vegetative reproduction

D) None of these

6. ‘Signet Ring’ stage take place…4. Plasmodium knowlesi is the fifth Protozoan parasite found in…

A) Man

B) Man and Primates

C) Aves

D) None of these

7. Pre – Eryhrocytic cycle take place in ….

A) R.B.C.

B) W.B.C.

C) Liver

D) None of these

8._____parasitic stage are invade into the liver parenchyma cell in pre – erythrocytic cell

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A) Sporozoite

B) Merozoite

C) Schyzogony

D) None of these

9. Ookinate is the stage found in___

A) Anopheles mosquito

B) Man

C) Monkey

D) None of these

10. In life cycle of malaria ,____ is the primary /definitive host.

A) Man

B) Anopheles mosquito

C) Protozoa

D) None of these

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Fig. 2. Infected female Anopheles Mosquito bites in a Man

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