Module-1 -Wastewater Management & Sanitation, promoting Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) in South-East Asia

E-learning Course on Water Security Asia and the Pacific

Contents of Module 1

• Objectives of the Module 1• Need for wastewater management in South-East Asia • Household water security in Asia and Pacific• Quiz

1. Introduction

• Basic process flow charts of centralized and decentralized wastewater management • Benefits of decentralized wastewater management systems (e.g. DEWATS)• Quiz

2. Overview Wastewater Management

• FA1-7: Policy Instruments • FA 8: Framework for financing sustainable sanitation services and market opportunities for DEWATS• FA 9-10: Exit Strategy and Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Systems• Quiz

3. Stepwise Focus Areas (FA) to Implement DEWATS Process Cycle

Section 1 - Introduction

Objectives of Module 1 on Wastewater Management and Sanitation, promoting DEWATS in South-East Asia

● Guide national and local policy makers and experts on pro-poor policies,strategies, legal, institutional, social, environmental, and financialframeworks for the sustainable sanitation services (3S).

● Advocate DEWATS for 3S in South-East Asia.

● Suggest solutions and options for reforms aimed at delivery of 3S inrelation to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the post- 2015development agenda.

4

Policy Legal AspectsTechnologies InstitutionalAspects

Financial Instruments

Wastewater Issues

Means / Instruments / Tools

Household Water Security

Water Supply HealthSanitation

Status of MDG Targets

Data Collection, Monitoring

Climate Concerns

Technology Management and

Coordination

Financing and

Investment

Capacities, Networks

Human Rights / Equity

Household Water Security Index of 2012

Georgia, Armenia, Samoa, Tonga, Malaysia, Thailand, Iran (IR), Maldives, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Cook Islands, Niue, DPR Korean, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Viet Nam,

China, Vanuatu, Micronesia (F.S), Tajikistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Bangladesh

Pakistan, Solomon Islands, Lao PDR, India, Nepal, Kiribati, Timor-Leste, Cambodia

Papua New Guinea, Afghanistan

Data Not Available, 2010 Data usedJapan, R. Korea, Australia, Singapore, Palau

Countries

3,4 – Highest5,7 – High8,10 – Moderate11,13 – Low14,15 – Lowest

Rank Raw Score

*The correctness of the map is subject to the availability and accuracy of data in access to improved water supply and DALYs attributable to water, sanitation, and hygiene.

Why do we need of Wastewater Management and Sanitation in South-East Asia?

● 176 million people have no access to improved sanitation in South-East Asia

● In Cambodia only 36.8% of the population has access to improved sanitation.

● 29%of the population in the south of Lao PDR still practice open defecation

● An average 1,774 people die each year in Viet Nam because of inadequate access to clean water and poor sanitation and hygiene.

Quiz– 1/3Multiple questions and answers

8

Section-2 Overview of Centralized and Decentralized Wastewater Management

9

Wastewater management is the process of taking wastewater and managing to reduce the contaminants to acceptable levels before discharging it back into the environment.

There are effectively two basic types of wastewater treatment: o Centralized wastewater treatment o Decentralized wastewater treatment

Centralized Decentralized

What is Wastewater Management?

Collection of wastewater from community at one place and then

treated.8

o Advantages: Just one treatment facility need which is easy to maintenance with less treatment infrastructures.

o Disadvantages: Expensive to make infrastructure including long size sewer pipelines, pumping stations, and treatment plants. If the system failures, it affects entire area.

Typical WTP

Col

lect

ion

Tank

H-2

H-1

H-4

H-3

H-6

H-5

H-2

2H

-23

H-2

0H

-21

H-1

8H

-19

H-1

7H

-16

H-1

3H

-14

H-8

H-7

H-1

0H

-9H

-11

H-1

2H

-15

H-2

4H

-25

H-3

4H

-35

H-3

2H

-33

H-2

6H

-27

H-2

8H

-29

H-3

0H

-31

H-4

3H

-40

H-3

9

H-4

2H

-41

H-3

8H

-37

H-5

4H

-53

H-5

0H

-49

H-4

6

H-5

5H

-52

H-5

1H

-48

H-4

7

H-6

6H

-65

H-6

2H

-61

H-5

8

H-6

7H

-64

H-6

3H

-60

H-5

9

H-7

6H

-75

H-7

2H

-71

H-6

8

H-7

7H

-74

H-7

3H

-70

H-6

9

H-7

8H

-81

H-8

2

H-7

9H

-80

H-8

3

H-8

4H

-87

H-8

8

H-8

5H

-86

H-8

9

H-9

3H

-90

H-9

2H

-91

H-9

7H

-94

H-9

6H

-95

H-5

7 H-5

6

H-1

06H

-10

5H

-10

2H

-101

H-9

8

H-1

07

H-1

04H

-103

H-1

00H

-99

H-1

08

H-1

11H

-11

2H

-115

H-1

16

H-1

09H

-110

H-1

13H

-114

H-1

17

H-1

38

H-1

37

H-1

34

H-1

33

H-1

30

H-1

39H

-136

H-1

35H

-132

H-1

31

H-1

20H

-121

H-1

24H

-125

H-1

28

H-1

22H

-123

H-1

26

H-1

27

H-1

19

H-1

18

H-1

47H

-14

6H

-143

H-1

42

H-1

48

H-1

45H

-144

H-1

41

H-1

40

H-1

84H

-183

H-1

80H

-179

H-1

76

H-1

85H

-182

H-1

81H

-178

H-1

77

H-1

58H

-161

H-1

62H

-165

H-1

66

H-1

59

H-1

60H

-16

3H

-164

H-1

67

H-1

69H

-170

H-1

73H

-174

H-1

68H

-171

H-1

72H

-175

H-1

51H

-152

H-1

55H

-156

H-1

50H

-153

H-1

54H

-157

H-2

01H

-196

H-1

95

H-1

94

H-2

00H

-197

H-1

93

H-1

90

H-1

89

H-1

86

H-1

92H

-191

H-1

88H

-187

H-2

17H

-214

H-2

13H

-210

H-2

16H

-215

H-2

12H

-211

H-1

49

H-1

29

H-2

05H

-202

H-2

04

H-2

03

H-1

99H

-198

H-2

09H

-206

H-2

08H

-207

H-4

4H

-36

H-4

5

WTPP

What is Centralized Wastewater Management ?

P

DEWATS is the treatment of wastewater within the house premises.

Housing ColonySingle Houses

What is Decentralized Wastewater Management ?

What are the reasons for choosing DEWATS ?DEWATS:● NO wastewater transport ● TECHNOLOGICAL options● ADAPTABLE discharge requirements.● reduces the RISK ● increases REUSE opportunities.● Opportunities development and

INVESTMENT● All kind of TREATMENT for water● taken into ACCOUNT the economic and

social situations.● INTEGRAL part of wastewater and

sanitation strategies.● Source of RENEWABLE energy

DEWATS

Resources and cost efficient

Modular Designs

Reliability and

longevity

Minimal maintenance

Re-usability of treatment

products

Compliance

Option for integration

into landscape

Integration into

sanitation strategies

13

Benefits of DEWATS

Economic• Low investment• Design works in

multiple settings• Incremental

growth• Sustainable

revenue source

Social• Improved

hygiene• Opportunity for

PPP• Opportunities

for local to invest.

• DEWASTS provide low-cost solutions

Environmental• water quality

improvement• Reduces water

needs• Adaptable to

discharge standards

• Water reuse opportunities

Photo credit: BORDA

Improved Livelihoods

Public Health Safeguarded

Informed Choice

Time EfficientCapacities

Strengthened

Replication / Upscaling

Professional Design and

Workmanship

Cost Efficiency

Social

14

Quiz– 2/3Multiple Questions and Answers to comply

for Course Certificate

15

Section 3 - Stepwise Focus Areas (FA) to implement DEWATS

16

Focus Areas within the Process Cycle for DEWATS

Environmental TechnicalSocial Institutional Economic FinancialLegend of Dimensions

Step

3. E

valu

atio

n

FA 6.Technology

FA 3.Institutions

and Partners

FA 8. Investment

Needs & Financing

FA 7. Demand

FA 5.Scenarios

FA 9

. Sus

tain

abili

ty

FA 4.Cost-

Benefit

FA 2.StrategiesFA 1.

Vision & Targets

Timeline

50:9

0%47

:7%

3%

Vision and Target Setting for Sanitation [FA 1]

Links between national and city visions Vision and criteria for total sanitation services

SANITATIONVISION

CITY DEVELOPMENTPLANS AND POLICIES

VISION AND MISSIONCITY DEVELOPMENT

CITY DEVELOPMENTPLANS AND POLICIES

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PLANS AND POLICIESNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PLANS AND POLICIES

PROVINCIAL DEVELOPMENTPLANS AND POLICIES

ACTUAL SANITATION CONDITIONS OF THE

CITY

ACTUAL SANITATIONCONDITIONS OF THE CITY

Accessibility

Coverage

TechnicallyComplete

Participatory

Sustainability

EnvironmentalProtection

TotalSanitationServices

18

The Sanitation Ladder

Middle

Top

Start

City-wide centralized facilities

On site facilities

Individual sanitation & hygiene behavior

Collective facilities at community level

19

The Sanitation Ladder

Pour or mechanical flush with sewerage

Pour or mechanical flush with septic tank

Pour or mechanical flush latrine with pit

Improved dry pit latrine

Improved public or shared latrine

Unimproved pit latrine

Public or unimproved Shared latrine

Open defecation (to land or water)

Cost per household

with appropriate excreta management

or reuse

Water Quality

Benefits per household

Access Time

Health Status

Intangibles

20

Assessment of Sanitation Strategies and Socio-economic Impacts [FA-2]

● Quantitative assessment of current policies and strategies in terms of costs andbenefits.

● Assessment of cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness of current policies, strategiesand economic decisions on investments and operations.

● Cost-benefit analysis of current DEWATS projects in terms of planning, construction,financing.

● Assessment of social impact in terms of social consequences that are likely to followspecific policy and government actions.

● Assessment of environmental benefit by examining positive outcomes for thesociety.

● Assessment of economic incentives and cost recovery.

21

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is process which promotes the coordinated development andmanagement of water, land, and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare in an equitablemanner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.

IWRM is internationally accepted as the best approach to water resources management

Following 4 principles are derived from the Dublin principles:

Integrated Water Resources Management [FA-2]

Principle 1

• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment

Principle 2

• Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels

Principle 3

• Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water

Principle 4

• Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good

Integration in Water Resource Management [FA-2]

Vertical integration

National Government

Local Government

MunicipalitiesPrivate Sector,

NGOs

The water governance structure is vertically integrated to better coordinatepolicies and encourage bottom-up water management. Horizontal integration caninclude several water management components within the water system andacross sectors and institutional boundaries.

Water system: Water resource catchment and storage, resource conservation,ecosystem maintenance, flood mitigation and water security

Cross-sector: Energy system, land use, urban design, health and sanitationpolicies and agriculture policies

Horizontal integration

Water system

Water security Water reuse Stormwatermanagement

Ecosystem Maintenance

Cross Sectoral

Energy Land use & Urban Design

Health & Sanitation Agriculture

23

Source: Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap, ESCAP, 2012

Policy Instruments: Governance Structures & Economic Instruments [FA-2]

Integrated water resource management

1. Integrated water resource provision and a water treatment system2. Optimizing water infrastructure3. Promoting an environment-friendly water cycle system

Distributed wastewater management system

Has 3 main objectives:1. Public health improvement2. Energy and water conservation3. Environmental protection

Reuse and recycling Minimize freshwater demand and reduce wastewater treatment needs. The following treatment technologies can be used: membranes, wetlands, sand filters and waste stabilizing ponds.

Low impact development (LID)

Local and decentralized measures, mitigate development impacts to land, water and air by: mimicking natural drainage, using small-scale practices, managing storm water at source, using simple and natural practices and making landscape and infrastructure multifunctional

Water pricing Increase of block tariffs, providing subsidies to the lower-income households, etc.

24

Analysis of Institutions and Partners for the Sustainable Sanitation Services (3S) [FA-3]

3S for all

UN

National Government

Local Government

Academia

NGOPrivate Sector

Investors

Social Entrepre-

neurs

Community

● By identifying stakeholders for Sustainable Sanitation Services (3S)

● By establishing a suitable mechanism for collaboration

25

Steps for organizing a successful 5P for 3S [FA-3]

Step 1• Develop a National Programme (NP) to implement the 3S strategy

Step 2• Ensure Government commitment towards enabling policy on PPP for 3S

Step 3• Outreach/Negotiate with the philanthropists to create 5P environment

Step 4• Encouragement of SMEs and Private Sector to act as Service Providers

Step 5• Develop the detailed tripartite (multi-stakeholder, multi-philantropist) MoUs,

Contracts, Agreements for PPP

26

Analysis of Cost and Benefits of DEWATS [FA-4)POPULATION WITH

UNIMPROVED SANITATIONPOPULATION WITH

IMPROVED SANITATIONBENEFIT

ESTIMATEDBENEFIT

CATEGORY

HEALTHData on health risk per

person, by age category and socioeconomic status

Generic risk reduction, using international literature

Averted health care cost, reduced productivity loss,

reduced deaths

INTANGIBLES Attitudes and preferences of householders to sanitation

Benefits cited of improved sanitation

Strength of preferences for different sanitation aspects

and willingness to pay

ACCESS TIME Data on water source and treatment practices

Observed reductions in time to access toilet

Opportunity cost of time applied to time gains

WATER Data on water source and treatment practices

Reduced water sourcing and water treatment cost

Observe changes in practices in populations with

improved sanitation

REUSEValue gained, based on sales

or own usePractices related to excreta

reuse

27

Regional trends in Cost-Benefit Analysis [FA-4, 5]

0123456789

Dry Pit Wet Pit Septic Tank CompostingLatrines

SewerageTank withtreatment

Septic Tankwith

treatment

VietnamRural Sites Urban Sites

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

Dry Pit Wet Pit Septic Tank CompostingLatrines

SewerageTank withtreatment

Septic Tankwith

treatment

Cambodia

0

5

10

15

Dry Pit Wet Pit Septic Tank CompostingLatrines

SewerageTank withtreatment

Septic Tankwith

treatment

Lao PDR

28

● Investment ● Population density● Technology Efficiency● Operation & Maintenance● Residuals Management

● Public health protection● Government policy and

regulations● Human settlement● Planning

● Environmental protection● Resources conservation● Water Reuse● Nutrient recycling

Selection of Technology for DEWATS [FA-6]

Reference case studies for technology selection: ● Biodigesters in Cambodia: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKdruWBlHck&feature=youtu.be● Pro- Phosphorus PPP (5P) by Sweden and Australia: https://vimeo.com/13365354

Socially Acceptable

Economically Affordable

Environmentally Sustainable

Most Appropriate Technology

29

Pros and Cons of the DEWATS Technologies [FA-6]Type Treatment Wastewater type Advantage Disadvantage

Septic Tank sedimentation, sludgestabilization

wastewater of settablesolids

simple, durable, underground low treatment efficiency

Imhoff Tank sedimentation, sludgestabilization

wastewater of settablesolids

simple, durable, underground need regular de-sludging

Aerobic Filter

anaerobic degradationof SS and DS

pre-settled industrial and domestic wastewater with narrow COD/BOD ratio

simple, durable, underground, high treatment efficiency

costly, filter blockage

Baffled Septic Tank

anaerobic degradationof SS and DS

pre-settled industrial wastewater with narrow COD/BOD ratio

simple, durable, little permanent space, high treatment efficiency,relatively cheaper compared to anaerobic

required large space, less efficient compared to anaerobic

HorizontalGrave Filter

aerobic facultative, anaerobic degradationof SS and DS, pathogen removal

suitable for domestic and weak industrial wastewater when SS and DS already removed

high efficiency, no nuisance, no wastewater on ground

need permanent space, requited intensive maintenance with expertise, relatively costly

Anaerobic Pond

sedimentation, anaerobic degradation, sludge stabilization

strong or medium industrial wastewater

simple in construction, little maintenance required with flexible degree of treatment

occupy open land , can be a nuisance due to odour and mosquitoes

AerobicPond

aerobic degradation, pathogen removal

pre-treated industrial and domestic wastewater

simple in construction, reliable in performance, pathogen removal, appears natural pond, fish farming possible

occupy large permanent space, can be a nuisance due to odour and mosquitoes, algae can raise BOD level

30

Increasing the Demand for DEWATS [FA-7]

IncreasingDEWATS demand

Sanitation behavior change

Capacity and willingness

Economic incentives and cost recovery

31

Policy Instruments for Enabling Business [FA-7]Regulatory Instruments

Target Setting National or sector targets for greenhouse gas emissions, carbon intensity, energy intensity, etc

Standards Performance standards, technology standards, ambient standards, bans and limitations, etc

Environmental Regulations Mandatory assessments (such as an environmental impact assessment)Economic Instruments

Fiscal instruments Taxes, subsidies

Charge systems Pollution charges, Product charges, user charges, etc.

Market creation Tradable emission permits

Financial mechanisms Grants, soft loans, funds and green ProcurementInformation Instruments and tools to engage the private sector and civil society

Eco-labelling Mandatory or voluntary labelling for various products – general or impact-specific (such as energy labels)

Voluntary agreements Voluntary agreements with specific industries, for example on greenhouse gas emissions reductions or energy efficiency, eco-industrial parks

Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) andenvironmental reporting

Voluntary for overall CSR, partially mandatory agreements with environmental reporting, such as the amount of greenhouse gas Emissions

Partnerships Partnerships with research institutes and private sector for R&D in key sectors or Technologies

Education and training Education for sustainable development, awareness campaigns or awards 32

Demand Creation Collection

MDG Focus Environmental Focus

On-site with reuse

Promote sanitation, create

demand, community

organization

On-site without reuse

Sewer connections to offsite network

Reuse sludge (energy, agriculture)

Partial on-site treatment

Decentralized treatment facilities

Treatment plans

Services

Value ChainTransport Treatment

Disposal/Re-use

Environment

Ensure Financial and Investment Climate from Government, Donors and Entrepreneurs[FA-8]

Enabling policy and special trust fund for 3S

Improved health and surface water quality

Sanitation Service Fees

-Taxes & Revenues-Potable water fees

Sanitation Service Fees

- Income from wastewatermaagement:3R(reduce, reuse, recycle) resource recovery, water saving, non-sewer

- USER’s charges

Second Phase: access to global SFPTF after 5P for 3S is enforced

Technical Support

- Subseedees for poor

- Discharge permits

- Water Tarrif

- Enabling policy Ex. 5Pfor3S

Sanitation Financing

Partnership Trust Fund (SFPTF)

DONORS AND PARTNERS

Government

- CAPEX & OPEX- Monitoring &Evaluation

- Co-Finance WasteWater Treatment Facilities

Wastewater discharge fees

Pollution Fees

Financing Water and Sanitation services

Training on Technologies & Operations

Approval of the State Budget: Special Trust Fund/

Revolving FundState Budget

Service provider for 3S, following sustainable financing

Beneficiaries (Communities) in Urban and Peri- Urban Areas

Framework for Financing Sustainable Sanitation Services (3S).

Market Segments:

IndustrySME

Service providers for 3S, following

sustainable financing

Private Sector

National Programme, Including Special Trust Fund/Revolving Fund

Government

Clients in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas: factories, hotels, etc.

-Policy Framework-Legislation requiring better sanitation-Monitoring & Evaluation

-Investment in infrastructure

Benefits/Impacts

-Improved health-New job opportunities-Preserved environmentIncreased taxes

Green Taxes

-Monitoring & Evaluation-Loan

-CAPEX and OPEX-Transport Services-User’s charges

-Reporting on Indicators-Data Collection

-Construction-Sanitation Service fees

Financial framework for Industry and SMEs

Private Sector, Banks and NGOs

DonorFoundation

I.e. Sanitation Financing Partnership Trust Fund (SFPTF)

Government

-Construction services-CAPEX, OPEX-Co-Finance-Transport services-Collectiong Sanitation Service Fees

Service providers for 3S, Intermediaries

National Programme, Including Special Trust Fund/Revolving Fund

User’s Charges

-Subsidized loans-Grants

Clients of the Market Segments:

HouseholdPoor Household

Beneficiaries (communities) in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas

-Request for better sanitation

-Microfinance-Grants-Co-Finance

-Proposal based on Request

-Initiate the Programme-National Performance indicators-Financial Schemes, ex: 1:1

Commitment of funds, conditioned to the outcome

Benefits/Impacts

-Improved health-New job opportunities-Preserved environmentIncreased taxes

Financial Framework for Households

The COILED Method

Reference:Development Financing for Tangible Results: A paradigm shift to impact investing and outcome models http://www.unescap.org/resources/development-financing-tangible-results-paradigm-shift-impact-investing-and-outcome-models

37

Ensure Exit Strategy and Sustainability [FA 9]

Governments can use several sustainability frameworks using basic five sustainability elements, i.e. FIETS model: Financial: continuity of DEWATS through local financing. Institutional: sustained and functional local DEWATS systems with capable institutions, policies and procedures. Environmental: sustainable management of water and waste for clean natural environment and climate. Technical: operation and maintenance of hardware, by local people, that preserves not depletes natural resources . Social sustainability: demand-driven, inclusive, gender equal, culturally sensitive and needs-based approach to

WASH

Evaluation of Implementation [FA 10]Evaluation of DEWATS implementation can be done as follow: Evaluation of effectiveness of the planning process of national and city sanitation strategy and development

framework. Evaluate the progress and level of achievement of sanitation development activities. T Assessing the benefits of sanitation development programs against trends in sanitation conditions and

environmental conditions, and behaviour of the community, public health conditions, and environmental health risk.

38

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Vietnam

Cambodia

Laos

GovernmentDonor/NGOHousehold

Financing Sources for Sanitation in Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam

Source: Adapted from the World Bank : Average funding sources of sanitation projects studied 2012

Grant Maker foundations Recipient Years Purpose Country Amount($)Gates Foundation, Bill & Melinda East Meets West Foundation 2012 Basic sanitation Vietnam, Cambodia 10,900,000

Gates Foundation, Bill & Melinda East Meets West Foundation 2012 Drinking water supply and sanitation Vietnam, Cambodia 10,892,820

Gates Foundation, Bill & Melinda International Development Enterprises

2011 WASH research Cambodia 3,987,717

Stone Family Foundation, iDE Cambodia 2012 Education and training in water supply and sanitation

Cambodia 2,132,433

Vanguard Charitable Endowment Program

Splash 2011 Basic drinking water supply Cambodia, China, Ethiopia,

1,200,650

39

Key Message

● Policies and strategic government investments may spark the private sector as strong financial contributor and support households.

● 3S coordinates DEWATS with conventional centralized treatment systems

● DEWATS have numerous potential financing opportunities

● DEWATS have a high Benefit-Cost Ratio

40

Quiz– 3/3Multiple Questions and Answers to comply

for Course Certificate

41