E in

E & E

Electro-Technology In Energy & Environment

Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, P.Eng, SM IEEE

UNB, ECE-Department, Fredericton, NB, Canada

Outline

Title Summary Environmental & Environmental Engineering Technologies Environmental-Interactions & Requirements Electro technology Promotional Activities Methodology & Approach Planned Research Activities Dr .Sharaf -Research Activities Current Research Sample Presentations

Environment-Triangle

Engineering

Economics Science

Environmental Engineering & Technology is the Science and

Engineering of mitigation techniques & tools, Remediation Technology &

Standards for :

1. Recycle & Reuse and Reduce

2. Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources including Alternate/Renewable Energy

Sources

3. Optimized designs, Management Tools and Standards to prolong life cycle, safety

and prevent pollution in water, Air and soil.

4. Ensure Personal Safety to personnel and live stock.

5. Reduce waste and especially hazardous waste

6. Enhance quality of living by reducing Environmental/Safety hazards, Noise and all

forms of pollution & Contaminations.

7. Sustainable Development and Green/Conservation Products.

Environmental-Interactions & Requirements Areas:[Mining /Oil & Gas/ Soil Remediation/Transportation /Waste Management/Pollution Abatement]

Soil Water

EnergyAir

Animals Humans

Plants Insects

A

Balanced

B

Harmonious D

Diverse

C

Clean

Electro-technology

The applications of Electrical Engineering Principles and Phenomena in process industries:

Heating, Cooling, smelting and Environmental pollution abatement Systems& Devices with specific

concern to the following

1. Electrical Power Efficiency and Energy Conservation

2. Renewable energy systems (Wind, Photo-voltaic, Fuel Cell, Small Hydro, Hybrid,…..) & utilization

and use in Remote/Isolated Communities.

3. Applications of Electromagnetic (EM) and Electrostatic (ES) fields in process stabilization,

Disinfection, Odor control, Gaseous absorption, Anomaly / Fault / failure, detection using

Electrical Signature FFT Tools, Eddy- Current Mapping/ FFT-Wavelets & Neural Network

Mapping & Identification technologies.

4. Application of AI based-Soft Computing Technologies (ANN, Fuzzy, Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic Algorithms in Fault /Anomaly Detection, Relaying, Control and Safety.

5. Electric Grid Utility Systems :Voltage and Frequency (FACTS-Based) Stabilization, Blackout-Security and Power Quality PQ Enhancement

Promotional Activities

M.Eng / M.Sc.

Program in Environmental Engineering & Technology

Capstone Courses

Courses (PBL) on Environmental Engineering &

Technology

Interdisciplinary & Interfaculty Collaborative Research

Short-Term

Consulting Services office (CSO)

Approach

Student-Annual Environmental design Competition

National International Collaborative Research

Networks of excellence

Seminar U/G Environmental Design projects

Competing in National & International Competitions in Energy & Environmental

NRC (Energy Ambassadors) !! Green-Plug-Winner, OTTAWA 2005

Interfaculty (Science & Engineering) Collaborative Research

Innovative-Teaching by Using Current Research in Teaching !!

Specialized Courses & Programs

C. Courses

“ Environmental Engineering & Technology”

Based on

o Case- Studies

o Invited Guest- Seminars & Lectures

o Project Based Learning -PBL

D. M.Eng / M.Sc. & Research Collaboration

Inter/ Multi-DICPLINARY /Inter-Faculty/Inter-Departmental

Research

(M.Eng /M.Sc) Program in Environmental Engineering & Technology

Environmental Engineering/Technology

Promotion Methodology & Approach

1. Creation of Student-Environmental Innovation Club (SEIC)

2. Annual Green Environmental student Competition

3. Joint Interfaculty Engineering & Science Research using Joint Senior Thesis projects & Co-Supervision of Graduate students

4. Joint Business, Industry and Electric Utility sponsored Value-Added Research.

5. Short-Term Environmental Consulting Services-Office (CESO)

6. National and International Collaborative Research , Research links, Bi-lateral International Research Agreements.

7. Joint International Educational Programs & Research-Initiatives (AL-AHRAM-Cairo-CUC, Middle East, S.E. Asia)

Planned Research Activities

(1) Electricity Power/Energy Conservation & Demand Side Management.

(2) AI-Based Fault Detection and Relaying Protection and Safety Schemes

(3) Harmonic/Noise Mitigation and Power Quality Enhancement

(4) Applications of Ripple orthogonal Pulsating and Rotating Electromagnetic & Electrostatic fields in:-

(a) Germicidal control, sterilization, and Disinfection (Water, Milk, liquids, Hospital, hazardous waste,…)

(b) Zeolite-Enhanced Gaseous-adsorption and Odor control using Air Filters and Muffler systems.

(c) Sick Building mitigation and air filteration systems

(d) Efficient Electro-technology based heating (Resistive, inductive, arc,…) systems

5. Renewable/ alternative dispersed standalone, hybrid and Grid-interconnected electric energy supply systems using wind, small hydro, photovoltaic, fuel cell, Micro Gas turbine, Hybrid Systems.

6. Intelligent Electric Arc/ Fire Detection and Relaying Schemes using harmonic FFT finger printing and Electric Signature Analysis ESA Tools ( for Buildings, commercial Installation, Mining process industries and low- voltage Electric Grid systems..

7. Large Machinery/Motorized and Electromechanical Vibration/Torsional Monitoring and anomaly/failure/fault diagnostics using ANN-Based nonlinear pattern recognition mapping and vector transformations wavelets, Short -Term FFT, Inverse-Cosine, Temporal, Statistical and Abduction Rules.

8. Active Noise (Traffic & Machinery)- Cancellation in Roads & Buildings9. Intelligent Fuzzy logic based decision Making Software.10. Applications of Ground Resistance(-R-ground) Spectra Scans and

Electromagnetic field penetration Mapping in personnel Land-Mine detection & other Archeological Site-Detection

Dr. A. M. Sharaf ‘s: Current Research Activities

1. The Green Plug & Smart power Filters and Energy Misers/Economics

2. Wind-Utilization schemes

3. Photovoltaic Utilization schemes

4. FACTS Based stabilization Devices For Electric utility Grid Systems

5. Bio-Filter Using (EM/EM/ES/UV)

6. The Electric-Foot-Generator (EFG)

7. Arc Fault-HIF Detection and fire sentry Relaying Systems

8. Zeolite-Gaseous Adsorption & Odor control

9. NG/PEM-fuel cell Efficiency Enhancement Using (LF/HF)Ripple Electromagnetic

Reformer and Cell Polarization filters

10. Efficient Hydrogen Based Hybrid Storage/ Reformer Technology using

Plasma(Microwave/Laser/Magnetic Field).

11. LNG/Hydrogen/PV/Wind/Fuel Cells / Micro-Gas turbines)

Dr. A. M. Sharaf ‘s: Current Research Activities

1. The Green Plug & Smart power Filters and Energy Misers/Economics

2. Wind-Utilization schemes

3. Photovoltaic Utilization schemes

4. FACTS Based stabilization Devices For Electric utility Grid Systems

5. Bio-Filter Using (EM/EM/ES/UV)

6. The Electric-Foot-Generator (EFG)

7. Arc Fault-HIF Detection and fire sentry Relaying Systems

8. Zeolite-Gaseous Adsorption & Odor control

9. NG/PEM-fuel cell Efficiency Enhancement Using (LF/HF)Ripple Electromagnetic

Reformer and Cell Polarization filters

10. Efficient Hydrogen Based Hybrid Technology (Hydrogen/PV/Wind/Fuel Cells /

Micro-Gas turbines)

Electrostatic/Electromagnetic Bio-Filter-B Device for Airborne Contaminant

Disinfection

Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, SM IEEE

Summary

Background Methodology

Electrostatic Method Electromagnetic Method

Work Completed Testing

Background

• Reasons for This Project• growing concern for indoor air quality

(e.g. mold, smoke)• allergies, asthma, other respiratory

problems• disease control • threat of biological terrorism, (e.g. Anthrax)

Background• Goal of the Project

• Design and construct a bio-filter using the combined orthogonal electromagnetic and electrostatic EM/EM/ES Principle developed by Dr. Adel M. Sharaf for his Potable Water/Liquid Germicidal/Sterilization/Disinfectant Filters.

Background

HPAC Engineering , January 2002 (http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/pubs/foam.pdf)

Methodology

Electrostatic Effect------E=V/d Process commonly referred to as

“Electrostatic Precipitation” or “Electronic Air Cleaning”

2-stage process; charging stage and collection stage

Effective in filtering particles form .01 to 10 microns

Process consumes relatively low power

Methodology

Dirty Air -

+

-

--

-

-

-- -

--

-

--

-

-

-

-

--

-

AirborneMolecules

NegativeIons

OppositelyCharged Plates

Methodology

Dirty Air -

+

-

--

-

-

-- -

--

-

--

-

-

-

-

--

-

• Airborne molecules collide with negative ions

Methodology• Airborne molecules acquire a negative net charge and collect on the positively charged plate

Dirty Air -

+

-

--

-

-

-- -

- -

-

--

--

-

-

-

-

-

Clean Air

-

--

-

-

-

-

Methodology Electromagnetic Component

FDA study in 2000 demonstrated that many Bacteria/Cysts/Germs/Micro Living organisms could be destroyed by an Oscillating or Pulsed Magnetic Field.

Depends on Applied ripple-frequency, magnetic field strength, and duration of Electric-Pulses.

Pulsed-Non-ionizing Magnetic Low frequency/high frequency magnetic fields PMF-(0-50 kilohertz) can be generated using electromagnetic coils.

Methodology Leading theory states that a

PMF can loosen the covalent bonds between ions and proteins in microorganisms.

Living Micro cells Membrane contains Charged + - ions!!

Ions move in a circular path when entering a perpendicular magnetic field.

The motion causes the protein molecules and ions to oscillate and eventually break the covalent bonds that bind them.

B

Methodology

Initial Design

(DESIGNED BY DR. SHARAF)

OppositelyChargedPlates

NegativeIon

GeneratorNeedles

ElectromagneticCoil

Air Hole

Methodology

Initial Design

(DESIGNED BY DR. SHARAF)Fan

Methodology

Br

E

• E = V/d

E is a function of the Electric Potential divided by the distance between the plates.

Orthogonal Electric and Magnetic Fields

Methodology

l

r d1

d2

B

2r2d1

d1

2r2d2

d2

2l

NIr

μo

μB

l

ANL ro

2

Cross-section of a finite solenoid Magnetic flux density along

the axis of finitely long solenoid.

Inductance of a solenoid

Methodology

• Quick-Field FEM-Software- Simulations

• 2-D finite element analysis program (Free Student Edition)

• Electrostatic simulations based on Poisson’s Equation

• Magnetic simulations are based on vector Poisson’s Equation

Work Completed

Researched several methods of airborne filtration and disinfection including electrostatic and electromagnetic methods.

Simulated magnetic and electric field strengths of the design elements using Quick-Field software.

Initiated the design of dual variable-frequency triggering circuits for electromagnetic coils.

Designed a prototype model using EM/ES with a second enhanced model with UV-ULTRA VIOLET and Sonic Wave generators as an ADD-ON Killing Mechanisms

TESTING

Testing (possibly at NB-RPC or NRC Test facilities.)

Testing for Sterilization/Kill Rate/Germicidal Effect for different:

Applied frequency Flux Density EM- alone EM/ES combined effect EM/ES with ADD-ON UV and US-Ultra-Sonic waves UV-GERMICIDAL Range and US in the range of

20-120 Kilohertz Effect of Air Flow rate

References

 1. 1.)    Hofmann, G.A. 1985. Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field.

U.S. Patent 4,524,079.2.  3. 2.)    Moore, R.L. 1979. Biological effects of magnetic fields. Studies with microorganisms.

Can. J. Microbiol., 25:1145-1151.4.  5. 3.)    Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies . U. S.

Food and Drug Administration. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004

6.  7. 4.)    Gary Wade and Rifetech. (1998). EXCITING POSSIBILITIES IN PULSED INTENSE

MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY. Rife Healing Energy. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.

8.  9. 5.)    Aerobiological Engineering: Electrostatic Precipitation. The Pennsylvania State

University Aerobiological Engineering. Available: URL http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/electro.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.

10.  11. 6.)    What is an Ionizer. What is an Ionizer. Available: URL

http://www.ionizer.com.my/What_is_ionizer.htm. Last accessed 10 February 2004.

QUESTIONS ??

Low Cost Stand-alone RenewablePhotovoltaic/Wind Energy Hybrid-

Utilization Schemes

Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf, SM IEEE

Presentation Outline

Introduction

Research Objectives

Low Cost Stand-alone Photovoltaic/Wind Schemes and Error

Driven Controllers

Preliminary Results

Introduction

PV cells

PV modules

PV arrays

PV systems

Stand-alone photovoltaic systems

Hybrid renewable energy systems

The advantages of PV solar energy:

Clean and green energy source that can reduce green

house gases

Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance

Costs little to build and operate

Almost has no environmental polluting impact

Modular and flexible in terms of size, ratings and

applications

Economical uses of stand-alone PV systems:

Small village electricity supply

Water pumping and irrigation systems

Cathodic- protection

Communications

Lighting and small appliances

Emergency power systems and lighting systems

The circuit diagram of the single solar cell

)1( /)(0 xSgg AKTRIVq

phg eIII

I-V characteristics of the single solar cell

gSgphx

g IRI

III

q

AKTV

)ln(

0

0

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

The photovoltaic system displays an inherently nonlinear

current-voltage (I-V) relationship, requiring an online search

and identification of the optimal maximum power operating

point.

MPPT controller is a power electronic DC/DC converter or

DC/AC inverter system inserted between the PV array and its

electric load to achieve the optimum characteristic matching

PV array is able to deliver maximum available solar power

that is also necessary to maximize the photovoltaic energy

utilization

I-V and P-V characteristics of a typical PV array at a fixed ambient temperature and solar irradiation condition

I-V characteristics of a typical PV array with various conditions

The performance of any stand-alone PV system depends on:

Electric load operating conditions/Excursions/ Switching

Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)

Solar Insolation/irradiation variations (Sx)

Research Objectives

Develop/test/validate mathematical models for stand-alone photovoltaic PV and PV/wind energy conversion schemes in MATLAB/Simulink/Sim-Power Systems software environment.

Design/test/validate novel maximum photovoltaic power tracking controllers for photovoltaic PV and PV/wind energy conversion schemes namely:

(1) Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive: PV-DC scheme I. (2) Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter: PV-DC scheme II. (3) Photovoltaic DC/AC inverter: PV-AC scheme. (4) Hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme.

Low Cost Stand-alone Photovoltaic/Wind Schemes and Error Driven Controllers

Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC Motor

Drive: PV-DC Scheme I

Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter: PV-DC Scheme II

Photovoltaic DC/AC Inverter: PV-AC Scheme

Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme

Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC Motor Drive: PV-DC Scheme I

Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system

Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller

Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

The loop weighting factors (γw, γi and γp) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-

weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

where

is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample

T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

Dynamic Error Driven Self Adjusting Controller (SAC)

Dynamic tri-loop self adjusting control (SAC) system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

The loop weighting factors (γw, γI and γp) and the parameters k0 and β are assigned to minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0

(Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

where N= T0/Tsample

T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms) t(k)=k·Tsample: Time at step k in seconds

Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter: PV-DC Scheme II

Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme for village electricity use

Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller

Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

The loop weighting factors (γw, γi and γv) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-weighted

excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

where

is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller (SMC)

Dynamic error driven sliding mode control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

The loop weighting factors (γw and γp) and the parameters C0 and C1 are assigned to

minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0

(Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

where N= T0/Tsample

T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

Photovoltaic DC/AC Inverter: PV-AC Scheme

Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/AC inverter scheme for village electricity use

Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller

Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

The loop weighting factors (γv, γi and γp) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-

weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

where

is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample

T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Scheme

Stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization scheme

Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral (PI) Controller

Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus Integral control system (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

The loop weighting factors (γv, γi and γp) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to

minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0 (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

where

is the total excursion error N= T0/Tsample T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s) Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

Preliminary Results

Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system model using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software

Test Variations of ambient temperature and solar irradiation

Variation of

ambient temperature (Tx)

Variation of

solar irradiation (Sx)

For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory

Ig vs. time

Pg vs. time

Vg vs. time

Vg vs. Ig

For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory(Continue)

Pg vs. Ig & Vg

ωref & ωm vs. time

Iam vs. time

ωm vs. Te

For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory

Ig vs. time

Pg vs. time

Vg vs. time

Vg vs. Ig

For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory(Continue)

Pg vs. Ig & Vg

ωref & ωm vs. time

Iam vs. time

ωm vs. Te

The digital simulation results validate the tri-loop dynamic error driven PI controller and ensures:

Good reference speed trajectory tracking with a small overshoot/undershoot and minimum steady state error The motor inrush current Iam is kept to a specified limited value Maximum PV solar power/energy tracking near knee point operation can be also achieved under varying

Insolation /Irradiation Conditions and Load Excursions

Time Line

TaskCurrentProgress

ExpectedEnd Date

Background review

Ongoing Jan. 31, 2005

Model selectingand testing

Ongoing(60%

completed)Feb. 28, 2005

Digital Simulation

Ongoing(50%

completed)Mar. 15, 2005

Thesis writingand compilation

Yet to start Apr. 05, 2005

HIF-ARC FAULT DETECTION

High Impedance Arc-Type Fault-Detection!!!!

(HIF) on Meshed Electrical Distribution/Utilization networks are characterized by an intermittent Arc-type nature and low-level of the fault currents.

Problem to be solve

In the multi-grounded distribution line, there exists a imbalance in three phase loads, therefore, overcurrent ground relays are usually set somewhat high to allow some large neutral currents due to this imbalance.

The detection of low-level ground-currents-GC using any conventional over-current or ground fault type relays is both difficult and sometimes inaccurate.

Each detection method may increase the possibility of the detection for high impedance faults to some extent, but it also has some drawbacks as well. Until now, no technique has offered a complete solution for this HIF Relaying-problem.

The paper presents the application of the cross correlation-Statistical Pattern identification technique as a pattern recognition of high impedance faults (HIFs). The third and fifth harmonics current components are extracted from the fault current using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

Aim of the paper

Correlation is a measure of the relation between two or more inter-Lated variables. The measurement scales used should be at least interval scales, but other correlation coefficients are available to handle other types of data.

CROSS CORRELATION AS AN HIF ARC FAULT-

PATTERN CLASSIFICATION

Following the definition of the cross correlation function between x[n] and y[n] Variables given by (1).

where k is a delay units.

(1)

The cross correlation functions of power signals are redefined such that the summations and integrations are replaced by averages. For two discrete power signals x[n] and y[n] the cross correlation function is defined as (2):

This Summation-Feature of pattern classification is used for HIF ARC FAULT detection on Electric Grids

(2)

The HIF Fault-Detection Technique is based on a novel low frequency (the third and fifth harmonic feature diagnostic vector).

OVERALL PROCEDURE OF THE TECHNIQUE

The instantaneous current values at feeder substation buses shown in Fig. 1 are captured and transformed into frequency domain using one cycle Fast Fourier Transform- FFT.

The FFT harmonic current vectors extraction [i3] and [i5] are processed to obtain a feature vector.

The current pattern is classified using the cross correlation function given in (2).

S R

R1

F2 F1

X km

FFT

Pattern Classification

Fault Vector Feature

HIF

with Linear or Non-linear ARC

The slop of the Cross Correlation Function “XCF“ can be calculated to discriminate between a linear and non-linear arc-type fault conditions

Threshold

• If the slop of “XCF“ goes lower than some THR_SLOP value, the technique will identify that the fault is a linear HIF

• If the slop of “XCF“ goes higher than a THR_SLOP value, HIF is identified as a non-linear arc fault

The Test Electric-Utility Grid system includes a 138 kV. X is taken in per unit length. Data for verifying the proposed technique was generated by modeling the selected system using the Matlab/Simulink model

SYSTEM

The model

ic1v1

if

ic2

p1

is2

p2

1

den(s)

x line

iF

vF

i25

i23

i1

v1

v25

p5

p3

v23

i5

i3

v5

v3

p25

t

p1

p23

v2

i2

p2Source B

Source A

Scope

1

7e-3s+0.7

Rs Ls1

1

7e-3s+0.7

Rs Ls

In1Out1

NLL Linear/NL

In1Out1

LN

1s

1s

-K-

-K-

-K-

-K-

v2

i2

p2

v3v5i3i5

p3p5

FT1

v1

i1

p1

v3v5i3i5

p3p5

FT

-K-

1/(c*x)

-K-

1/(c*(l-x))

1

den(s)

(1-x) line

is1

i1

i2

The Performance of the Proposed Arc detection Scheme is tested for different Arc conditions,distances,Arc Types,..

TEST RESULTS

Performance of the HIF-SAFTEY Relay for a phase-a-to ground fault on the transmission line is shown in the following figure i3-vs-i5

The fault is located at 30% of transmission line length from R1

Effect of Internal Linear Fault

The corresponding computed “XCF“ for R1 has positive value. For the selected threshold boundary THR_SLOP, the “XCF“ slop is lower than this boundary. This indicates that the fault is a linear fault.

The computed [i3] and [i5] pattern is shown in Figure. The corresponding computed “XCF“ for R1 has very rise value 1.6E-02. For the selected threshold boundary, the “XCF“ does cross the selected threshold boundary

Effect of Internal Non-Linear Fault

The paper introduced a novel low order harmonic current pattern for HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT ARC detection and discrimination.

CONCLUSIONS

The technique is based on analyzing the Harmonic i3-vs-i5 current pattern shape.

The suggested technique was tested under different HIF-ARC fault conditions.

The paper introduced a novel low order harmonic current pattern for HIGH IMPEDANCE FAULT ARC detection and discrimination.

The great selectivity and reliability are the main features in discrimination between linear and non-linear arc faults.

Electric Utility-Voltage Stabilization And Reactive Compensation Using A Novel FACTS- STATCOM Scheme

Professor Dr. A.M. Sharaf Department of Electrical/Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick

PO Box 4400-UNB, Fredericton, N.B., Canada, E3B 5A3Email : sharaf@unb.ca

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

• STATCOM Definition

The Static Synchronous Compensator is a shunt-connected reactive

power compensation device that is capable of generating and/or absorbing

reactive power at a given bus location and in which the output can be

varied.

• Structure

It consists of a step-down transformer with leakage reactance , a

three phase GTO voltage source converter (VSC), and a DC side-capacitor.

The AC voltage difference across the interface transformer leakage

reactance XT produces reactive power exchange between the STATCOM

local bus and the power system bus at the point of shunt interface.

OBJECTIVES

• STATCOM-FACTS DEVICE!!!!

• FLEXILE AC TRANSMISSION DEVICE = ELECTRONIC

CONVERTERS+FLEXIBLE CONTROLLER for Electric UTILITY

SECURITY/STABILITY and RELIABILITY Enhancement!!!

• Dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems;

• Power electromechanical-oscillation damping in power transmission system;

• Transient stability Enhancement;

• Voltage flicker control; and

• Possible control of not only the reactive power Q but also the active power in the

connected line, this requires a sustainable dc side energy source (Battery or DC source).

• THE STATCOM DEVICE is A VOLTAGE STABILIZATION THAT ENHANCES

GRID SYSTEM SECURITY/STABILITY AND RELIABILITY and REDUCES

ROLLING- BLACKOUTS!!!!!!!!!!!

• The exchange of reactive Power Can be controlled by varying the

amplitude of Es.

• If Es>Et, the reactive power flow from the VSC STATCOM to AC

system (Capacitive Operation).

Figure1: The STATCOM principle diagram

• If Es<Et, the reactive power flow from the AC System Bus to the Converter (Inductive Operation).

• If Es = Et, STATCOM is (floating non-active state) only P small flow.

• The net instantaneous power at the ac output terminals must always be equal to the net instantaneous power at dc-input terminals by neglecting switching losses.

• The converter simply interconnects the three phase terminals so that the reactive output phase currents can flow freely among them.

• Although the reactive current is generated by the action of the solid state switches. The capacitor is still needed to provide a circulating current path as well as act as voltage source storage.

Electrical & Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of New Brunswick Digital Simulation Model

Figure 2: Sample three-bus study Grid Utility system with the STATCOM located at Bus B2.

Three Phase AC Source Active Power (PL2) 0.7 [pu]

Rated Voltage 230*1.03[kV] Reactive Power (QL2) 0.5 [pu]

Frequency 60 [Hz] Laod 3

Short Circuit Level 10000 [MVA] Active Power (PL3) 0.6 [pu]

Base Voltage 230 [kV] Reactive Power (Qc3) 0.4 [pu]

X/R 8 STATCOM

Transmission Line Primary Voltage 138 kV

Resistance 0.05 [pu] Secondary Voltage 15 kV

Reactance 0.2 [pu] Nominal Power 100 MVAR

Power Transformer Frequency 60 [Hz]

Nominal Power 300 [MVA] Equivelant Capacitance 750 µF

Frequency 60 [Hz] Coupling Transformer

Prim. Winding Voltage 230 [kV] Nominal Power 100 [MVA]

Sec. Winding Voltage 33 [kV] Frequency 60 [Hz]

Magnitization Resistsnce 500 Prim. Winding Voltage 138 [kV]

Magnitization Reactnace 500 Sec. Winding Voltage 230 [kV]

Three Phase Loads GTO Switches

Laod 1 Snubber Resistance 1e5 [ohm]

Active Power (PL1) 1 [pu] Snubber Capacitance inf

Reactive Power (QL1) 0.8 [pu] Internal Resistance 1e-4 [ohm]

Load 2 No. of Bridge arm 3

Table 1: Table of selected power system parameters

48 Pulse Voltage Source Converter

Figure 3: 48-pulse Voltage Source Converter STATCOM-Building Block.

Figure 4: output phase voltage for the 6, 12 and 48-pulse VSC.

Output Phase Voltage of the 6 pulse VSC STATCOM

Time ... 0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 ... ... ...

-1.25

-1.00

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

Phas

e Vo

ltage

VnaOutput phase voltage of the 12 pulse VSC STATCOM

0.600 0.610 0.620 0.630 0.640 0.650 0.660 0.670 0.680 ... ... ...

-1.25

-1.00

-0.75

-0.50

-0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

Phas

e Vo

ltage

Vna

0.6 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time (sec)

48

pu

lse

con

ver

ter

ou

tpu

t v

olt

age

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

6 pulse VSC 12 pulse VSC 48 pulse VSC

%T

HD

5th 7th

Decoupled (d-q) current controller

Figure 5: Proposed STATCOM Decoupled Current Control System.

PI Controller

Electrical & Computer Engineering DepartmentUniversity of New Brunswick• The new control system is based on a decoupled current control strategy

using decoupled direct and quadrature current components of the

STATCOM AC current.

• The supplementary additional damping regulator is to correct the phase

angle of the STATCOM device voltage, , with respect to the positive/

negative sign of this variations.

• The operation of the STATCOM-FACTS scheme is Validated for both

capacitive and inductive modes of operations.

Dynamic Performance of the STATCOM

STATCOM ENSURES SYSTEM SECURITY!!!!

The STATCOM Validated for both Capacitive & Inductive modes of operations under

the following System load disturbance.

Load Switching

1- At t = 0.5 Sec, Load 2 (PL2 = 0.7 pu & QL2=0.5 pu) is added to load 1 (PL1 = 1 pu &

QL1=0.8 pu) that connected from beginning.

2- At t = 1 Sec, Capacitive Load 3 (PL3 = 0.6 pu & QL3=0.4 pu) is added to load 1& 2

3- At t = 1.5 Sec., both loads 1 & 2 are removed

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Bus Voltage (B2) Real Transmitted Pow er Reactive Transmitted Pow er

pu

Without STATCOM With STATCOM

Figure 5: Comparison of Bus Voltage VB2, PL and QL for uncompensated and compensated system.

Digital Simulation Results

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.51.5-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Time (sec)

Ph

ase

Dis

pla

cem

ent

(Deg

ree)

Converter Phase Displacement () vs t

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.50.9

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1

1.02

1.04

1.06

1.08

1.1Terminal Voltage of the STATCOM

Time (sec)

Ter

min

al V

olt

age

(pu

)

STATCOMConnetced

Load 2Injected

Load 3Injected Load 2,3

Rejected

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.50

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5x 10

4 Capacitor dc Voltage

Time (sec)

Vd

c

STATCOMConnetced

Load 2Injected

Load 3Injected

Load 2,3Rejected

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.10.1 0.5 1.51.5-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Time (sec)

P&

Q o

f th

e S

TA

TC

OM

(p

u)

Active & Reactive Power of STATCOM vs t

Q

P

STATCOMConnected

Load 2Connected

Load 3Connected

Load 2, 3Rejected

Capacitive Mode

Inductive Mode

Figure 6 : The digital simulation results of the STATCOM operation under electric load excursion.

1,2

1,2

1,2

1,2

1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.71.53-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time (sec)

Vs

& I

s o

f th

e (V

SC

) S

TA

TC

OM

Voltage & Current of the (VSC) STATCOM

VsIsCapacitive Mode Inductive Mode

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

Time (sec)

Id&

Iq C

om

po

ne

nts

of t

he

ST

AT

CO

M c

urr

en

t (p

u) direct & quadrature Components of STATCOM currents

Id

Iq

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.5 1.50.1-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

Time (sec)

P&

Q o

f T

he T

rans

. Lin

e (p

u)

Active & Reactive Power of Trans.Line vs t

P

Q

STATCOMConnected

Load 2Injected

Load 3Injected

Load 2, 3Rejetced

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Time (sec)

Id &

Iq

Com

pone

nts

of th

e T

ran.

Lin

e C

urre

nt (

pu)

direct & quadrature Components of T.L Current

Iq

Id

Figure 7 : The digital simulation results of The STATCOM operation under electric load excursion.

Digital Simulation Results

1,2

NB:(THD) is at minimum value due to the use of 48 pulse (VSC) Converter

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20.1 0.5 1.51.5

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

Time (sec)

Vm

eas.

& V

ref

of

the

ST

AT

CO

M C

on

tro

ller Measured & Reference Voltage of the STATCOM Controller

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

Time (sec)

Iqm

& I

qre

f (p

u)

Measured & Reference Quadrature Current (pu)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0.1

Time (sec)

TH

D

Total Harmonic Distortion of the Converter Voltage

Figure 8: Reference & Measured Voltage as the input of Voltage regulator.

Figure 9: Reference & Measured current as

the input of current regulator.

Figure 10: The Total Harmonic Distortion of the Converter output voltage.

Conclusion

1) This paper presented a novel full STATCOM 48 pulse model of cascade converter and

its use for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. A detailed model of the ±100 MVAR

STATCOM has been developed and connected to the 230 kV AC grid network in order to provide the

required reactive compensation. The full 48 pulse model of STATCOM is controlled by a novel dual

loop current decoupled controller and the STATCOM facts device is validated as an effective reactive

power compensator and Voltage stabilization scheme. The control process has been developed based

on a decoupled current strategy using (D and Q decoupled) STATCOM current.

2) The operation of the STATCOM is validated in both capacitive and inductive operational

modes in the sample power transmission system. The dynamic simulation results have demonstrated

the high quality of the 48 pulse STATCOM for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation

while the system subjected to disturbances such as switching different types of loads. The full 48

pulse model can be utilized in other Facts Based Devices such as :

Active Power Filters APF and new hybrid stabilization topologies using new DPF/SCC!!!

THE proposed device can ensure Dynamic- Voltage Stability, reduce BLACKOUTS and Enhance Grid

system Security and Stability!!!

Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf, SM IEEE

University of New Brunswick

May 1-4, 2005

A Novel On-line Intelligent Shaft-Torsional Oscillation Monitor for Large Induction Motors and Synchronous Generators

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Introduction-SSR FAILURE MODES

• Modeling details for -Synchronous generators -Induction motors

• Sample dynamic simulation results

• Conclusions

Introduction

• Sub-Synchronous Resonance is an electric power system condition where the electric network exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined electrical and mechanical system below the synchronous frequency of the system.

• Example of SSR oscillations:

• SSR was first discussed in 1937

• Two shaft failures at Mohave Generating Station (Southern Nevada, 1970’s)

What is Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)?

L

Cer x

xf

LCf 0

1

2

1

Where:

- Synchronous Frequency = 60 Hz

- Electrical Frequency

- Inductive Line Reactance - Capacitive Bank Reactance

erssr fff 0

0f

Subsynchronous Frequency:

erf

Lx

Cx

Introduction

• Categories of SSR Interactions:

Torsional Modes: Electrical-Mechanical –Resonance-Interactions:

Induction generator effect

Shaft torque amplification

Combined effect of torsional interaction and induction generator

Self-excitation

• Other sources for excitation of SSR oscillations

Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

HVDC Converter

Static Var Compensator (SVC)

Variable Speed Drive Converter

Modeling for Synchronous Generator

Figure 1. Sample Series Compensated Turbine-Generator and Infinite Bus System

Sample Study System

Figure 2. Turbine-Generator Shaft Model Table 1. Mechanical Data

Modeling for Synchronous Generator

Figure 3. Matlab/Simulink Unified System Model for the Sample Turbine- Synchronous Generator and Infinite Bus System

Modeling for Induction Motor

Figure 4. Induction Motor Unified Study- System Model

The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme

Figure 5. Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring (ISM) SchemeDetect SSR Oscillations and Possible Damage to Mechanical System!!!

The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme

Figure 6. Matlab Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring (ISM) Scheme with Synthesized Special Indicator Signals ( ) ,,,

)cos(sin* 00 twtwis

)cos(sin* 00 twtwis

/

- The result signal of (LPF, HPF, BPF)

0w = 377 –Radians/Second

T0 = 0.15 s, T1 = 0.1 s,

T 2 = 0.1s, T3 = 0.02 s

Control System Design

Figure 7. DFC Device Using Synthesized Damping Signals ( ) Magnitudes ,,

Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator

Figure 8. Monitoring -Synthesized Signals ( ) Under Short Circuit Fault Conditions

without DFC Compensation without DFC Compensation

,,,

Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator

Figure 9. Monitoring Synthesized Signals ( ) Under Short Circuit Fault Conditions ,,,

with DFC Compensation with DFC Compensation

Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator

Figure 10. SSR Oscillatory Dynamic Response Under Short Circuit Fault Condition

without DFC Compensation without DFC Compensation

Simulation Results for Induction Motor

Without Damping DPF Device With Damping DPF Device

Figure 11. Monitoring Signals P & Q Figure 12. Monitoring Signals P & Q

Simulation Results for Induction

Motor Without Damping DPF Device With Damping DPF Device

Figure 13. Shaft Torque Oscillatory Dynamic Response

Figure 14. Load Power versus Current, Voltage Phase Portrait

Conclusions

• For both synchronous generators and induction motor drives, the SSR shaft Unstable-Torsional oscillations can be monitored using the online Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) scheme.

• The ISM monitor is based on the shape of these 2-d and 3-dimensional phase portraits recognition and polarity of synthesized signals

• The proposed Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) scheme is validated for SSR torsional modes damping

• Transformed / Synthesized Signals atre used in Detection of Faults/Safety/Anomaly detection using Pattern Recognition Tools.

&&