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EFFECT OF TEXT BACKGROUND COLOR ON HOW MANY NUMBERS ARE REMEMBERED
Andy Lee
PROBLEM STATEMENT
How does the background color of text affect memory?
HYPOTHESES If the background color is white, then more
numbers will be memorized. (Null) There will be no difference in results for
the different background colors.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Visual Cortex: Part of the brain that processes information from visual input. See things better with higher contrast (easier to
see) Yellow + white=low contrast, hence it is hard to
see Short Term Memory
Memories decay very fast Must recall this short term memory in order to
turn it into long term memory Chunks of information are easily stored instead
of large strings. 192-168-21 is easier then reading 19216821
DESIGN DIAGRAM
LEVELSBackground Colors
Blue Green Red Yellow White*
Trials 20 20 20 20 20
Dependent Variable: Amount of Numbers Memorized
Constants: Color of text, size of card, amount of numbers on card, time allowed to memorize
IV: Color of text background
RESULTS
Color Red Yellow Blue Green White
Average 6.14 7 6.81 6.23 8.94
DATA
These are the results of 100 tests.
Each person did each color, so I only had to get 20 signatures
5x20=100
DATA (IN TABLE FORM)
Red Yellow Blue Green White
3 6 8 7 4 8 7 5 9 8 5 9 4 5 6 12 4 4 6 8 4 3 6 6 6
8 5 9 7 3 8 4 11 3 5 6 8 8 5 6 6 6 6 9 4 7 4 5 12 3
7 6 7 4 7
14 3 8 3 5 2 4 5 5 3 4 9 6 5 8 5 5 9 6 7
5 7 6 7 5 6 7 7 9 6 10 9 3 10 7 4 3 5 4 6 5 5 6 6 8
10 7 10 4 10 10 5 6 9 11 8 8 9 6 8 10 9 8 5 6 6 9 11 10 8
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Colors Expected Observed O-E (O-E)² (O-E)² E
Red 8.94 6.14 2.8 7.84 .877
Yellow 8.94 7 -1.94 -3.7636
.421
Blue 8.94 6.81 -2.13 -4.5369
.507
Green 8.94 6.23 -2.71 7.3441 .821
White 8.94 8.94 0 0 0
↑ ↑ 2.626 ↑
Used this number for my expected because it was the control. χ² value
GRAPH OF THE AVERAGES
Red Yellow Blue Green White0123456789
10
The Effect of Text Background Color On How Many Numbers Are Re-
membered
Am
ount
of
num
bers
rem
em
bere
d
Color of background
CONCLUSIONS PART ONE
I can accept my null hypothesis. (Null) There will be no difference in results for
the different background colors. My p-value was 2.626. This means .7 < p < .5.
CONCLUSIONS PART TWO
HOWEVERColors Expecte
dObserved O-E (O-E)² (O-E)²
E
Red 8.94 6.14 2.8 7.84 .877
Yellow 8.94 7 -1.94 -3.7636 .421
Blue 8.94 6.81 -2.13 -4.5369 .507
Green 8.94 6.23 -2.71 7.3441 .821
White 8.94 8.94 0 0 0
↑ 2.626
The observed value for the white colored background is obviously higher than the rest
SOURCES OF ERROR PART ONE
Color blind people They may not be affected by the colors, making
my results insignificant Pressure
I would sometimes ask people in a really urgent voice because of my impatience.
SOURCES OF ERROR PART TWO
Patterns It was brought to my attention that one of the
numbers was easy to remember. 492819421975190. Hard? 4928 1942 1975 190 1942=WW II 1975=Easy year to remember Only leaves 7 numbers to really remember.
Background noise Distracted some people
IMPROVEMENTS
Can’t do anything for colorblind people. Sorry.
Could say in instructions: “Memorize this and when I say stop, repeat it to me,” instead of asking after they were done.
Do it in an isolated room Kept the light conditions the same
Incandescent/Fluorescent Try to keep patterns out of the numbers, but
that would defeat the purpose of having them as random numbers.
EXTENSIONS
Effect of text on memory. Effect of talking out loud during
memorization on memorization. Test different colors such as purple or orange
color
THANKS TO
All of those who participated. Mrs. P for teaching us Chi-squared analysis. To those who listened to this presentation. Yeah that’s all.
Happy 4th day of 2011
Su
per sm
all te
xt g
ood
job
if you
read
this