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미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION OF WORKS OF ART

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Page 1: 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 Art History... · 2020-06-02 · 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION

미술품 과학적 분석 안내서

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Page 2: 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 Art History... · 2020-06-02 · 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION

미술품 과학적 분석 안내서

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Page 6: 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 Art History... · 2020-06-02 · 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION

Members  �¬ �Ç�(Eliza O’Donnell)

��Å ��� ô���� �Ô� Þ¨ ýþ �Æ��

��� ô�ç(Claire Grech) ��Å ��� ô���� �Ô� Þ¨ ýþ �Æ��

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�h ¿�_(Dr. Roger Lewis) N� ���(Wollongong) ��� �ä

�Â� R_(Dr. Jennifer Mass) �� ���(Bard Graduate Center)� ��� W. �Z �Ô� �� �ä, û�³´� ��¥ îï Ô��Æ(Scientific Analysis of Fine Art, LLC.)� 

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��¡� Ä��_¢(Raymonda Rajkowski)��Å ��� ô���� �Ô� Þ¨ ýþ �Æ��

��_ M. r�(Lawrence M. Shindell) ARIS �C ÞÖÆ � �

�� ���(Dr. Robyn Sloggett) ��Å ��� ô���� �Ô� Þ¨ ýþ

��� _��_(Oliver Spapens) AiA �� ��(Associate)

Contributors£¤\_ ¥¦](Dr. Matthias Alfeld)

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�  �gÜ(Daniel Fabian)�gÜ �_`Ä`�(Fabian Restauratoren) � 

��� �¤Â(Dr. Lorenzo Giuntini)MACHINA «�¬] ®�

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Page 7: 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 Art History... · 2020-06-02 · 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION

�³22] H. �¡(Dr. Eberhard H. Lehmann)_0_ ´ µº +>é(Paul Scherrer Institut) ��¬

£2� ��V(Dr. Marco Leona)¶]�´�· ¢�£ ��+>1 1

@2� £é(Dr. Serge Mathot)CERN +>é PIXE-RFQ «�¬] �w

Ä�� R¢�_(Dr. Lachlan McInnes)��Å ��� ���Æ

£�\ L�Ä P¸gÂ(Dr. Maria Perla Colombini)­Æ ��� îï�� �� ��ä

«�m_� ¹m¤(Francesco Taccetti)INFN� LABEC� |{º��_]

k�g� â�®»(David Thurrowgood)�� Þ¨ �� Ô��Æ(Applied

Conservation Science Pty Ltd.) � 

«�k¼ �¢�](Frederik Vanmeert)Ü]³2� ��� �Æ��

£®�ç� ¨�|V2(Dr. Maurizio Vretenar)CERN� ARIES �½��þ

�¾� ÞÄ_(Dr. Zachary Voras)�Ä�� ��� �� � ×���

ISLL «�¿þ(Preceptor)��À Ç�| � k2 ³2«(Dr. Inez Dorothé van der Werf)

�� ¥Ç ª�(Bari Aldo Moro) ��� +>�

20 [1] 자연광사진법(Daylight Photography) 밀코 덴 레이우23 [2] 자외선 이미징법(Ultraviolet Imaging) 밀코 덴 레이우27 [3] 적외선 촬영법(Infrared Photography) 밀코 덴 레이우30 [4] 적외선 반사 촬영법(Infrared Reflectography,

IRR) 밀코 덴 레이우35 [5] 거짓 빛깔 적외선법(False Color Infrared, FCI) 밀코 덴 레이우38 [6] 투과 적외선법(Transmitted Infrared) 밀코 덴 레이우42 [7] 자외선에 의한 적외선 형광법(Ultraviolet-

Induced Infrared Fluorescence) 제니퍼 매스47 [8] 광섬유 반사분광법(Fiber Optic Reflectance

Spectroscopy, FORS) 다니엘라 피나

목차 12

13

테크니컬

아트

히스토리

워크그룹

CON

TEN

TS

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53 [9] X-선 촬영법(X-Radiography) 밀코 덴 레이우58 [10] K-엣지 이미징법(K-edge imaging) 밀코 덴 레이우63 [11] 방사광 X-선 형광 이미징법(Synchrotron X-Ray

Fluorescence Imaging) 데이비드 서로우굿68 [12] 빛 간섭 단층 촬영법(Optical Coherence

Tomography) 재커리 보라스75 [13] 엣지(Edge) 주변 X-선 흡수 분광법(X-Ray

Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy, XANES) 제니퍼 매스82 [14] 주사형 X-선 회절 이미징법(Scanning X-Ray

Powder Diffraction, XRPD) 프레데릭 판미어트88 [15] 시차주사열량 분석법(Differential Scanning

Calorimetry, DSC) 재커리 보라스95 [16] 중성자 방사화 자기방사법(Neutron Activated

Autoradiography) 밀코 덴 레이우99 [17] 중성자 방사선 촬영법(Neutron Radiography) 라클란 매키네스

102 [18] 중성자 이미징법(Neutron Imaging, NI) 에베르하르트 H. 레만107 [19] 라만 분광법(Raman Spectroscopy) 다니엘라 피나113 [20] 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법(Fourier Transform

Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR) 다니엘라 피나123 [21] 방사광 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법(Synchrotron

Radiation Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, SR-FTIR)

제니퍼 매스129 [22] 주사형 전자현미경 에너지 분산형 X-선

분석기법(Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, SEM-EDS)

다니엘라 피나135 [23] 실험실 기반 마이크로 X-선 회절

분광법(Laboratory-based Micro X-ray Diffraction, XRD)

제니퍼 매스142 [24] 표면증강 라만 분광법(Surface-Enhanced

Raman Spectroscopy, SERS) 마르코 레오나147 [25] 마크로 X-선 형광 이미징법(Macro X-ray

Fluorescence Imaging, MA-XRF) 마티아스 알펠트

목차

14

15

목차

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154 [26] 휴대형 X-선 형광분광계를 이용한 스팟 분석법(Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spot Analysis)

제니퍼 매스161 [27] 공초점 X-선 형광법(Confocal X-ray

Florescence) 마티아스 알펠트168 [28] 양성자 유도 X-선 발광법(Proton Induced X-ray

Emission, PIXE) 로렌초 지운티니, 세르주 마소트, 프란체스코

타체티, 마우리치오 브레테나르173 [29] 미세시료 채취(Microsampling) 다니엘라 피나178 [30] 광학 현미경 관찰법(Optical Microscopy, OM) 밀코 덴 레이우183 [31] 원자력 현미경(Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM) 밀코 덴 레이우188 [32] 자외선/가시선 현미경을 이용한 종단면

분석법(Cross-Section Microanalysis Using UV/VIS Microscopy)

수잔나 브라치193 [33] 염색 시약을 이용한 종단면 분석법(Cross-

Section Microanalysis Using Staining Tests) 수잔나 브라치

198 [34] 면역학적 검사(Immunological Tests) 다니엘라 피나205 [35] X-선 광전자 분광법(X-ray Photoelectron

Spectroscopy, XPS) 재커리 보라스213 [36] 2차이온 질량분석법(Secondary Ion Mass

Spectrometry, SIMS) 재커리 보라스223 [37] 기체크로마토그래프-질량분석법(Gas

Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry, GC/MS 혹은 GC-MS)

마리아 페를라 콜롬비니229 [38] 열분해 기체크로마토그래프

질량분석법(Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry, PY-GC/MS)

마리아 페를라 콜롬비니235 [39] 전자분사 이온화 질량분석법(Electrospray

Ionization Mass Spectrometry, ESI) 재커리 보라스241 [40] 직접 가열 질량분석법(Direct Temperature Mass

Spectrometry, DTMS) 재커리 보라스

목차

16

17

목차

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246 [41] 열중량 질량분석법(Thermogravimetric Mass Spectrometry, TG/MS)

재커리 보라스251 [42] 레이저 용융 유도결합플라스마 질량분석법(Laser

Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, LA-ICP/MS)

아우구스티네 도로닐라256 [43] 매트릭스 보조 레이저 탈착 이온화

질량분석법(Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry, MALDI/MS)

이네즈 도로테 판 데르 베르프262 [44] 전기화학적 분석법(Electrochemical Analytical

Methods) 라클란 매키네스265 [45] 납 동위원소 분석법(Lead Isotope Analysis) 다니엘 파비안272 [46] 테라헤르츠 분광 이미징법(Terahertz

Spectroscopy and Imaging) 로저 루이스276 [47] 캔버스 직조실 세기법(Canvas Weave Thread

Counting) 밀코 덴 레이우

280 [48] 방사성탄소 연대측정법(Radiocarbon Dating Method)

이르카 하이다스284 [49] 봄 피크 C-14를 이용한 방사성탄소

연대측정법(Radiocarbon Dating Using Bomb Peak C-14)

이르카 하이다스288 [50] 연륜연대학법(Dendrochronology) 밀코 덴 레이우

목차

18

19

목차

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·¢Õ �¢�� Ƨ, ¹AÁ(tiling)* Â

� g½� ª�� Ãü

• ÈîñÄ ½�Å ¬�ß � ¼µß ·¢Õ �¢�� Ƨ, 3D_�Æ(3D-stacking), ¹AÁ Â� g½� ª�� Ãü

4. 한계

¬+fƧË� ô�� �� ÇU� ÈÉ! ä Á�� �á� Á�. æ� ô�� {­,  W >� � �¹� ¸Ë� ÈÉ! äÇ Á�.

5. 보완 방법

¬�ß �¢oË(Ultraviolet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared

Photography), ¥�ßBÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �ÊËÌ ¥�ßË(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Ra-

diography), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-edge �¢oË(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË

(Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶Ä ç

• �À

• µ)

• ISO• f�

• bþ

• ¬(Reference bars)* 이미지가 서로 겹치지 않도록 채워 넣는 컴퓨터 그래픽 방법.

1. 분류

¬+fƧË� �¬­°Æß*_Í]Î� ¼µß ü�� Ë� Ãü� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥�� �¢�� Ï� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

¬+fƧË� ¬+f� �ñ ¡Ì�§ �¢�� �¢�ýâ

� ��ñ �­¥��, Â� bÐ� É� �f= �Í� ��ñ ��¥�� ü>^ ­D� ¸Ë��.

3. 적용

¬+fƧË� ô�� ­DÈ ��­ 0ñ  W� V¹Ñ ª¶� ­D� ¸Ë��. ��� É� Ƨ� Æ�¾È Á�.

• �W� �m � JòƧ

• ÒW� �m � JòƧ

• �W� Ƨ

• Æf(射光, Raking light) Ƨ

• �� Ƨ

• ÈîñÄ ½�Å ¼µß îffÇË�

* 감마선, x-선, 자외선, 가시선, 적외선 등을 일컫는 말. 우리가 흔히 말하는 가시선은 전자기 복사선의 일부이다.

[1] 자연광사진법

[ 1] 자연광사진법

21

20

DAYL

IGH

T PH

OTO

GRA

PHY

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1. 분류

¬�ß(UV) �¢oË� �¬­°Æß� g¼µü�� ��

� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥� ­D ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

¬�ß �¢oË� ô�  W� ¬�ß� Ó�z Ó V¹V� ¬�ß ef� ��ñâ  W� £Ô� ¸Ë��. ¬�ß� Ó�z Ó ô�� Õ� >=� �Í� ¬�ß� UN³�

� �Í� Á�W ¬+f�â £Ô� �� �Å ÇU� ef� V¹Ñ�. / 365nm*1J� ¬�ß� Ö�� Ó ¼ ×� ¬

�ß ef� £Ôó ä Á�.

3. 적용

¬�ß �¢oË� gt¤¥� ¸Ë��â Ø6� Æ�� �� �Å �Í� Ù\Ú��Û V©� Þä·ä�� Ü� Ù\}� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� ô�  W� Á� &� Ô­�� Ù\}�

V �Å µ­� Æ�� ��� Ù\}�k Æ�<�. ¬�ß �

¢oË�� £ÔW Me< 1î� ef� w Ý�V �ÞÑ V¹Vß� û�´� �� U�� µù¥�� Ù\à ä Á�.

[2] 자외선 이미징법

* 빛의 파장을 나타내는 단위. ‘나노미터(Nanometer)’ 라고 읽는다. 1nm는 10-9m이다.

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

¢�Æ Æ§ \¯�¨� 20@­ 6� E� Çú¾ø�. Ƨ ­

Ë� +>¬Ì� �á ¢� ³´� w â ­D�V ñï

­ 0� ä��� Æ�¾ø�. E� �� ��� ÆãÌ�� �

�� ¡(Richard Hamann), Øg ;�ô(Aby Warburg), ��

] 0] Õ(Sir Robert Witt), ä�å £æ ç��(William Mar-

tin Conway), �V� ³�è(Bernard Berenson), �2��_ N«_|� � ô¿](Cornelis Hofstede de Groot), é� ��

� «¼(Helen Clay Frick) �� Á�.

8. 참고문헌

http://nyarc.org/content/photographic-study-collections-con-solidated (Retrieved 15-01-2018)

Cara�a C. (ed.) ‘Photo Archives and the Photographic Memo-ry of Art History’. Berlin and Munich: Deutscher Kun-stverlag. (2011)

Prokop E. ‘Photographic Study Collections Consolidated’ Am-sterdam: Amsterdam University Press. (2006)

23

22

[ 1] 자연광사진법

ULTR

AVIO

LET

IMAG

ING

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��. �µV L�]� ¬�ß� �� Ö�

� �� � ��.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared

Photography), ¥�ßBÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �ÊËÌ ¥�ßË(False Color Infrared Photography), X-ß Ã

üË(X-Radiography), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence

Imaging), K-edge �¢oË(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶Ä ç

• �À

• µ)

• ISO• f�

• bþ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

UV _êë ­�� 1910.�Ù 1920.� ¸0�sm� �ñ �*¾ø�. �6� ¬�ß ì«� ¢� ���¬ ��] ä�

å ®�(Robert William Wood, 1868~1955)¼ �*��. ¬

�ß �¢o� �� ³´ +>� E� ¥�� �� 1931. Õ ��_ ��í(James Rorimer)��.

¬�ß �¢oË� �ë �µ(varnish)*� îh ï� ���

� ¥\}� ×� ¸Ë��. �� ð�!äD �µ� ef� ññ�­ Ó � ô�� 1î¥�� ï� �µ¼ �� Õ® �ë �� îh ï��� ¥\à ä Á�. æ� ¬�ß �¢oË

�  W \� L�] Õ÷� ��� �� ¢@� {òÇ Ù\à ä Á�. � ¸Ë� Çé¼ #"< �µ� Ù\Ú��Û óï

� 1î� Ù\à ä Á�¡ �µ� #"< ¬�ß���� ¸ñ� �� ä Á�.

4. 한계

�µ¼ 3ôÑ ïñÀ Á�W ¬�ß �¢o ½�� У¥

�� ñïó ä T�ß� � ¸Ë� Ô�=� z�«�. ÃÄâ ¬�ß �¢oË�� Ï� ½�� õrñâ� Ü ¾è �Å ¸

Ë�� îï� ½�Ù g�ñí ��. ¬�ß �¢oË� �Â

µ¼ ïñ§ Y�µ­� ¥\}� ¸Ë� \ÂÈ �� �ë �

µ¼ îh ïñö��� U�¥ µ­� ¥\}� ¸Ë��. � �¢oË� ¬�ß ���� n÷�V óï� 1î� Ù

\à ä Á� ¥�ß ÃüË, ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË, �Ê ËÌ ¥

�ß Æ§Ë� "ø Æ�ñí ��. £Ô� �ð� �¶È ùÜ�� £Ô� ½�¼ �¶Ñ V¹ú ä Á�â ¬�ß �

¢o ½�� g�­ 0�  �� ¨�� ���.**

��: ¬�ß� Æ�¬� ­1V û� �°ü

Ä U�� ýUµþ ä Á� ��^ 0Ö� Ë

** 자외선차단제는 자외선을 강력하게 반사하는 물질이므로 자외선을 쪼여줬을 때 형광이 다르게 나타난다.

* 투명도료를 일컫는 말. 색소나 안료가 들어있지 않거나 있더라도 극미량만 들어 있다. 니스라고도 부른다.

[ 2] 자외선

이미징법

24

25

[ 2] 자외선

이미징법

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1. 분류

¥�ß ÃüË� �¬­°Æß� g¼µü�� ��� ¸Ë

��â gt¤¥� ­D ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

¥�ß� �1î� �� Õ� ��ó ä Á�k ��� ÿ�

� ��� 3ø, �= � Ö��� ¥�ß� �*� ÃÄ ~Ä

§�. ¥�ß� ·é¼ }� �Í� â |ä¾­ Ó � ¥�ß

�� £ÔW �� \�Õ� £Ôó ä Á�.** � ¸Ë� ¥�

ß BÆ ÃüËEÎ �� 900~1000nm� ¥�ß� ��

�¡ �� ÿ�� ô� q ¢,�. ¸Æf ¥�ß Æ§ ¸Ë�� îïW îï��â V�� rN¼ �{¾­ Ó � [¢\� µ»�âÇ ß�� ¥�ß Æ§� Ï� ä Á�.

3. 적용

¥�ß Æ§� ]ô��V ûg _^ç� £Ô�k &^ Ô

�� ¸Ë��. ·é¼ }� #"< Ü»***� Æ���� �1,

** 물감은 유기물로 이루어져 있기 때문에 탄소가 많이 포함되어 있다.

*** 색소에는 안료와 염료의 두 종류가 있다. 안료는 물이나 유기용매에 녹지 않는 색소를, 염료는 녹는 색소를 일컫는다.

[3] 적외선 촬영법

* 빛은 파동성을 그리며 앞으로 진행하는데, 파동과 파동 사이의 거리를 파장이라고 부른다. 주로 nm 단위로 나타낸다. 1 nm는 10-9 m이다.

8. 참고문헌

Carden M.L., ‘Use of Ultraviolet Light as an Aid to Pigment Identification’, APT Bulletin. (1991)

Autenrieth H.P., A. Aldrovandi, P. Turck, ‘Die Praxis der UV Fluoreszenzfotografie’, Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnolo-gie und Konservierung 4, pp. 215-234. (1990)

Moles A., M. Matteini, P. Tiano, ‘Infrarosso a colori e altre tecniche fotografiche del tipo remote sensing per l’in-dagine delle opere d’arte’, Metodo e Scienza. Operativi-ta’ e Ricerca nel Restauro, pp. 295-300. (1982)

de la Rie R., ‘Fluorescence of paint and varnish layers (Part I)’, Studies in Conservation 27, pp. 1-7. (1982)

de la Rie R., ‘Fluorescence of paint and varnish layers (Part. II)’, Studies in Conservation 27, pp. 65-69. (1982)

de la Rie R., ‘Fluorescence of paint and varnish layers (Part. III)’, Studies in Conservation 27, pp. 102-108. (1982)

Hours M., La vie mysterieuse des chefi-d’oeuvre. Paris: La Re-union des Musees Nationaux. (1980)

Kodak, ‘Fotografia all’infrarosso, all’ultravioletto e in fluo-rescenza’. (1973)

Rorimer J., Ultra-Violet Rays and their Use in the Examina-tion of Works of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1931)

27

26

[ 2] 자외선

이미징법

INFR

ARED

PH

OTO

GRA

PHY

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6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶Ä ç

• �À

• µ)

• ISO• f�

• bþ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

¥�ß Æ§� 1910. «ýa� R�§Century Magazine» 2�

N� ��] ®�¼ ­È� _� E� é�¾ø�. ¥�ß �f bÐ� 1930.� `µ ¼µfß��� Æ�¾@ ó�?� � ú¬*� �º �Å >»� =¼� E� �*¾ø�. � ­��

2���µ ¢ ù<� �ñ w; �\¾ø�¡, 1950.� ©B

� ¾�âí ¢�³´ îï� AB¥�� Æ�¾­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Spitzing G., Infrarot und UV-fotografie. München: Lanterna Magica. (1989)

Wood R.W., ‘A New Departure in Photography’, The Century Magazine 79 (4), pp. 565-572. (1910)

* 은(Ag)에 염소(Cl)나 브롬(Br)과 같은 할로겐 원소를 반응시킨 물질.

]ô� 0� ïñ§ �� Õ� 3ø � Ü»� G�, ��W� ÇU �� ÃÄ �¢�¼ �2Ñ V¹VÑ <�. ÃÄâ � ¸Ë

�� £ÔW ô�� >=, �¼¼ Æ�� ­Ë � ��� °� �5 � U�� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�.

4. 한계

¥�ß Æ§ ¸Ë� ¥�ß� |ä/BÆ� ��� Æ���

� �1 � ]ô�� ô: �Í� &=� ÃÄ ô Ô�=� ½

�<�. � ¸Ë� ��W /�Ç�V .ÇEÎ Ý� Ç� ��ñâ £Ôó ä Á�¡ -Ç�V ��ÇEÎ �3 Ç� ��� qß� ô \� 1î� £Ô%W �3 Ç \� 1î� µù�µ¢� ¥�ßBÆ ÃüË� Æ�ñí ��. æ

� ,· ]ô�� ~� +� #"< Çé� Æ�� �{(iron-

based ink)*� ô: ô�� ¥�ß� â |ä� �­ Ó � Ù\}­¼ �*�. w;�, ��� 3ôÑ ïñÀ Á�W ¥�

ß� � Õ� â ��� qÑ <�.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ßBÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �ÊËÌ ¥�ßË(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Ra-

diography), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-edge �¢oË(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË

(Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

* 철이 포함된 색소를 사용한 잉크. 적외선을 잘 흡수하지 않는 것으로 알려져 있다.

[ 3] 적외선

촬영법

28

29

[ 3] 적외선

촬영법

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�. ]ô��V ûg _^ç� Ù\à ä Á� Ä5� ]ô��

V ûg _^ç� ô) Ó ·é¼ }� #"< n�Ç Ü»� Æ

���� �1, ]ô� 0� ï� ��� 3ø, ��� Æ�� Ü

»� G�, ��W� ÇU �� ÃÄ ~ħ�. � ¸Ë� ðñ ô�� >=, �¼¼ Æ�� ­Ë, ô�� U� �� �� �Þ� ¥ ä Á�.

4. 한계

� ¸Ë� ðñ Ï�}� �(Q`ôì(reflectogram)�� ô

� ]� Á� �º Õ� �Þ¼ V� 2�� �¢�� '&À

â V¹V­ Ó � �c &o¥� ·U� £Ô¾wÄÇ �ë Õ�â V¹V� ·U��� �ñâ ¥ ä T�. æ� � ¸Ë� ðñ ¥ ä Á� �Þ� ¥�ß� |ä/BÆ� �Í� �ñ ½

�¾­ Ó � ¼µ�µþ ä Á� 10¼ ��! ä Á�. û� Ì�, + =î �{(iron-based ink)� ¥�ß� â |ä­ �

­ Ó � � �{� ô: ô�� ��ñ}­ �*�. w>V ¥

�ß� 3% ��Õ� â ��� q­ Ó � 3% �

� \�� Á� ô�� â £Ô¾� ���. g� ÃÅ �/Ç Á�. � g� ��� ���â f� � ­�¥ ÈÉ� A

�ú ä Á�â ÒÞ� ��� bHÈ �Ó ��¼ �ú! ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

¬+f ƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), �Ê Ë

Ì ¥�ßË(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiogra-

1. 분류

¥�ß BÆ ÃüË� g¼µü�� �¬­ °Æß� Æ�� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥ �¢oË��.

2. 개요

¥�ß� ��� ��ó ä Á�k, ô �� ÿ�� ��� 3

ø, �= � Ö��� ¥�ß� �� ÃÄ ~ħ�. �� $ ¥�ß� �1î� ��Õ� ���¡ ·é "\� #� �

Í�� |ä<�. ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË� ¥�ß ÃüË� ��

^ g"� ¸Ë��¡ BÆ< ¥�ß� ª�� ¸Ë� n÷�

?*¼ �2�. ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË� InGaAs n÷­**� ��

�k � n÷­� ~1,700nm÷�� ¥�ß� n÷ó ä ÁÈ, ¥�ß� ��¾� �� -Ç�V ��Ç Ü»� ïñ§ ÕÇ �� µ! £Ôó ä Á�.

3. 응용

� ¸Ë� ]ô��V ûg _^ç� Ù\}� k &^ ¥±

[4] 적외선 반사 촬영법

** 적외선 검출기의 한 종류.

* 어떤 물질을 검출할 수 있는 최소 양. 보통 신호 대 잡음의 비율이 2인 경우를 검출한계로 설정한다. 그리고 검출한계가 낮은 장비일수록 감도가 좋은 장비이다.

[ 4] 적외선

반사

촬영법

31

30

INFR

ARED

REF

LECT

OG

RAPH

Y, IR

R

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itage Science 4 (6), pp. 1-10. (2016)Rosi F., C. Miliani, R. Braun, R. Harig, D. Sali, B. Brunetti, A.

Sgamellotti, ‘Non-invasive Analysis of Paintings by Mid-infrared Hyperspectral Imaging’, Angewandte Chemie 52 (20), pp. 5366-5369. (2013)

Fontana R., D. Bencini, P. Carcagni, M. Greco, M. Materazzi, E. Pampaloni, L. Pezzati, ‘Multi-spectral IR Reflectogra-phy’, Proceedings of SPIE 6618 (1). (2007)

Verougstraete H., J. Couvert, La Peinture Ancienne et ses Prrocédés. Louvain et Bruges: Peeters Publishers. (2006)

Marras L., M. Materazzi, L. Pezzati, P. Poggi, ‘A New High Res-olution IR-color Scanner for Non-destructive Eval-uation of Works of Art’, Insight 45 (4), pp. 276-279. (2003)

Bomford D. (ed.), Art in the Making: Underdrawings in Re-naissance Paintings. London: National Gallery. (2002)

Galassi M.C., Il Disegno Svelato: Progetto e lmmagine nella Pittura ltaliana del Primo Rinascimento. Nuoro: Ilis-so. (1998)

Walmsley E., C. Metzger, J.K. Delaney, C. Fletcher, ‘Improved Visualization of Underdrawing with Solid State De-tector Operating in the Infrared’, Studies in Conserva-tion 39 (4), pp. 217-231. (1994)

Walmsley E., C. Fletcher, J.K. Delaney, ‘Evaluation of System Performance of Near-infrared Imaging Devices’, Stud-ies in Conservation 37 (2), pp. 120-131. (1992)

Bertani D., M. Cetica, P. Poggi, G. Puccioni, E. Buzzegoli, D. Kunzelman, S. Cecchi, ‘A Scanning Device for Infra-

phy), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-0

� �¢oË(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Syn-

chrotron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶Ä ç

• �À

• µ)

• ISO• IR n÷­

• IR f�

• bþ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

2� �� G� Ò, �º ¼� ¥�ß g¼ �*¾ø�¡ 1960.�� �2ºâí ¨12� KIK-IRPA +>ô:� µ³�

� �º +>ô:� �ñ ]ô�� +>� ä��� Æ�¾

­ µ³��. 1968. 3�ë�� J.R.J. � \_L� k Þ�

(J.R.J. van Asperen de Boer)Ù 4_|2Î� N³2] ��¡

(Govert Kooiman)� � ­�� w; *�µ5�. ôÌ� s¥

� �6ú ®�¼ Æ�� }� ­Ë� ­6� ¬� 7��.

8. 참고문헌

Delaney J.K., M. Thoury, J.G. Zeibel, P. Ricciardi, K.M. Morales, K.A. Dooley, ‘Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectros-copy of Paintings and Improved Reflectography’, Her-

[ 4] 적외선

반사

촬영법

32

33

[ 4] 적외선

반사

촬영법

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1. 분류

�Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË� g¼µ ü�� �¬­ °Æß� Æ�

� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥ �¢oË��.

2. 개요

�Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË� ¼µfß Æ§� ¥�ß Æ§� '&â Þ� ¸Ë��. � Ñ ±=� �¢�� ¥�ß ü�� �� 8

� 0ç­ Ó � ‘�Ê ËÌ ¥�ß’�ÄÈ 1Å�.*

3. 응용

� ¸Ë�� �ÆW ��� �µ(ï�� Õ®), Ü», ­¹ ­9� e=� �ÍÌ� (½±�** , fA�, V©� ï� �Â

µ) V¹V­ Ó � ¢�´�  W Â�  W \�Õ� �Æ

�k Æ�ó ä Á�. ¼µß�� £Ô�� Ó�â� É� Ç�

� Þ�� ���ÄÇ �� >= =î� �� ä Á�¡, � =

îÌ� ¥�ß� BÆ� =Í� �2­ Ó � �Å G�� ��� >îó ä Á�. &� Çé� >î� kÇ Æ�� Õ

®¼ Á�k � û�Û *Ç�***÷� ��Ñ ¥\à ä� T

�¡ �º G�� ¥Ç ��{ Ü»� >îó ä� Á�.

[5] 거짓 빛깔 적외선법

* 적외선을 이용했지만 결과는 적외선이 아닌 이미지가 얻어졌으므로 false(잘못된)라는 말을 붙인 것이다.

** 결합제(Binder). 도료나 물감 성분 중 표면에 피막을 현성하는 성분. 결합체 안에 안료가 분산되어 있다. *** 색을 내는 작용기.

red Reflectography’, Studies in Conservation 35 (3), pp. 113-116. (1990)

Van Asperen de Boer J.R.J., ‘Reflectography of Paintings Us-ing an Infrared Vidicon Television System’, Studies in Conservation 14 (3), pp. 96-118. (1969)

Van Asperen de Boer J.R.J., ‘Infrared Reflectography: A Meth-od for the Examination of Paintings’, Applied Optics 7 (9), pp. 1711-1714. (1968)

Wehlte G., ‘Gemäldeuntersuchung im Infrarot’, Maltechnik 61, pp. 52-58. (1955)

35

34

[ 4] 적외선

반사

촬영법

FALS

E CO

LOR

INFR

ARED

, FCI

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• f�

• bþ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

FCI Ƨ� 0�� ��­ 0� ¸Ë�� 1940.� �B

Æ� �þ �Ä{(Walter Clark)� �ñ E� �*¾ø�. 1960.� �B Æ�â C¹{¸ $� bÐ� �RWâ AB�Ç � ­�� ��ó ä ÁÑ ¾ø�. �¡ 1990.� Ì� ½�

ŠƧ� *~Wâ � ­�� ¢�³´ +>� D� Æ�¾

­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Aldrovandi A., M. Picollo, Metodi di Documentazione e Indag-ini Non Invasive Sui Dipinti. Padova: Il Prato. (1999)

Aldrovandi A., R. Bellucci, D. Bertani, E. Buzzegoli, M. Cetica, D. Kunzelman, ‘La Ripresa in Infrarosso Falso Colore: Nuove Tecniche di Utilizzo’, OPD Restauro 5, pp. 94-98. (1993)

Burmester A., F. Bayerer, ‘Towards Improved Infrared Reflec-tograms’, Studies in Conservation 38, pp. 145- 154. (1993)

Saunders D., J. Cupitt, VASARJ Project’, National Gallery Technical Bulletin 14, pp. 72-85. (1993)

Moon T., M.R. Schilling, S. Thirkettle, ‘A Note of the Use of False-color Infrared Photography in Conservation’, Studies in Conservation 37, pp. 42-52. (1992)

4. 한계

�c �Í Â� Ü» E±�� ô �=� �2wÄÇ �Ê ËÌ ¥�ß �¢�� Ç�¼ ÔÆÑ V¹ú ä Á­ Ó � � ¸

Ë�� �»� >îÈ ��� Ä5� �»� FÇÙ GÇ

� ÃÄ ~ħ�. ¼µf�� £Ô�� Ó ÇU� g"Ñ V

¹VÈ ¥�ß�Ç ÔÆÑ ��� A1 Ü»� (û� Ì� ¥Ç Ü») &^ >î­¼ �*�. A1 ��{Ü»� ��

È� � ¸Ë�� �Å G�� Ô­Ü»� >î� �� ü¼

Ä�. ÃÄâ �Ê ËÌ ¥�ß �¢�� ñïó Ó�� �� á� È%ñí È, Ü» �¢�� ñïó Ó�� &^ ��ñ

í ��.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �� ¥�ßË(Trans-

mitted Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography), X-ß ef �

¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-0� �¢oË(K-edge

Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron X-ray Fluo-

rescence Imaging).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶Ä ç

• �À

• µ)

• ISO[ 5

] 거짓

빛깔

적외선법

36

37

[ 5] 거짓

빛깔

적외선법

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­ Ó � &^ ß�Ñ V¹Ñ�. �� ¹�� îïW ô�

� >=, �¼¼ Æ�� ­Ë, ô�� U� �� �� �Þ� Ï

� ä Á�. H�_ _I« ��  ¹� ¥�ß� â BÆ� �Í \�� ¼%À Á�W ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË��� â V¹

V� ���. ÃÄâ �� ¥�ßË� ��  ¹� +>� k Æ�<�.

4. 한계

�� ¥�ßË� ¥�ß� Æ�� ��µ! n÷­÷� Ç~µ

!í ­ Ó �, H�_EÎ ¥�ß� ��� �m 0� ô

%§ ³´¡ £Ôó ä Á�. �� ¥�ß �¢��� ³´� Á

� ª« Õ� �Þ¼ �%�� V¹V­ Ó � &� 1î� �

ë ÿ�� Á��� �� �Þ� ¥ ä T�. æ� ��m¼ ¥

�ß� ��µþ Õ® �� ¥�ß �¢�¼ ÈÉ! ä Á�. � ­�� �3 1î &^ ·é¼ }� #"< Ü� nÆ�k Ô�� ­���¡ + =î �{� ¥�ß� â |ä� �­ Ó � � �{� ô: 1î� Ù\}­¼ �*�.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�

ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË

(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography), X-ß e

f �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-0� �¢oË (K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron

X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

1. 분류

�� ¥�ßË� �¬­ °Æß _Í]Î� g¼µü�� Ë� £Ô� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥�� �¢�� Ï� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

�� ¥�ßË� ¥�ß ÃüË�V ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË� �

�^ g"�k � ¸Ë� f�� µ» JW� \K LW�â g

M�È, �Ó ��< ¥�ß� Æ���� á� �2�. � ¸Ë

�� £Ô%W ô�� H�_V G�EÎ ¥�ß� ��� �Í 0� ô%À Á�í ��. � ¸Ë�â� ~1,700nm÷�� � ¥�ß� InGaAs n÷­� Æ���.

3. 응용

�� ¥�ßË�â Æ�� � ¥�ß� ��Õ� ��

�¡ n�Ç �Í�� |ä¾­ Ó � � g� ]ô�, ûg _^ç, LÂN] �� Ù\}� k &^ Ô��. f�� n÷

­� 0ç Ó � ]ô��V ûg _^ç �� ¥�ß BÆ Ã

üË�� £Ô� Õ®Þ� ß�Ñ £Ô<�. +O Ü»(lead

white)V OÇÜ»(titanium white) �� ¥�ß� ñÑ BÆ

� Ü»�â �� Ü»� Æ�� Õ® ��W�� �g¼ ×

[6] 투과 적외선법

[ 6] 투과

적외선법

39

38

TRAN

SMIT

TED

INFR

ARED

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Procédés. Louvain et Bruges: Peeters Publishers. (2006)

Marras L., M. Materazzi, L. Pezzati, P. Poggi, ‘A New High Resolution IR-color Scanner for Non-destructive Evaluation of Works of Art’, Insight 45 (4), pp. 276- 279. (2003)

Bomford D. (ed.), Art in the Making: Underdrawings in Re-naissance Paintings. London: National Gallery. (2002)

Galassi M.C., Il Disegno Svelato: Progetto e lmmagine nella Pittura ltaliana del Primo Rinascimento. Nuoro: Ilis-so. (1998)

Wehlte G., ‘Gemäldeuntersuchung im Infrarot’, Maltechnik 61, pp. 52-58. (1995)

Walmsley E., C. Metzger, J.K. Delaney, C. Fletcher, ‘Improved Visualization of Underdrawing with Solid State De-tector Operating in the Infrared’, Studies in Conserva-tion 39 (4), pp. 217-231. (1994)

Walmsley E., C. Fletcher, J.K. Delaney, ‘Evaluation of System Performance of Near-infrared Imaging Devices’, Stud-ies in Conservation 37 (2), pp. 120-131. (1992)

Kushel D.A., ‘Applications of Transmitted Infrared Radiation to the Examination of Artifacts’, Studies in Conserva-tion 30 (1), pp. 1-10. (1985)

Cornelius F.D., ‘Transmitted Infrared Photography’, Studies in Conservation 22, p. 42. (1977)

Muller N., ‘Boston Canvas Stencils, Origin and Interpreta-tion’, American Art Review 1, pp. 108-114. (1973)

Kodak, Applied Infrared Photography. Rochester NY: East-man Kodak Company. (1972)

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶Ä ç

• �À

• µ)

• ISO• IR n÷­

• IR f�

• bþ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

�� ¥�ßË� 1965. Þ_P�â QR@ � ç��_�â ä�å J. ü(William J. Young)� �ñ H�_� Ç(stamps) � \�Õ� Sϧ �Þ� +>� ¸Ë�� Æ�! ä Á�

È E� �ܾø�.

8. 참고문헌

Rosi F., C. Miliani, R. Braun, R. Harig, D. Sali, B. Brunetti, A. Sgamellotti, ‘Non-invasive Analysis of Paintings by Mid-infrared Hyperspectral Imaging’, Angewandte Chemie 52 (20), pp. 5366-5369. (2013)

Moutsatsou A., D. Skapoula, M. Doulgeridis, ‘The Contri-bution of Transmitted Infrared Imaging to Non- invasive Study of Canvas Paintings at the National Gallery: Alexandros Soutzos Museum’, Greece, e-Con-servation Magazine 22, pp. 53-61. (2011)

Verougstraete H., J. Couvert, La Peinture Ancienne et ses

[ 6] 투과

적외선법

40

41

[ 6] 투과

적외선법

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T�®(印度黃, Indian yellow)� É� Ô­>»�âÇ £Ô! ä Á�. ¬�ß� Ö�� Ó ¼µß ü�� ef� V¹VW �

�� #"< ef� V¹}� ª« �ÍÌ� (¬+?�â Ï� �µ٠�OÍ ½±� �) "ø £Ô! ä Á�. ��� ½�

� ñï­¼ \� �*�� �� �¢��. �EÎ ¬�ß� �\â ¥�ß� }� �Í� ô� }� �­ Ó � � ¸Ë� ��^ ßA¥� ¸Ë��.

¬�ß� �� *f·U� ¯�U VÇ Ü», ¯�U �

��Ç Ü», ¯�U ¥Ç Ü», ��W X¿(Egyptian blue), � X¿(Han blue), � �((Han purple) Ü»�â £Ô<�. � *

f·U� AB ¯¶Ä� 715nmÞ� Y� �� ¼µß� �

�ó ä Á� bþ� ~\ ­Dó ä Á�.

3. 응용

Z^ Æ�� ��� Ì� Á� \+O(Zinc White)� É� bº(filler)*�â V�� ¼µß ef�V a2a: Â� �½

� T�®� É� Ô­Ü»�â V�� ¼µß ef� � ¸

Ë� n÷� q��. ¯�U Ü»�â V�� ¥�ß ef

� � ¸Ë�� n÷ó ä Á�. û� Ì� ¯�U VÇ Ü»

� �� ef� ~750nm�â, ¯�U ���Ç Ü»� �� e

f� ~800nm�â, ô�È ¯�U ¥Ç Ü»� �� ef�

~850nm�â V¹Ñ�. ��W X¿� ~910nm�â &o¥� �� ef� V¹��. 910~850nm Æ�� Ë� ��� bþ

� Æ�W ¯�U Ü»�â V�� ef� ��Wâ ��

W X¿�â V�� ef� £Ôó ä Á�.

� ¸Ë� ©H� ��� Ë� �ñ MÇ< ô�� #

* 물감의 물성 등을 조절하기 위해 넣는 물질.

1. 분류

¬�ß� �� ¥�ß efË� gt¤¥  Wîï ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� ¬�ß� Ö�b� Ó µ»� ýUµ¢� �­ 0ñ Æ���.

2. 개요

� ¸Ë�â� 365nm� �� }� � ¬�ß� Æ��

�. � Ñ �c�¼ #� Ë� Ö��W ��� ef� ¸÷

�V ¬�ßÞ� �c�¼ d� ¼µß Â� ¥�ß� ¸÷�

�. Æ�� Á� �¬� Y� �� Ë� �\ #� �c� �

0� Ìe U��â ef ·U� V¹Ñ�. � Ñ Ìe �¬� Ë� }� �� ����� �, Ò �BU�� f\¼È,* ô ½� |ä� �Þ� $ �(d� �c�)� �� Ë� ¸÷Ñ <�.** �� A� *×W Ö�� Ë� �� U£T� î¬

� Á� �¬>�� �� X&� ef� V¹Ñ�. \+O(zinc

white)�V ¯�U(cadmium)Ü» (û: ¯�U VÇ, ¯�U �

��Ç, ¯�U ¥Ç �) �� õ­Ü»�â �� ·U� V¹Ñ

�. �� ·U� ¥�¬:(alizarin), a2a:(purpurin), �½�

[7] 자외선에 의한 적외선 형광법

* 에너지 준위란 원자나 분자 안에 있는 전자, 양성자, 중성자 등이 가질 수 있는 일련의 불연속적인 에너지값을 일컫는 말이다. 독자들은

에너지 준위에 바닥 상태(ground state)와 들뜬 상태(excited state)가 있다는 것만 알면 이 책을 이해하는데 큰 어려움이 없을 것이다.

** 빛의 파장이 길어질수록 빛의 에너지가 작아진다.

[ 7] 자외선에

의한

적외선

형광법

43

42

ULTR

AVIO

LET-

INDU

CED

INFR

ARED

FLU

ORE

SCEN

CE

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• ¼µß ����­(cutoff filter)� �, ��Æ, ª�

• �¢�� ­D�k Æ�� ¯¶Ä� ��Æ � ª�

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

��W X¿ , � X¿ , � �( ��â ¸÷¾� J¥�ß�

2000. �Ì Ü»¼ Á�� nÆ� Ç>� E� é�g�. ¯

�U Ü»� J¥�ß ¸÷� 1982. �Ô� �� h� E

� * g�(\� �È h� de la Rie� u � �ÈÄ).

8. 참고문헌

Comelli, D., V. Capogrosso, C. Orsenigo, and A. Nevin, ‘Dual wavelength excitation for the time- resolved photo-luminescence imaging of painted ancient Egyptian objects’, Heritage Science 4. (2016)

Mass, J. L., E. Uffelman, B. Buckley, I. Grimstad, A. Vila, J. Delaney, J. Wadum, V. Andrews, L. Burns, S. Florescu, and A. Hull, ‘Portable X-ray fluorescence and infra-red fluorescence imaging studies of cadmium yellow alteration in paintings by Edvard Munch and Henri Matisse in Oslo, Copenhagen, and San Francisco’, The Noninvasive Analysis of Painted Surfaces: Scientific Impact and Conservation Practice, Eds. Austin Nevin and Tiarna Doherty, Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation 5. (2016)

Ganio, M., J. Salvant, J. Williams, L. Lee, O. Cossairt, and M. * Mapping이란 지도를 작성한다는 뜻이다. 일부 문헌에는 ‘지도 작성’이라는 용어로 표기하기도 하지만

분석과학자들은 지도작성이란 용어 대신 매핑이라 말하고 있다.

"< ¯�U VÇ Ü»� Ri(mapping)*� ���. ¯�U VÇ Ü»¼ åÑ MǾW ¯�U VÇ Ü» ���� ï�

@ 10� ·�¯�U(cadmium carbonate), V�¯�U(cad-

mium sulfate), jk�¯�U(cadmium oxalate)�� l�Ñ <

�. � Ñ ¾W ðU¥�� Æ�� ¬�ß� Ö�mÇ ¯�

U VÇ Ü»�â V¹V� ���Ç ef� V¹V� �Ñ <

�. ôºV ¯�U Ü»�â ¥�ß ef� ?� V�­ Ó � ¥�ß ef� £ÔW ¯�U VÇ Ü»� î#� ¥ ä Á�.

4. 한계

¬�ß� �� ¥�ß ef¸Ë� ��^ Ô�� �¢oË��

¡ �� ��� Ü»� ä¼ }� ��. \+O� ¼µß ü�

�â nÇ--Ç ef� V¹}­ Ó � \+O Ü»� }� Æ

�� ô��â� \+O� ef¡ V¹ú ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법들

¬�ß� �� ¼µß efË(Ultraviolet-induced Visible

Light Fluorescence), j�e X-ß efîf?� ��� _o îïË(Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spot Analysis), £{� X-ß ef �¢oË(Macro X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), 6î

f �¢oË(Hyperspectral Imaging), fpÔ BÆ îfË(Fi-

bre-Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• UV f�� ��Æ � ª�

[ 7] 자외선에

의한

적외선

형광법

44

45

[ 7] 자외선에

의한

적외선

형광법

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1. 분류

fpÔ BÆîfË� gt¤¥� îï¸Ë��. ¬�ß, ¼µß � J¥�ß ü�� �¬­ °Æß� ����.

2. 개요

�Í�â Bƾ� &� �ü�� Ë� îffÇ?� ��

� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë�� îïW �� ÃÄ �Í�â B

ƾ� �c�� M�¼ _Í]Î e�� V¹Ñ�. fpÔ B

ÆîfË�  W�â BÆ< Ë� _Í]Î� Ï� ä Á� f

pÔ� q� ��e îffÇ?� Æ���. � ¸Ë� ��

W ¬�ß-¼µß-J¥�ß ü�� _Í]Î� Ï� ä ÁÈ, �1î� ô� �»� ¼µß-J¥�ß ü��â �»£� X

&� _Í]Î� V¹��(ô� 1).

3. 응용

fpÔ BÆîfË� �¶� ÇU�� >=<  W� ¨�� Ü»V Çé� ��� ¸Ë�� Æ�¾�À r�. îï� \

õ� ñÇ µ»¼ ýU! ®%¼ T�ß�  W� �º 10� îf�¥ &=� fs0Ñ îïó ä ÁÈ, ·�â AUá

n� �k Ô�Ñ Æ�ó ä Á�. g¼ )�È ¼t� hi� �Ç á��.

[8] 광섬유 반사분광법Walton, ‘Investigating the use of Egyptian blue in Roman Egyptian portraits and panels from Tebtu-nis, Egypt’, Applied Physics A, 121 (3), pp. 813-821. (2015)

Thoury, M., J. Delaney, R. de la Rie, M. Palmer, K. Morales, and J. Kruger, ‘Near-infrared luminescence of cadmi-um pigments: In situ identification and mapping in paintings’, Applied Spectroscopy 65 (8), pp. 939-951. (2011)

Verri, G. ‘The spatially resolved characterization of Egyptian blue, Han blue, and Han purple by photo–induced luminescence digital imaging’, Analytical and Bioan-alytical Chemistry 394 (4), pp. 1011-1021. (2009)

Verri, G., P. Collins, J. Ambers, T. Sweek,and St. John Simp-son, ‘Assyrian colors: pigments on a neo–Assyrian re-lief of a parade horse’, The British Museum Technical Research Bulletin 3, pp. 57-62. (2009)

de la Rie, R., ‘Fluorescence of paint and varnish layers (Part I)’, Studies in Conservation 27, pp. 1-7. (1982)

47

46

[ 7] 자외선에

의한

적외선

형광법

FIBR

E O

PTIC

REF

LECT

ANCE

SP

ECTR

OSC

OPY

, FO

RS

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4. 한계

îï� ðñ Ï� _Í]Î� Í� (û: _Í]Î� îñÄ) u� ä Á�  ��Í� Ï� ä Á�� �1� ÃÄ � BÆ _

Í]Î� ¼�=� {Ñ ~ħ�. �º �Í� "ø ¨�ó Ó

�� ��� îï½�� Ï� qÈ, ¯�U ¥Ç ܻ٠��

�±(vermillion)EÎ BÆ _Í]Î� g"� �Í� >î� q��.

5. 보완 방법

¬�ß ef �¢oË(Ultraviolet Fluorescence Imaging), X-ß ef îfË(X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy), �Æe �¬

·¢Õ �c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Micros-

copy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), Bƪ�� ��� a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infra-

red Spectroscopy in Reflectance), Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spec-

troscopy), X-ß �Y îfË(X-ray Diffraction), ­m{�£`

ô�« Í\îïË(Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass

Spectrometry), Qîñ ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Pyrol-

ysis Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• fpÔ¼ +½< îffÇ?

• f�

• �s0

• �� îñÄ

• ��1� >� (û: 0°�â gM�È 45°�

â ��)그림 1라줄리(lazuli)와 남동석(azurite)의 반사 스펙트럼 (수잔나 브라치 제공)

남동석(azurite)

라줄리(lazuli)

50

40

30

20

10

0400 500450 550 600

nm

650 700 750 800

R%

[ 8] 광섬유

반사분광법

48

49

[ 8] 광섬유

반사분광법

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(FORS) of Pictorial Materials in the 270-1700nm range’. (2011) http://fors.ifac.cnr.it/ (Retrieved 25-09-2017)

Delaney J.K., G.Z. Jason, M. Thoury, R. Littleton, M.R. Palmer, K.M. Morales, E.R. de la Rie, A. Hoenigswald, ‘Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy of Picasso’s Har-lequin Musician: Mapping and Identification of Artist Materials In Situ’, Applied Spectroscopy 64, pp. 584-594. (2010)

Bacci M., L. Boselli, M. Picollo, B. Radicati, ‘Ultraviolet, Visi-ble, Near Infrared Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectros-copy’, in Scientific Examination for the Investigation of Paintings (ed. D. Pinna, M. Galeotti, R. Mazzeo), pp. 197-200. (2009)

Bacci M., A. Casini, C. Cucci, M. Picollo, B. Radicati, M. Vervat, ‘Non-invasive Spectroscopic Measurements on the Il Ritratto della Figliastra by Giovanni Fattori: Identifi-cation of Pigments and Colorimetric Analysis’, Jour-nal of Cultural Heritage 4 (4), pp. 329-336. (2003)

Leona M., J. Winter, ‘Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Unique Tool for the Investigation of Japanese Paint-ings’, Studies in Conservation 46 (3), pp. 153-162. (2001)

Bacci M., ‘UV-Vis-NIR FORS Spectroscopies in Modern Ana-lytical Methods in Art and Archaeology’, in Chemical Analysis Series Vol. 155 (ed. E. Ciliberto, G. Spoto), New York: Wiley & Sons, pp. 321-361. (2000)

Picollo M., M. Bacci, A. Casini, F. Lotti, S. Porcinai, B. Radicati, L. Stefani, ‘Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy: A

• ��10

• _Í]Î� Ï­ 0ñ _H� wä

•  �´

(û: 99%� BÆx� �� Spectralon® B

�)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

1938. BÀ(Barnes)¼ _Í]Î� ª¶� ÞÈ Ü»� E� îï­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Serefidou M., S. Bracci, D. Tapete, A. Andreotti, L. Biondi, M.P. Colombini, C. Giannini, D. Parenti, ‘Microchemical and Microscopic Characterization of the Pictorial Quality of Egg-tempera Polyptych, Late14th Century, Florence, Italy’, Microchemical Journal 127, pp.187-198. (2016)

Cheilakou E., M. Troullinos, M. Koui, ‘Identification of Pig-ments on Byzantine Wall Paintings from Crete (14th Century AD) using Non-invasive Fibre Optics Di�use Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS)’, Journal of Archae-ological Science 41, pp. 541-555. (2014)

Gulmini M., A. Idone, E. Diana, D. Gastaldi, D. Vaudanc, M. Aceto, ‘Identification of Dyestuffs in Historical Tex-tiles: Strong and Weak Points of a Non- invasive Ap-proach’, Dyes and Pigments 98, pp. 136-145. (2013)

‘On-line Database of Fibre Optics Reflectance Spectra [ 8

] 광섬유

반사분광법

50

51

[ 8] 광섬유

반사분광법

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1. 분류

X-ßË� û� Þ�� �� X-ß� ��� gt¤¥�� �

¢�� Ï� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

X-ß� 0.01~10nm Æ�� �� �È Á�. X-ß ÃüË� X-ß� ��ó ä Á� ª« û�´�V ��� Æ�ó ä Á� ¸Ë��. X-ß� ��Õ�V ��m� ��� �Ç� X-ß�

� îï� �Í� �¬\� ÃÄ ~ħ�. �¬\� ³� �

Í� X-ß� â ��µ¢È �¬\� y �Í� X-ß� ��

� bÐ� zÇ�� V¹Ñ�. X-ß ÃüË� Æ�� �m( W � }1) >�� ã ä Á� )�� ¸Ë��.

3. 응용

X-ß ÃüË�� £ÔW ��� �=�V 3ø¼ M� 1î

� V¹���Û ��� ä�� Z¥� Ù� ä Á�. X-ß Ãü

Ë�� £ÔW ô�� Þ¨U�V ��� Þä� �ÞÇ ¥

\à ä Á�. ]ô�� âÄ}ö�V �¬\� y �é� >=

< Ü»� ô%ö� Ó X-ß ÃüË� ��W �� d�¥�

� Ù\à ä Á�. \�º � ¸Ë� Æ�W �¼¼ Æ��

[9] X-선 촬영법Non-destructive Technique for the Analysis of Works of Art’, in Optical Sensors and Microsystems: New Concepts, Materials, Technologies (ed. S. Martellucci, A.N. Chester, A.G. Mignani), New York: Kluwer Aca-demic/Plenum Publishers. (2000)

Barnes N.F., ‘A Spectrophotometric Study of Artists’ Pig-ments’, Technical Studies in the Field of Fine Arts 7, pp. 120-138. (1938)

53

52

[ 8] 광섬유

반사분광법

X-RA

DIO

GRA

PHY

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6. 사양 및 고려사항• X-ߣ� G�: �[, ª�, ��Æ

• ��(kV)• ��(mA)• �÷µ)

• ½�Å n÷ç Â� bÐ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

X-ß� 1895. �éÐ �]?(Wilhelm Röntgen)� �ñ *v

¾ø�. � ­�� ��� �Æ�k E� Æ�< �� 20@­ 6� �º +>ô:� ��� X-ß �¢�� Ï­ 0ñ >�¥

� +>� µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Morrin B., E. Martin, E. Laval, ‘Raphael’s Paintings in French museums: Some New Results from Recent Tech-nical Investigations’, Raphael’s Painting Technique: Working Practices before Rome, Proceedings of the EU-ARTECH Workshop London, November 2004, pp. 13-24. (2007)

Plazzotta C., M. O’Malley, A. Roy, R. White, M. Wyld, ‘The Ma-donna di Loreto: An Altarpiece by Perugino for Santa Maria dei Servi, Perugia’, The National Gallery Tech-nical Bulletin 27, pp. 72-95. (2006)

Oliver L., F. Healy, A. Roy, R. Billinge, ‘The Evolution of Rubens’s Judgement of Paris (NG 194)’, The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 26, pp. 4-22. (2005)

­Ë Â� ³s ¸Ë� £� �ÞÇ ¥\à ä Á�. �, ä�, >

�EÎ õ� �é� >=< �Í� Æ��� Ó¡ �� �Þ

� Ï� ä Á�. X-ß ÃüË� ��Ç� ����¡ õ� �

é� ûg¥�� ß�ñ }�k Æ�ó ä Á�. £�9�� X-ß ÃüË� pÔ� ½� >îó ä Á­ Ó � Võ� < �­

� +>� kÇ ¥±� ¸Ë��.

4. 한계

X-ß ÃüË� Æ�ñÇ ÿ� �Þ� ¥ ä T�. ÃÄâ  W \� V �U� Õ� ¨�ó Õ®�� X-ß ÃüË�� Ï� üU� ñï­¼ �%;§�. �� Õ®�� ¬�ß �¢o, ¥�ß Æ§ �� ¸Ë�� X-ß ÃüË� Þ�ñí ��.

¼� �éÙ õ� �é Æ�� �g¼ ¨�W X-ß Ãü ½�¼ ~Ä�­ Ó � ��Õ� �� Á�� �1 � ��Õ� 3ø� ÃÄ X-ß Ãü ½�� �X� �%;Í ä Á

�. X-ß Ãü� W ¼� �éÙ õ� �é� >îó ä Á�¡ �c �é��� ��^ ¥\}� q��.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�

ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË

(False Color Infrared), �� ¥�ßË(Transmitted Infrared), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-0� �

¢oË(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchro-

tron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).[ 9

] X-선

촬영법

54

55

[ 9] X

-선 촬영법

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Lady of Mercy: The Adventures of an Icon’, Journal of Zeitschrift Fur Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung 16 (2), pp. 336-351. (2002)

Roy A., ‘Rubens’s “Peace and War”’, The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 20, pp. 89-95. (1999)

Gilardoni A., R. Ascani Orsini, S. Taccani, X-rays in Art. Como: Mandella Lario. (1977)

Faber A., ‘Eine neue Anwendung der Röntgenstrahlen’, Die Umschau 18 (12), pp. 246-253. (1914)

Sister Daniilia, A. Doussi, The Iconography of the School of Galatista. Municipal Library of Thessaloniki, Repro-time, Thessaloniki. (2005)

Mairinger F, ‘UV-, IR- and X-ray imaging’, in Non-Destructive Microanalysis of Cultural Heritage Materials Volume XLII, pp. 15-66. (2004)

Papaggelos I., A. Strati, Sister Daniilia, The Hidden Beauty of Icons. Athens: Indiktos Publications. (2004)

Roy A., M. Spring, C. Plazzotta, ‘Raphael’s Early Work in the National Gallery: Paintings before Rome’, The Nation-al Gallery Technical Bulletin 25, pp. 4-35. (2004)

Sister Daniilia, S. Sotiropoulou, D. Bikiaris, C. Salpistis, G. Karagiannis, Y. Chryssoulakis, ‘Diagnostic Method-ology for the examination of Byzantine Frescoes and Icons’. (2004)

Sister Daniilia, Sophia Sotiropoulou, Dimitrios Bikiaris, Christos Salpistis, Georgios Karagiannis and Yan-nis Chryssoulakis ‘Diagnostic methodology for the examination of Byzantine frescoes and icons. Non- destructive Investigation and Pigment Identification’, in Non-Destructive Microanalysis of Cultural Heritage Materials Volume XL, pp. 565-604. (2004)

Padfield J., D. Saunders, J. Cupitt, R. Atkinson, ‘Improvements in the Acquisition and Processing of X-ray Images of Paintings’, The National Gallery Technical Bulletin 23, pp. 62-75. (2002)

Sister Daniilia, Sister Maximi, I. Papaggelos, A. Strati, D. Bikiaris, S. Sotiropoulou, G. Karagiannis, C. Salpistis, Y. Chryssoulakis, ‘Ormylia Art Diagnosis Centre. Our

[ 9] X

-선 촬영법

56

57

[ 9] X

-선 촬영법

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¼µ�µþ ä Á­ Ó � �¼� ³s ¸Ë � ô�� ô: ­

ËÇ ¥\à ä Á�. K-0� �¢oË� �©>=(double com-

positions)� #"� �º Õ�� �¿�§ ô�� +>� k &^ Ô�� ¸Ë��. �Å Ü»� Æ�� M�� Õ® � ¸

Ë� ��W �A \�Õ� Á� M�÷�Ç Ù\à ä Á�.

K-0� �¢oË� �� #"¾� �� ���� ï� ô�� �Q e�Ç Ù\à ä Á�. æ� Þ�� �� ��Õ� U�' \ÂÄ ô Õ� Á� �Q e�Ç ¥ ä Á�.

4. 한계

K-0� �¢o� �é(Ü»)¼ ��� �ë Õ� Á�� ��

Ñ >îñ}� q­ Ó � �� Þ�ó ä Á� ¸ËÇ Æ�

ñí ��. K-0� �¢o� 5~20keV* s0� �c�� }� �é� n÷� q�k, �� Ü»� Æ�¾� �é © {¸

�V \+EÎ � ¼� Ô�� �éÌ� n÷� q��� �

��. K-0� �¢o g� Æ�»¼ g� îï� k g�� }� «�.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�

ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË

(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢

oË(Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

* 에너지의 단위. ‘kilo electron volt’란 뜻이다.

1. 분류

K-0� �¢oË� �¬­ °Æß _Í]Î� û� Þ�� �

� ü�� £Ô� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥�� �¢�� Ï� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

K-0� �¢oË� ¸Æf¼�­� Æ�� ¸Ë��. ¸Æf

¼�­� �¬­ °Æß� �� ª« ü�� Ë� ¡Ì ä Á�.

K-0� �¢oË�â� �Ç�ç*� ��ñâ �¶� �� V�� �� �¬­ °Æß © &� �¡� ß�ñ}â Æ

�"��Û V� �Ç �Í¡ ¼µ�ó ä Á�. ô�� K-0

� �¢oË ç� _HW ô�� #"< &� �é� î#

� ¥ ä ÁÈ �� ðñ &� Ü»� î#� ¥\à ä Á�.

3. 응용

K-0� �¢oË� Ü»¼ '&â ïñ§ Õ® ùù� Ü»� >îñâ µù�� k Æ���. é\ ¨�� Ü»Ç Ù\

à ä Á�. g�¥ �2Ñ �¢�� Ï� ä ÁÈ îñÄÇ #

�. w>V õ� �é� �º�� Ü» �éÇ Ù\à ä Á�.

K-0� �¢oË� ��W ý�� � _¬V �� E±��

[10] K-엣지 이미징법

* 여러 파장의 빛 중 원하는 파장의 빛만 분리해내는 장치.

[ 10]

K-엣지

이미징법

59

58

K-ED

GE

IMAG

ING

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und Konservierung 19, pp. 315-322. (2005)Elleaume H., A. Charvet, P. Berkvens, G. Berruyer, T. Bro-

chard, Y. Dabin, M. Dominguez, J. Adam, C. Nemoz, A. Bravin, S. Fiedler, S. Bayat, S. Monfraix, G. Berruyer, A. Charvet, J. Le Bas, H. Elleaume, F. Esteve, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 25 (145). (2005)

Keyrilainen J., M. Fernandez, S. Fiedler, A. Bravin, M. Kar-jalainen-Lindsberg, P. Virkkunen, E. Elo, M. Tenhu-nen, P. Suortti, W. Thomlinson, Eur. J. Radiol. 53 (226). (2005)

Monfraix S., S. Bayat, L. Porra, G. Berruyer, C. Nemoz, W. Thomlinson, P. Suortti, A. Sovijarvi, Phys. Med. Biol. 50 (1). (2005)

Baldelli P., M. Gambaccini, M. Milazzo, F. Petrucci, M. Scotti, Preprint Eur. Conf. X-ray Spectrometry, p. 22. (2004)

Biston M., A. Joubert, J. Adam, H. Elleaume, S. Bohic, A. Char-vet, F. Esteve, N. Foray, N. Balosso, J. Cancer Res. 64 (2317). (2004)

Den Leeuw M., J. Dik, C. Nemoz, P. Coan, A. Bravin, ‘Using XRF and Dual Energy K-edge Absorption Imaging in the Study of Paintings’, Proceedings of the Interna-tional Workshop on ‘Inter-disciplinarity in non-de-structive testing of museum objects’, pp. 45-48. (2004)

Le Duc G., S. Corde, A. Charvet, H. Elleaume, R. Farion, J. Le Bas, F. Esteve, Invest. Radiol. 39 (85). (2004)

Draperi D., S. Fiedler, G. Goujon, G. Le Duc, M. Mattenet, C. Nemoz, M. Perez, M. Renier, C. Schulze, P. Spanne, P. Suortti, W. Thomlinson, F. Esteve, B. Bertrand, J. Le

6. 사양 및 고려사항• X-ߣ� G�: �[, ª�, ��Æ

• ��(kV)• ��(mA)• �÷µ)

• n÷­

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

K-0� �¢oË� �� îí�â µ³g�. K-0�� ��� � Æ � 1984. E. �� jÀ(E. Barrie Hughes) �� � &�

�â V¹Ñ�. ¢�³´� �� ��� ¸Ë� �� � ��

®(Milko den Leeuw), H�_ �(Joris Dik), {�_¤Ü �ªÀ

(Christian Nemoz), ��Ä ��(Paola Coan), ¥³2` ¨Ä�

(Alberto Bravin)� �ñ E� é�g�.

8. 참고문헌

Bertrand B., F. Esteve, H. Elleaume, C. Nemoz, S. Fiedler, A. Bravin, G. Berruyer, T. Brochard, M. Renier, J. Ma-checourt, W. Thomlinson, J. Le Bas, European Heart Journal 26 (1284). (2005)

Bravin A., J. Dik, M. den Leeuw, ‘A New technique in X-ray imaging using synchrotron radiation’, poster present-ed at the 14th Meeting of the International Council of Museum/Conservation Committee, The Hague. (2005)

Bravin A., J. Dik, K. Krug, M. den Leeuw, ‘A New X-ray Method for Painting Studies’, Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie

[ 10]

K-엣지

이미징법

60

61

[ 10]

K-엣지

이미징법

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1. 분류

¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË� X-ß ü�� �¬­ °Æß� Æ

�ñâ  W� �c �é¼ Á�� ¥\}È ô ¶� îï� ¸Ë��â gt¤¥ îïË�� î���. ­¨� X-ß ÃüË

� õ� �é� �Ç î#¡ ¥\à ä Á�¡, � ¸Ë� ô =î÷� ¥\à ä ÁÈ, _Í]Î k�þ� ��W  W� ¨�� �é� Ri(mapping)Ç ¼Ä�.

2. 개요

X-ß ef �¢oË�� È�c� f¬(photon)� �÷< �¬

¼ }� �c�� ��� ¸Ë� ���. �m� X-ß f¬� Ö��W � X-ß f¬�  W� Á� �¬Ù UN³�� A�

! �c�¼ MÑ <�. � M� �Ç�  W� A�� ùÇ� 0çµ n÷­� ��� ����. Ö��� X-ß� B�

� �Ç� �é£� �2­ Ó � �é£� ¸÷� �¬­ °Æß� ~ħ�. �V ��  W� Á� �é� FÇ î#

� ô��� ô%à ä Á�. ô ½�� ô��� V¹à ä Á

�k ô��� ù �é� î#¼ )�Ñ V¹Ñ�. �á÷� �*< �Ö�� � ·� X-ß ef �� g� ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢o ç� =Ä� ļ� qÈ Á�.

[11] 방사광 X-선 형광 이미징법Bas, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 428 (514). (1999)Hughes E., E. Rubenstein, R. Hofstadter, ‘Method and means

for minimally invasive angiography using mono-chro-matized synchrotron radiation’, U.S. Patent 4432370. (1984)

Jacobson B., Acta Radiol. 39 (437). (1953)Moniz E., Presse Med. 35 (969). (1927)

63

62

[ 10]

K-엣지

이미징법

SYN

CHRO

TRO

N X

-RAY

FLUO

RESC

ENCE

IMAG

ING

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W È=Ä ��þÙ rNE� ­�� bH�. ©)� �� Ì

�) Õ� Á�W �� �µ n÷� �ü�� ¢ï ä Á�. n

Æó µ»� ¸Æf÷� B�V �Ö%W &ä È�ç

¼ bHó ä Á�. � ¸Ë�� îïW Ô­�� ýU¾�V �� U�¼ Mó ¼Ä=� Á�� �vÇ �µ< � Á�. B

W �� �Ö� �� �A� �ð� ¡Ì� ¸Æf� ä� � B°¥�� Ö�b�Ç µ»� ýU¾� ���� +> ½�Ç Á�. X-ß ef �¢oË� �� u�� G¹µ¢­�� cõ � ¸Ë��. ¸Æf� õ»� ��ó ä Á� ­á� �=

¾� Á�¡ Õ�� çQ�.

ÕÈ: X-ß� ÔñÈ Ó�� ç�¥A ä Á

�ß� �F�� � ¼� �µ� ÃÄí �

�. ��^ ñ� ¸Æf� ��Ñ Ö��­ Ó � ­¨� X-ß Ãü� ~� �÷µ)� ��6 �Ç� ü��. ôºV ª*� #"

< DNAEÎ ¸Æf� ýU! ¼Ä=� Á� �Í� îïó Ó�� � ¸Ë� Æ� �1� r©Ñ È%ñí ��.

5. 보완 방법

¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË(In-

frared Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË(False Color Infra-

red), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography)

3. 응용

X-ß ef �¢oË� y µ» � ³� µ» ª3� Æ�ó ä Á�. îï� ü�� {­� V�¢þ {­1þ ä ��¢þ {­÷� �Yó ä Á�. � Ñ �¶� {­� ��ó ä Á�

� �� � �W� Á� Ü» ú¬ V�1þ ô� �m� Á

� �é� î#÷� £Ôó ä Á�� �� �¢��. � ¸Ë� õ� á� �é� îïó Ó &^ Ô��¡, �Ö �ð� Ã

Äâ� ¼� �éÇ îïó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� �c ¢�´� �³�V óï� ���â *×� M�� ���V, �³

¾ø� ��� a�¾� µ­� Æ�¾@ �é¼ ��� ¨�

�� ¥\}� ¼ dx¥� ¸Ë © V�. w>V � ¸Ë

� ¢\� �é� n÷� \� ×� ¸Ë��. �6ú� ��

þ� ��� k�þ E� ¸Ë� *�� �ú� ô�� Õ� >

�V ]ô�� ÇU� �>=� ³sÇ ¼ÄÑ ¾ø�. � ¸Ë�� ô�� G�W� îïW Ü» ú¬ VV� U

@� �Þ� ¥\à ä ÁÈ, ô û�� ô�� Q� ��� Q

� ��� ¥\}� yå �Þ� Ü»� �� U�� ¥\}� �� Ì ä Á�. � ¸Ë�� ��%W Þð äA� -:�.

4. 한계

R{�(Macro) X-ß ef �¢o g� Æ�­¼ µ;�È

� Á�¡ ¸Æf� ��� �Ö� %W °7� Y�� �&

í È g�Ç }� «�. 3ô�V óï� �� Â� �º

� �¢�� îï� ÞW îï ���â V�� X-ß ef� �M �éÌ� 2�� Ì�Ñ � îï ½�¼ ä |Ä��]

� ~ó �Ç� ¾Í ä Á�. � Ñ ¸�� k�þ� E�%[ 1

1] 방사광

X-선

형광

이미징법

64

65

[ 11]

방사광

X-선

형광

이미징법

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Thurrowgood, D. L. Howard, ‘A hidden portrait by Ed-gar Degas’, Scientific reports 6. 29594. (2016)

Janssens K., M. Alfeld, G. Van der Snickt, W. De Nolf, F. Van-meert, M. Radepont, C. Miliani, ‘The use of synchro-tron radiation for the characterization of artists’ pigments and paintings’, Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 6, pp. 399-425. (2013)

Dik J., K. Janssens, G. Van Der Snickt, L. van der Loeff, K. Rickers, M. Cotte, ‘Visualization of a lost painting by Vincent van Gogh using synchrotron radiation based X-ray fluorescence elemental mapping’, Analytical chemistry 80 (16), pp. 6436-6442. (2008)

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¸Æf X-ß *§ç

• 12.6 KeV �Ç� �c�� �� 2~5µ �

Ç� X-ß• n÷­ (�Q n÷­detector array*¼ w

×�)• 2µ÷� µ»� ��A ä Á� ��þ�

��¾� X, Y �� µ»�

• k�þ ä� µ_� • µ)(�Ö�ð (�� ÃÄ {Ñ M")• k�þ E� Ä5

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË� ¢�³´� X-ß �¢o ­�

� ©H� *�� ñ`��. 2008. .ý(Janssens)� B È3

� ô�� +>� �Ö¥ ½�� Ç÷ñ ��è 2013.�� � ­�� �� �� u � * ��. 2016. â�®»(Thur-

rowgood)� ÈñUÇ _H� Ç �>=� ½±� ¸Ë� �ñ u � * ��è �� � ­�� §Þ� Þ���. � ­�

� =�¥�� ��¾ø�è ·� *� ©��.

8. 참고문헌

Thurrowgood D., D. Paterson, M. D. De Jonge, R. Kirkham, S.

* 수없이 많은 미세한 검출기 소자를 빛이 나오는 경로에 두어서 검출하는 장치. 감도는 약간 떨어지지만 빠르게 분석할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

[ 11]

방사광

X-선

형광

이미징법

66

67

[ 11]

방사광

X-선

형광

이미징법

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?� Æ�� µ) ü�(time-domain)� îï�V )  ­

P� a��(Fourier) Mv*� Æ�� ��ä ü�(frequency

domain)� îï� ¸Ë� Æ�ó ä Á�.**¼ ­�¥� Ë )  �ÕÃü g� Õ® � ��¼

��(broadband) h) = f�� £�[è ) ?(Michelson

interferometer)� ð�µ¢� ¸¹� Æ���.  W Â�  W \�Õ� 6á� �aÈ Ë� gaW � Ë� ��� ) ?

� ðñ ¯¶Ä n÷­� ��<�. Ë� ��� ÿ�Ù ÿ� ñUÇ� f�� G�Ù _H� ¸Ë� ÃÄ ~ħ�. Ë )

  �ÕÃü ç¼ E� �*! `µ�� �� � s0� Ë

�� >=¾� Á�â ÿ� ñUǼ ×� OÇf� Æ���. ôºV OÇf� Æ�W ��hf� Æ�� Õ®Þ� �Ǽ ��§�. � s0¼ �� ��hf� Æ�W ñU5� �

���¡ �Ǽ ×\§�. �J��, 6f��(>100nm) J¥

�ß ��h� ��� �� ÿ�¼ ÿÈ ÿ� ñU5� ×� Ë )  �ÕÃü g� ¡ÌÈ Á�. ³�� ¸Ë� ÃÄ �

¶� n÷­� Æ�ó ä Á�¡ ��µ)� �2È k�þ �

� �Ǽ �Å CCD ¯¶Ä¼ n÷­� ¼ D� Æ�¾È Á

�. Ë )  �ÕÃü g� �_ #�](single point) ¸

¹� � b�(full field) ¸¹� 3 ¼� ¸¹�� ³���. �_ #�] ¸¹� Õ®�� µ» �W� _H"� �µ� ­� �

�� � ¸��� _Hñâ ÿ� �Þ� ¥\��. � b�(‘�

* 데이터를 처리하는 방법으로서 이를 창시한 프랑스 수학자인 푸리에Fourier의 이름을 따서 이런 이름을 붙였다. 일반적으로 FT라고 부른다.

** 시간 영역 방법과 주파수 영역 방법은 간섭신호의 처리 방법을 일컫는 말이다. 어느 방법으로 처리하건 결과는 동일하다.

1. 분류

Ë )  �Õ ÃüË� gt¤¥�È g��¥� �¢oË��

â �Y�� ��� ��ñâ 2�� � 3�� �Í� îï� ¸Ë��. ��� Õ® � ¸Ë� ��W 1.5mm ÿ�÷�

1~6µm� ñUÇ� îïó ä ÁÈ, îï ñUÇ� �Ö�ð� îï%� �Í� ÃÄ ~ħ�. Ë� ��µþ ä Á� ½±

�, �µ, ×��¥ �Í, Èî¬ �Í �� îï� k ¥±

� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

Ë )  �Õ ÃüË� µ»�  W�  W \�Õ� îf�¥

�� �¢o� ¸Ë��. ) =� Á� � ��¼ �� Ë� µ»� Ö�mâ µ» Ü�â �� UN³�ÇD "��Û )  zõ�� ¡ÌÈ ��� n÷ñâ ô �Í� f�¥ =Í

(�Y�)� ÃÅ �¢�� ¡Ì���. Ë� �Y�� µ»� �

ÇV ½�= �� ÃÄ ~Ä�­ Ó � Ë )  �ÕÃü� >

�� ¢@� ��� ¹�� �U¥� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë�â

� ß{� �� � ¥�ß� Æ��k, � Ë� µ»� �

�ó ä Á­ Ó � µ»  W �  W \� >�� ¢@� �

�� ¹�ó ä Á�. Ë )  �ÕÃü� ó Ó� �Æe ) 

[12] 빛 간섭 단층 촬영법

[ 12]

빛 간섭

단층

촬영법

69

68

OPT

ICAL

CO

HER

ENCE

TOM

OG

RAPH

Y, O

CT

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g� ��W / 1.5mm ÿ�÷� îïó ä Á� . ��

1.5mmÞ� 3% µ»� îïó ä T�� �� �¢��. �

�^ ü�ÍÈ Â� �º Õ�� >=< ��� Õ® îï

ó ä Á� �� ÿ�� 1.5mm ¢¡��. � �Ì� ô: ô

�� Õ®�� ��Õ� 3ø¼ ��^ �­ Ó � �� ��

Ñ �¢oó ä Á�. �_E¼ ñ� ��_`(impasto) ­Ë

�� ô: ·� ���  WÕ ��� Õ� � ¸Ë�� îï

� qó äÇ Á�.

5. 보완 방법

X-ß ef îfË� Ë )  �Õ ÃüË� "ø Æ�W �m

� ÿ� M�� ÃÅ õ­�� M�� g��¥�� ¥\à ä Á­ Ó � X-ß ef îfË� ��� #"< õ­�� 6

­ îï� �U¥� ¸Ë��. Ë )  �ÕÃü¸Ë�� î

ï� ½� a¼� îïó bH=� �ºú Õ® Y�W� [¢

\� ��}â �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îï­

� îïW õ­=î� ¥\à ä ÁÈ, ���± Í\îï­

� îïW Ô­=î� ¥\à ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• Ë )  �ÕÃü g

— f�� G�Ù �(�¶� �� Æ�ó ä Á�¡ 1,064nm¼ ¼ D� Æ��)

— ) ? (�(£�[è Â� �� ) ?)— ­¹ f�ç (µ�­, bþ, �Y* �)— n÷­� Æ�� CCD ¯¶Ä� {­Ù

�’�ÄÈÇ 1Ð) ¸¹� Õ®�� f��� µ» �m� g� U��â ­� ��� §�µ! � �Þ� Ï�}� ¸¹�� ³���. �_ #�] ¸¹� Æ�W G�W �¢�� Ï� ä Á� BW � b� ¸¹� Æ�W Æ�� 3�� �¢�� �� IÑ Ï� ä Á�.

3. 응용

Ë )  �Õ ÃüË� g��¥ �¢oË��â ���â ÈÈ�¥ Ô�� �2­÷� �¶� �ð� üU� Ï�k Æ

�¾�À r�. � © ¼ �,ó¡� s¥� �� ��(Hai-

da Liang) �Æ� s¥��. �� �Ƽ ��� +>�� ¢�

³´�â ÈÈ�¥ µ»� �2� �¶� �Í� îï� ½�

� * � Ë )  �Õ ÃüË� �� +> îí� {�Ñ ��! ä Á�� �� Þ��ø�.

4. 한계

Ë )  �Õ ÃüË�â� ­���� ���â � ¸�(ÿ�) ñUÇ� ½���. �� � Ó � � ¸Ë� ·� �¥ ÿ� ñUÇ� / 1µm� ��¾� Á�¡ ­­ =Ä� �ß­ 0

� �5� È Á­ Ó � ñUǼ ×\Í ��� ­�<�. �Í� ��%W îï�� _Í]Î�  �´� _Í]Î� g�ñí ��. �Å îf�¥ ¸Ë� £~¼�� � ¸Ë� �

�¥�� �=� g"� �ÍÌ� â >î� q��(û: �Â

µ��� >î). � ¸Ë� ��W �Í� �¢� ��� >î

ó ä Á�¡ ��=î÷� rx=ÁÑ ¥ ä� T�. ��� �é� A�V� �Ǽ d� �Í� Õ® �

[ 12]

빛 간섭

단층

촬영법

70

71

[ 12]

빛 간섭

단층

촬영법

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imaging to art conservation’, Optics Express 13 (16), pp. 6133-6144. (2005)

Szkulmowska A., M. Gora, M. Targowska, et al., ‘The applica-bility of optical coherence tomography at 1.55µm to the examination of oil paintings’, Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on Lasers in the Conser-vation of Artworks (LACONA VI). (2005)

Tomlins P.H., R.K. Wang, ‘Theory, developments and applica-tions of optical coherence tomography’, Applied Phys-ics D 38 (15), pp. 2519-2535. (2005)

Liang H., R. Cucu, G.M. Dobre, D.A. Jackson, J. Pedro, C. Pan-nell, C. Saunders, A.G. Podoleanu, ‘Application of OCT to examination of easel paintings’, Proc. SPIE 5502, pp. 378-381. (2004)

Targowski P., B. Rouba, M. Wojtkowski, A. Kowalczyk, ‘The application of optical coherence tomography to non-destructive examination of museum objects’, Studies in Conservation 49 (2), pp. 107-114. (2004)

Wojtkowski M., V.J. Srinivasan, T.H. Ko, J.G. Fujimoto, A. Kowalczyk, J.S. Duker, ‘Ultrahigh- resolution, high-speed, Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and methods for dispersion compensation’, Optics Ex-press 12 (11), pp. 2404-2422. (2004)

Yang M.L., C.W. Lu, I.J. Hsu, C.C. Yang, ‘The use of Optical Coherence Tomography for monitoring the subsur-face morphologies of archaic jades’, Archaeometry 46 (2), pp. 171-182. (2004)

Leitgeb R., C.K. Hitzenberger, A.F. Fercher, ‘Performance of Fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence to-

G� (�é�ÇÙ �é{­)• Ë )  �ÕÃü ���ð

— ��Bç{* � ¸� ñU5 (Ô� �Ä�

�� ÃÄ ��

— ��< ³s ÿ��â ¥%§ µ»� �ñ ��< Bç{ � ¸� ñU5

— ÿ�� ÃÅ rN(�Ç)� �é �Ç �� (dB mm -1)

— îï 0ç�â� �� µ)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

Ë )  �Õ ÃüË(OCT)� 1990.� ×m��� gt¤= �¢o� 0ñ �*< ­��â ô � ¥�� Ü���â 89

� �¢o�ø�. � ­�� 2000.�� �Ô�� +>� E

� ��¾ø�. OCT� ·� �º îí�â ��¾È Á�è

g� =Ä� �2Ñ �U�� ÃÄ �Ô� +>�â� ��

� ��¾È Á�.

8. 참고문헌

Gorczynska I., M. Wojtkowski, M. Szkulmowski, et al., ‘Var-nish thickness determination by spectral optical coherence tomography’, Proceedings of the 6th Inter-national Congress on Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks (LACONA VI). (2005)

Liang H., M.G. Cid, R.G. Cucu, et al., ‘En-face optical coher-ence tomography: A novel application of non- invasive

* 산 모양으로 된 분포곡선의 최대높이의 1/2 높이 지점의 폭.

[ 12]

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단층

촬영법

72

73

[ 12]

빛 간섭

단층

촬영법

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1. 분류

0�(Edge) �M X-ß |ä îfË(XANES)� ¢\� µ»� ��} îï� t¤¥ îï¸Ë��â L�] �� �� G

�W� îï� k }� Æ�<�. XANES �¢o� Æ�� µ» {­� AB¥�� L�] Y�W� {­Ù g"� (AB¥�� 100µm×200~300µm). £�{��(microtome)**� ��ñ µ»� �� 9�� ¡Ì�â �� ª�***� îï��.

2. 개요

XANES� ½�= � w ©HÑ� g½�= �±� î¬� �

�ó ä Á� g�Û, ô��V Ǭ­� }1 Õ� #"< �

Í� ��� �� ,¥�� Æ�ó ä Á�.

XANESV Micro-XANES� ��/û�´�V û�¼

Ì� Æ�� �»� î¬ U�� îï�V �� U�� �

��k Æ�¾È Á�. 1µm {­ �Ç� ³� 1î�¡ X-ß

� Ö�z ä Á­ Ó � îï 0ç� ÃÅ î¬>=� M�� £Ôó ä Á�. Micro-XANES �¢�� ðñâ ¢�´� Þ¨

U�V MÍ ��� ¥\à ä Á�. æ� Ǭ­� > ±ÇÙ >� Ó� �­ �=(ô�È �� �ð�â ¡Ì�§ U�)� ¥ äÇ Á�. £�{� Ä¡(Micro-Raman) îfË �¢o Â�

[13] 엣지(Edge) 주변 X-선 흡수 분광법*

* 주로 ‘XANES’라고 부른다.

** 시료를 현미경으로 관찰하기 위해 얇은 조각으로 자르는 기계.

*** 얇은 막을 분석하는 방법으로는 투과 모드와 반사 모드가 있다.

mography’, Optics Express 11 (8), pp. 889-894. (2003)Dresel T., G. Hausler, H. Venzke, ‘Three-dimensional sensing

of rough surfaces by coherence radar’, Applied Optics 31 (7), pp. 919-925. (1992)

Huang, D., E.A. Swanson, C.P. Lin, et al., ‘Optical coherence tomography’, Science 254 (5035). pp. 1178-1181. (1991)

75

74

[ 12]

빛 간섭

단층

촬영법

X-RA

Y AB

SORP

TIO

N N

EAR

EDG

E SP

ECTR

OSC

OPY

. XAN

ES

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* 납을 중심으로 크롬산 혹은 황산기가 결합해 있다.

3. 응용

Ö�� X-ß� µ»� î¬� |ä< Ò ©å�¬(�� Ü»� #"< á� �¬)�â �¬� ��Ú��Û �¬� �±�µ

�. î¬�â �¬� ��}�k bH� �c�� �¬ ½± �c�� ‘0�(Edge) �c�’ÄÈ 1Å�. É� >�ÄÇ >�

� î¬ U�� ÃÄâ >�� 0� �c�¼ �2­ Ó � � g� ��W >�¼ �c î¬ U�� ¨��� ¥ ä Á

�. w>V >�� î¬ U�� ÃÄâ 0� �c� �M� Á� AF� �®�(peak)Ì� ª¶Ç �2Ñ V¹Ñ�. î¬ U�� ¥\}� ©H� &o��� «�-0�(pre-edge) &o (�±�

� A�¢� X-ß |ä¼ A�V­ �� V¹�), |ä 0�� 0ç, #_]-0�(post-edge)� &o �� Á�. |ä 0� �

M�â V¹V� �� &o¥� M� Â� §�� ðñâ ô á

�� �º�È Á� �¬� �� �Þ� Ï� ä ÁÈ (û� Ì

� {¸��� V��� >î*), 0�� 0ç� ñï� á�� �� U�� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. Ü»¼ M;W á�� �� U�¼ M­ Ó � á�� �� U�� \� �� ��

^ ©H�.

XANES _Í]Î� X-ß� �c�� �� X-ß |

ä �Ç(AB¥�� |ä?ä� #�)� ǵ�ñâ V¹}�

k, |ä 0��â� |ä �Ǽ ¡tÑ �¼��. �c �

Í�� ¥È¬ ó Õ®��  ��Í�  � _Í]Î� g�

ñí ��.  ��Í� nÆ%� ³´� ¼¡¥ �A� �ð

�â îï��. ��� R® g"� �±�� �� Á� �Í�

È, ��!äD w; ô �. ÃÄâ  �´� îï ½�Ù µ» îï ½�¼ â Aç�� ��� ô �Í�� ����. û

a�� Mv ¥�ß îf? �¢o*Þ� w #� �Ç� µ»� #"< î¬� �=� U@Ñ ¥\}Ȭ ó Ó � g� Æ

���. � ¸Ë� æ� £�{� Ä¡ îfË� gñ g½�= �Í� �ñ U�� �Í� îïó Ó �Ǽ #�.

� g� îï%W µ»� B�µ �� ¸Æf µ(

(ú¬ ¼�­� �ñ ¡Ì�§ È÷5 X-ß *§­)� ¢Ïí

­ Ó � û�´� Þ¨ +> ��� ,¥��� â Æ�¾� ���. ôºV � g� ðñ ¢�´�â V¹V� �g£V \+g£**�U�(塊狀化) �� Q�·U� �� R® ©H� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. �� �U�� 17~19@­ �B� ô%§ ô��â £Ô<�. ôºV ��� �=�V ô�� ô) `µ

� vÕHð� ÃÄ �U� ·U� �2Ñ V¹V­ Ó � \

�÷�� �U� ·U � ¼�¡� ��ñ ô�� +�� a�

�� qÈ Á�. ô ½� �U� ·U� £Ô¾� ���� �� ô ô�� a� µ­� 1±¾� �� \ÂÄ� �� ¤

ç� J�¬» © V� ¥� ä� Á�¡ ô ô�� a�¾� µ­� ô%§ �� \ÂÄ� ½�¥� ���� Æ�� q

��. Micro-XANES �¢oË� ��� Á� á�� 1¹×

=�� ���V ô Ri�Ç Æ�<�. � g� ¬+¥�

� -è ·U� ��¥�� -è ·U� >î� kÇ Æ�ó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��(�Ñ #� ¦� µ»�â) � BÆ(G�

W�â) ª� ª3� Æ�ó ä Á�k,  W� �Ñ ¦}W X-ß |ä �¼ ¥Ñ A�V­ Ó � w #� ´Í� k�þ� Ï� ä Á�.

* 이 두 장비는 표면의 분자의 조성을 알아내는 대표적인 장비이다.

** 납이나 아연이 지방산과 반응했을 때 만들어지는 물체 중 하나. 납, 아연, 지방산은 모두 물감의 성분이다.

[ 13]

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주변

X-선

흡수

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76

77

[ 13]

엣지

주변

X-선

흡수

분광법

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Imaging), a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier transform infra-

red spectroscopy), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron

Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß �Y �¢

oË(Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Diffraction Imaging), 0� �M X-ß |ä îfË(X-ray absorption near edge spectros-

copy), X-ß |ä f� ¢@>�Ë(Extended X-ray Absorption

Fine Structure), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îï

Ë(Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dis-

persive X-ray Spectroscopy), �� �¬·¢Õ-�¬�c� ý

� îfË(Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¸Æf µ(

(X-ß @­� �Ñ �c� s0¼

�Y¾� Á�í ")• µ»� G�W

• k�þ ä�

(�m map {­, k�þ ä� �?�

{­, k�þ �� wä)• X-ß �� Õ�� §� µ(

• ­�µ»Ù |ä 0�

(µ» � �é� ÷EÙ îïó �é)• k�þ ñï� Æ�ó é«]��

� Ì� >�� ­B�� � ��� ��¾W Ø6� Ü» =î

� 40% �Ç¡ �È Ví�� >���� � >� V��� M

v! ä Á�. ô�È îï� ðñâ ��� ¨�� ù =î� "\� ¥\à ä Á�.

ô��â ��� ��Õ�V @ħ �W� XANES �

¢�� ðñâ µ» Ü� Ì� Á� Ü» � Ü»� îñ ×=�

� î#� µù¥�� ��ó ä Á�. G�W� Õ� ÃÄ î#

< &� �±�� ��ó ä ÁÈ ô �Í� î# 0ç� ðñ �0¥�� a¼� �Í�� Â� îñ ���â ×$ ��� ¥\à ä Á�. � �¢�� Þð @ ¼� Ç�� V¹V�k @ ¼� Ç� =î� �Å @ �±�� V¹��.

4. 한계

£�{���� ¬Å µ»� 1â�­ IÈ ü�Í­ Ó � �� ª�� ��ó µ»� �g­¼ �*�. µ»� =�¥

�� �g%W ����â Æ�¾� È�� ä�� r©Ñ ß�� Ò ô ä�� È�� Ò âÄ}í ��. ¸Æf ¼�­� Æ�� �Ö� %W µ(� �M§ Ü� µ)� �xñí È ô Ü÷� ��ñí ��. k�þ� îïÈ ñï%W &ä é«]��¼ bHÈ ô Æ�Ë� �;í � Õ®¼ }�. µ» îï ���â µ»¼ X-ß �c�� µ» =î� �

Å =î�� �¨�V �� U�¼ �¨� �� ýU� A�ú ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

£�{�-Ä¡ îfË �¢oË(Micro-Raman Spectroscopy [ 1

3] 엣지

주변

X-선

흡수

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78

79

[ 13]

엣지

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X-선

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piment, Realgar, and Emerald Green Pigments in Historic Paintings and Related Conservation Issues’, Heritage Science 4 (21). (2016)

Monico L., K. Janssens, M. Alfeld, M. Cotte, F. Vanmeert, C.G. Ryan, G. Falkenberg, D.L. Howard B. Giovanni Bru-netti, C. Miliani, ‘Full Spectral XANES Imaging using the Maia Detector Array as a New Tool for the study of the Alteration Process of Chrome Yellow Pigments in Paintings by Vincent van Gogh’, Journal of Analyti-cal Atomic Spectrometry 30, pp. 613-626. (2015)

Manning P.L., N.P. Edwards, R.A. Wogelius, U. Bergmann, H.E. Barden, P.L. Larson, D. Schwarz- Wings, V.M. Egerton, D. Sokaras, R. Mori, W. Sellers, ‘Synchro-tron-based Chemical Imaging Reveals Plumage Pat-terns in a 150 Million Year Old Early Bird’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 7 (28), pp. 1024-1030. (2013)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

Micro-XANES �¢o� 2002.� ��� «Molecular and

Structural Archaeology: Cosmetic and Therapeutic Chemi-

cals» � Ñ�< ‘� ¸Æf £�{� �¢o ­�� ÈÈ�

(New Synchrotron Radiation-based Imaging Techniques and

Archaeology)’�Ä� u � ðñâ �Ô� +>¬Ì�Ñ �

¢o Ç>� Æ�! ä Á�� �� E� é�¾ø�(Doucet

2003). ô Ò �|(Cotte) �� «Synchrotron Radiation in Ma-

terials Science» Ä� ���� ‘¸Æf £�{� �¢o ­Ë

� ��� �� +>(Applications of synchrotron-based mi-

cro-imaging techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage

materials)’Ä� u � * ��(Cotte et al. 2009). �º� +>Ì� �ú� �Ô�� îï� micro-XANES �¢o ­

�� D� ��¾Ñ ¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Chen-Wiegart Y.K., J. Catalano, G. J. Williams, A. Murphy, Y. Yao, N. Zumbulyadis, S.A. Centeno C. Dybowski, J. Thieme, ‘Elemental and Molecular Segregation in Oil Paintings due to Lead soap degradation’, Scientific Re-ports 7. 11656. (2017)

Otero V., J.V. Pinto, L. Carlyle, M. Vilarigues, M. Cotte, M.J. Melo, ‘Nineteenth Century Chrome Yellow and Chrome Deep from Winsor and NewtonTM’, Studies in Conservation 62 (3), pp. 123-149. (2017)

Keune K., J. Mass, A. Mehta, J. Church, F. Meirer, ‘Analytical Imaging Studies of the Migration of Degraded Or-

[ 13]

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X-선

흡수

분광법

80

81

[ 13]

엣지

주변

X-선

흡수

분광법

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3. 응용

�Æe X-ß �Y �¢o� � �W ³´� Á� ½�= �Í

� î#� Ý^� k Æ�¾� ¸Ë�� . � ¸Ë� �� õ

­�±�� ��� ¼µ��k Æ��� . � ¸Ë� ¥

+ï(hematite)� t+ï(goethite)(û: Fe2O3Ù α-FeOOH), �³ï(malachite)� ��ï(azurite)(û: CuCO3.Cu(OH)2Ù

2CuCO3 Cu(OH)2), +O(lead white)�ÄÈÇ 12� äO+f

(hydrocerussite)� O+f(2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2 Ù PbCO3)EÎ �

Å �Í��Ç �é �=� g"� �Í� >î� Ô�� ä

���. ¸Æf �Ö��â ß{� R® �(1µm2 �Ç) X-ß

� Ö�©��Û ³�(0.5mm ¢¡) �� �ù¡ Á�Ç ³¼

¼ �� µù¥ d�� Ï­ 0ñ Æ�� Õ� Gâ� ¥\à ä Á�. ³¼¼ ô: ­Ë� �� �Þ ���Ç ��Õ }1�

â ¬+¥�� A�V� Q� ��� �� �ÞÇ Ï� ä Á�. æ�, ½�>�� M�� £Ô"��Û Hs´, Ǭ­ �� �

³��� ¥\à ä Á�. �Æe X-ß �Y �¢o� �� �ù Â� �m ô��V �È� #"< Ü»� GÇ, ×�� Â� ±

= Õ�� >î� kÇ Æ�<�. � ç� �\îï*Ç ó ä Á�¡ �� Æ � ��< û� �� T�. ��¹ �Æe

X-ß �Y îf­� ��ñÇ �m �ÈV ô��â g"� ½

�� Ï� ä Áø�è �� ��£�â �ò îïó ä Á�� �á� <�.

4. 한계

<îï%� �m� ª¶� ÃÄâ� �Æe X-ß �Y îf

* 분석은 정량분석과 정성분석의 두 가지가 있다. 정량분석은 분석하고자 하는 물질의 양을 알아내는 분석을,

정성분석은 분석하고자 하는 물질이 어떤 물질인지 알아내는 분석을 말한다.

1. 분류

�Æe X-ß �Y �¢oË� �¬­ °Æß © X-ß ü�� °

Æß� ����. � ¸Ë� &� �±�� g��¥�� �¢

o� ¸Ë�È, îï� µ»� ÃÄâ t¤¥(�ô¡ �� µ»� îïó Õ®) Â� gt¤¥(û�´ �m� îïó Õ®) ¸Ë� ��� î�<�.

2. 개요

�Æe X-ß �Y �¢oË� X-ß �Y� ��ñâ ³´ �� ¨�� ½�=� Á� f�, Ü» �� ¼µ�µ¢� ¸Ë�

�. ��(�A �c�) X-ß� ½�= �Í� UN³�W �

Í� ÃÄâ X&� ­P� ¡Ì�§�. k�þ³�_� ¢� ú5<  �´� ­P� îï�� ­P� g�"��Û îï�

� �c ½�= �Í�� ¥\à ä Á�. X-ß ef �¢o� g"Ñ �Æe X-ß �Y �¢o� �� Â� 6á� �M§

X-ß� Ö��� �Y ­P� ­DWâ � �W �m�  W

� �_þ _H(raster-scan)��. k�þ� îïW Æ� Ü� ¨�� ½�= �m� î#� ¼µ�µþ ä Á�. Bƪ�

� Æ�W  W¡ îï¾È, �� ª�� îïW Õ �m¼ îï<�.

[14] 주사형 X-선 회절* 이미징

* 주로 ‘XRPD’라고 부른다.

[ 14]

주사형

X-선

회절

이미징

83

82

SCAN

NIN

G X

-RAY

PO

WDE

R DI

FFRA

CTIO

N, X

RPD

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5. 보완 방법

¥�ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), X-ß ÃüË

(X-Radiography), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Im-

aging), K-0� �¢oË(K-edge Imaging), 6îf �¢oË

(Hyperspectral Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchro-

tron-based X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Microscopy

coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• X-ß *§­ � f�?

• �Y ¯¶Ä

• ��µ»�

• Ö��� ü�� ��

• _ª(step)� {­

• m� µ)(dwell time)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

1895. �]?(Röentgen)� X-ß� *v� �Ò� 1912.� 9_ « Ä®�(Max von Laue)¼ X-ß �Y �Ö� E� µÇ

��. ��1þ � . Ò� 1916~1917.� XRPD¼ �*g�.

1967. �]¬] ¸Ë(Rietveld method)� é�< Ò î� X-ß �Yîï� �� £å� ¡t^ #\ö�. �6ú X-ß �Y

îïË� ½�= �Í� (¢@)>�� +>� k ¼ ��

Ñ Æ�¾� ­� © V� ¬� 7Ñ ¾ø�è �Ô�� £

F< �¶� �Í� îï� ��¾È Á�. 2005.� Ô® ¸Æ

Ë�� îï� qó äÇ Á�. �U¥� îï ½�� Ï�%

W îï� �Ü �Y ¯¶ÄÙ µ» Æ�� ��¼ A�Ñ Ô�¯í ��. ôºV /)�(ämm) ÿ�� Þ�ó ä Á­ Ó

� � �W �mÇ � g� îïó ä Á�. 3ô�V ñ5

Ñ X-ß� |ä� X-ß� ð�� q� �m� �� ª

�� îïó ä T�. �1î� ³� {­(1cm2 �)� µ»� îï�¡ {­¼ y �m�(dm2~m2) � Ü ¾� ¸Æf µ(

�â¡ îïó ä Á�. X-ß �Y �¢oË�â� µ» �E� ��� bH TÈ �÷µ)� Y­ Ó � (� á` ä 6 �Ç) ­¨� X-ß �Y îf?� îï� Õ®Þ� k�þ� ´Í� ��§�. ôÎ�Ç ü>È X-ß �Y îf �Ö� %W µ

)� }� éH¾È ßA< � � ü�¡ îïó ä Á�. ÃÄ

â � ¸Ë� g�¥ y �m� X-ß Ãü, ¥�ß BÆ Ãü, X-ß ef �¢o�� îï�V ³� �m� �Æe �¬·¢

Õ, ¸Æf X-ß �Y �¢o�� îï� ���â V¹V� &ä� �� ñ½� ä��� Æ�<�. j�� g� Æ

�W �)îñÄ� #� �\â (>0.5mm) \� @@� 1î

� üU� Ï� qÑ <�. ��¹�ð ¸Æf µ(�ð X-ß �Y �¢o� ó ä Á� g¼ D� Þ¡¾� Á� �È k�

þîï� �*�� �Ç � ¸Ë� Æ�� ��È Á�.

��: X-ß� Æ�¬� ­1V °� ýUµ¢

� � Æ�¬� ðñ� ñï ä Á�. �± µ) �Ü /� X-ß� �÷¾W 4� *× ¼Ä=

� ¾§�. ô�� ñ� X-ß� �²�Ü �÷

µ¢W ��� #"< Ô­��V õ­�� ý

U! ä Á�.

[ 14]

주사형

X-선

회절

이미징

84

85

[ 14]

주사형

X-선

회절

이미징

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studies of ancient and historical materials’, Physics Reports 519, pp. 51-96. (2012)

De Nolf W., J. Dik, G. Van der Snickt, A. Wallert, K. Janssens, ‘High energy X-ray powder di�raction for the imaging of (hidden) paintings’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 26, p. 910. (2011)

Dooryhée E. M. Anne, I. Bardès, J.L. Hodeau, P. Martinetto, S. Rondot, J. Salomon, G.B.M. Vaughan, P. Walter, ‘Non-destructive synchrotron X-ray diffraction map-ping of a Roman painting’, Applied Physics A 81, pp. 663-667. (2005)

f µ(�â �£ µ�� ��� A1� _êë XRPD �¢o ­Ë�� E� îï��. W¥ n÷­Ù X-ß f�?� �r ­�� ¥�� ��¹ _êë XRPD �¢o ç� 2014. é

�¾�â ¢�³´ +>� ��¾­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Vanmeert F., W. De Nolf, S. De Meyer, J. Dik, K. Janssens, ‘Macroscopic X-ray Powder Diffraction Scanning, a New Method for Highly Selective Chemical Imaging of Works of Art: Instrument Optimization’, Analytical Chemistry. (2018)

Vanmeert F., E. Hendriks, G. Van der Snickt, L. Monico, J. Dik, K. Janssens, ‘Chemical Mapping by Macroscopic X-ray Powder Diffraction (MA-XRPD) of Van Gogh’s Sunflowers: Identification of Areas with Higher Deg-radation Risk’, Angewandte Chemie International Edi-tion. (2018)

Janssens K., G. Van der Snickt, F. Vanmeert, S. Legrand, G. Nuyts, M. Alfeld, L. Monico, W. Anaf, W. De Nolf, M. Vermeulen, J. Verbeeck, K. De Wael, ‘Non-Invasive and Non-Destructive Examination of Artistic Pigments, Paints, and Paintings by Means of X-ray Methods’, Topics in Current Chemistry, p. 374. (2016)

Artioli G., ‘Science for the cultural heritage: the contribution of X-ray di�raction’, Rendiconti Lincei- Scienze Fisiche E Naturali 24, pp. S55-S62. (2013)

Bertrand L., M. Cotte, M. Stampanoni, M. Thoury, F. Marone, S. Schöder, ‘Development and trends in synchrotron

[ 14]

주사형

X-선

회절

이미징

86

87

[ 14]

주사형

X-선

회절

이미징

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그림 2

주입 가스Purge Gas

(N2, O2, etc.)

A파워보정형 DSC

Power-Compensated DSC

B열속형 또는 변조형 DSC

Heat-Flux & Modulated DSC

분석 체임버Analysis Chamber

분석 체임버Analysis Chamber

기준물질 컵Reference Cup

기준물질 컵Reference

Cup

시료 컵Sample Cup

시료 컵Sample Cup가열소자

Heating Element

열전쌍Thermo-coupleTherm

o-couple

열전쌍

제어장치 및 컴퓨터To Control &

Computer

제어장치 및 컴퓨터To Control &

Computer

가열판Heating Block

1. 분류

µ��ÆQ\ îïË(DSC)*� ��¥ îïË��.

2. 개요

DSC� µ�Qîï(differential thermal analysis)** ¸Ë� g

"� îïË�� �Í� Q¥ Ü�=� ��� �\¥�� î

ï� ¸Ë��. ­��Í� µ»� DSC� "ø îïW ½

��Ç, Ô���(glass transition) U�, -�á/³�á� ��

� ¥\à ä Á�. � ¸Ë� îf�¥ ¸Ë�V Í\îïËE

Î �Í� =î� ¥\à ä� T�¡, ­��Í �g Q Ü�=

� ��� û´Ñ n÷ó ä Á�â Ô­�� îñ &=� +

>� ©H� g��. � g� µ»� ââ^ ¼Qó Ó A

�V� �¶� ��/��¥ M�� ����. g�� îï�

� ­��Í� µ� ä Á� 3 �� ¶� ÁÈ, � 3 ¶� � î

ï m���â �µ� ¼Q� ±Ç ­DÇ(thermogram)� Ï��. �Ó bH� µ»\� ä mg �Ç��. � m�� Ü� §��� ¡Ì äÇ ÁÈ(�é, Íé, \2S ��) ¼_� �ú

[15] 시차주사열량 분석법

* 주로 ‘DSC’라고 줄여서 부른다.

** 시차(differential)란 수학의 미분이라는 말이다. 열분석한 결과를 미분하여 나타내면 shoulder가 peak로 나타나기 때문에 결과해석이 용이해진다.

[ 15]

시차주사열량

분석법

89

88

DIFF

EREN

TIAL

SCA

NN

ING

CALO

RIM

ETRY

, DSC

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È �� ±Ç¼ U�¥�� d� Ô­�±�� îï� k �� Æ���.

3. 응용

�� +>� Õ®, Í\îïË�� îï�� Ó °7� _Í

]Î� V¹}� Ô� ��� #"< ��×=�� ���

k DSC¼ Æ�<�(Preusser 1979; Preusser 1978). ��� ½

±�� îïó Ó�Ç DSC¼ Æ�<�(Odlyha 1987; Odlyha

1990; Burmester 1992). ½±�¼ �AwÄÇ Ü»¼ �2

W ±Ç­DǼ �2Ñ V¹V­ Ó � � ¸Ë� Ü»¼ #

"< ½±�� îï� ©H� ä���. �� ��� �¶� Ü»-½±� UN³�� +>ó Ó ©Hó ä Á�(Burmester

1992). DSC� ��< ¶­�� îñ×=�� îï� �OÍ

� M�� ¥\}� k Æ�ó äÇ Á�(Badea, Della Gatta, &

Budrugeac 2011). � ç� äî� ´�� ³´� Á� �

��·� äî� |ä� �Ç� ¥\}� kÇ Ô�� ä��

�(D’Orazio et al. 2001; Domingues et al. 2013).

4. 한계

DSC� îï%W mg �0� µ»¼ bHÈ µ»� âÄ}

í è DSC� îï� µ»� �Å îï� ��ó ä T�. æ

� µ»¼ Gä� ��W üG�� µ»� ��±Ç� ü�

� ¢& ±Ç­DǼ �VçÑ °7Ñ V¹VÈ ��·U� �+Ñ �ºV� ���. DSC� õ­��¡ �¿�§ �Í

� îï�� â Æ�� ���.

ó äÇ Á�. îï�� ��¥/��¥ &=� ÃÄ ¶� -�

�� ±ÇV �� �� ­D��. æ� µ» &=� M�µþ ä Á� ­m� �úWâ(û� Ì� µ»� ��µ¢­ 0ñ �

é ­m� �ú� �) �ÖW æ �Å DSC ½�� Ï� ä Á�. �6ú �R¾� g� ��^ ¬��¾� ÁÈ � �� �º �� µ»� ¼Qó ä Á�ß� �Ö dxÇ ×\ö�. �

� �Ö� ðñâ Ï� ±Ç ­DÇ� ÞÈ ½�=, U(phase)M�, *Q/|Q ��, B��Ç �� �Þ� ¥\à ä Á�.

DSC ç� �;Þ�(power-compensated)e, M�

(modulated)e, Q�(熱束, heat-flux)e @ ¼� ç¼ Æ�¾

È Á�. �;Þ�e ç� µ»Ù ­��Í� �Ç� ¼Q

È 3 �Í� ±Ç� �AÑ �a�k bH� �5\� ��

� £Ô� ¸Ë�� >�¾� ç�Û, ô �¸¥� >�Ç

� J L��� ô� 2AÙ É�. Q�e ç� µ»Ù ­��

Í� �µ� ¼QÈ Q 3Ð(heat-flux)� ��� ��ñâ ­

D��. M�e ç� >�¼ Q�e çÙ g¹�¡ µ»

Ù ­��Í� ¼Q-ºù­� B°Wâ � Æ�� Q3Ð ��� ��ñâ ­D��. ô� 2B� Q�e Â� M�e ç

� V¹� ���.� Ñ Ï� ±Ç­DÇ� ÞW �Í� �� ±Ç� ¥

ä ÁÈ �� ðñâ gQ, Ô��� ±Ç, ½�=, B��Ç �

� ¥ ä Á�. [� �� �5� ü��� ¼_� &=� ÃÄ

â �� ±Ç¼ �2Ñ V¹ú ä Á­ Ó � ±Ç­DÇ� Ï

­ ��� B�µ ¥%§  �´� ��ñâ ��ß Þ�� n

�³s� ñí ��. È=Ä ¼Q é¬Ù ¶� ��­ Ó �

DSC ç� ³� ±Ç� #� ±Ç÷� �) ä Á��Ç ü>[ 1

5] 시차주사열량

분석법

90

91

[ 15]

시차주사열량

분석법

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Preusser)� �ñ E� �Ô� îí� ¥�¾ø�è M. �Ì

Ä�(M. Odlyha)� ��� ô îí�â rx�� îï ­�

� *�µ5�.

8. 참고문헌

Skoog D.A., F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Instrumental Analysis, 7th Edition, Boston: Brooks Cole (Cengage Learning). (2016)

Domingues J.A.L., N. Bonelli, R. Giorgi, E. Fratini, F. Gorel, P. Baglioni, ‘Innovative Hydrogels Based on Semi-inter-penetrating p(HEMA)/PVP Networks for the Clean-ing of Water-sensitive Cultural Heritage Artifacts’, Langmuir 29 (8), pp. 2746-2755. (2013)

Badea E., G. Della Gatta, P. Budrugeac, ‘Characterisation and Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Historical Parchments by DSC’, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 104 (2), pp. 495-506. (2011)

D’Orazio L., G. Gentile, C. Mancarella, E. Martuscelli, V. Mas-sa, ‘Water-dispersed Polymers for the Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage: A Molecular, Thermal, Structural and Mechanical Characterisa-tion’ Polymer Testing 20 (3), pp. 227- 240. (2001)

Mills J.S., R. White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Ob-jects. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. (1994)

Burmester A., ‘Investigation of Paint Media by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)’ Studies in Conservation 37, pp. 73-81. (1992)

5. 보완 방법

DSC� �òîÆ Í\îïË� ��^ ÔÆ� ­Ë�� �òî

Æ Í\îïË�â� ±Ç¼ �Ä�� ÃÄ *×� �­ U

�� a¼¥�� �ù}� Í\ �ù �Þ� a¼� ����

� á¡ �2�. é\ �°� µ»� µ��ÆQ\ îïË�� îï­� Jâ g��¥ îïË� X-ß �Y îf­V X-ß efîf­� îï� õ­�1þ îïó ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• DSC �Ö� %W ��� �Mí ��

— µ»¶� µ� A�\� µ»

— ���Í ¶� µ� A�\� ���Í

— ¼Qé¬

— Q�»

— (Æ�ó Õ®) �ú ¼_V m�� Ü�

�5 Ô�

— µ»/���Í ¶� ¼Qó «�ôì

• ±Ç­DÇ� îï%W ��� �Mí ��

— ��ß Þ�

— ±ÇÞ��  ��

— £Ô< ��U�� �� ?�

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

DSC� 1962. E. S. ¼è(E. S. Watson)� M. J. �ª(M. J.

O’Neill)� �ñâ E� �*¾ø�. � ­�� E. «�â(E. [ 1

5] 시차주사열량

분석법

92

93

[ 15]

시차주사열량

분석법

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1. 분류

©=¬ ¸Æ� ¬­¸ÆË� g��¥ �¢� îï¸Ë��. ©

=¬ ¸Æ� ¬­¸ÆË� _Í]Î ü� © ¼µß ��� ü

�� £Ô� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

©=¬ ¸Æ� ¬­¸ÆË�â� nm� Q©=¬(thermal

neutron)� ½¾ �÷µ! ¸Æ=� �ÇD ��. � Ñ ¸Æ

=� �Ñ � �Ò� �÷µ)� ~�ñâ �º � Ƨ� Ã

ü��(Ƨ bÐ�V ½�Å ¸Æß Æ§). �é£� ¸Æ= ¿

�µ)� �2­ Ó � �÷µ)� ~�ñâ �¢�� £Ô

W ��� �c �é¼ #"¾� Á�� ¥\à ä Á�. �¢�

� À� �Ç� ÞÈ ù �é� "\� ?�ó äÇ Á�. � ½

�� ��ñâ �c Ü»¼ Æ�¾ø�� ¥\��.

3. 응용

©=¬ ¸Æ� ¬­¸ÆË� ��W (�� �1î� Õ®�) �� �� �c Ü»¼ Ì� Á�� ¥\à ä Á�. ô� \�

Õ� �\Á� �éÌ� "\� �� M� �­ Ó � � ¸

Ë� ��W ô�� ô�� k Æ�¾ø@ &� ��� E�

[16] 중성자 방사화 자기방사법Odlyha M., ‘A Novel Approach to the Problem of Character-izing the Binding Media of Early Italian Paintings (13th/16th Century)’ ICOM Committee for Conser-vation, 9th Triennial Meeting, Dresden, pp. 57-61. (1990)

Odlyha M., A. Burmester, ‘Preliminary Investigations of the Binding Media of Paintings by Differential Thermal Analysis’ Journal of Thermal Analysis 33, pp. 1041-1052. (1987)

Preusser E., ‘Untersuchung von Werken der Kunst-und Kul-turgeschichte mit Hilfe der Differentialthermoana-lyze’ Journal of Thermal Analysis 16, pp. 277-283. (1979)

Preusser E., ‘Differential Thermal Analysis of Paint Samples’ ICOM Committee for Conservation Report 78/20/2, 5th Triennial Meeting, Zagreb. (1978)

95

94

[ 15]

시차주사열량

분석법

NEU

TRO

N A

CTIV

ATED

AUT

OG

RAPH

Y

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f îfË(X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy), K-0� �¢o

Ë(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron

X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), G�W(Cross-sections), �Æe �¬·¢Õ �c� î�e X-ß îï­(Scanning Electron Mi-

croscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• bÐ/ç

• µ)

• n÷­

• Q©=¬�

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

� ­�� E� �� îí� 0ñ �*¾ø�V 1966. Áw N. �^]¡(Heather N. Lechtman)� ��;� V. @��(Edward

V. Sayre)� �ñ ¢�³´� E� ��g�.

8. 참고문헌

Den Leeuw M., W. Verbakel, J. Dik, R. Peschar, R. Schille-mans, H. Schenk, ‘The Digital Reconstruction of a Smalt Discolored Painting By Hendrick Ter Brugg-hen’, Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservi-erung 16, pp. 130-146. (2002)

Fischer C.O., J. Kelch, C. Laurenze, W. Leuther, K. Slusallek, ‘Die Neutronen Aktivierungsanalyze’, Restauro 4, p. 259. (1988)

Fischer C.O., J. Kelch, C. Laurenze, W. Leuther, K. Slusallek,

� ïñö@ ª¶� ¥\à ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��W �� \�� Á� ]ô�, _^ç � �º Õ�� �¿�§ �¢�� Õ� >îñà ä Á­ Ó � ô�� �ÂÑ ô%ö��� (³¼¼ �c ­Ë� Æ�����) ¥\}� kÇ Æ�ó ä Á�. ô ½� �¤N¤(pentimenti)EÎ nÑ ïñö�V ©Ç¾�

â õö� Áø�� ¥\ã ä TÑ < Ü�â ³¼� ‘â�’� É� ú�� ¥\à äÇ Á�. Ø6� Ãï ¸Ë�V ��� �=� (�5 ÁÑ �·ó ä ÁÈ, Ø6� Á@ �Í�â X&

� ¬­¸Æß� V¹V� Õ®Ç Á­ Ó � � ¸Ë� �ï

� 1î, '&â ô: 1î Â� ä�� 1î� Ù\}� kÇ Æ�ó ä Á�.

4. 한계

©=¬ ¸Æ� ¬­¸ÆË� ��ñÇ &� Ü»¼ *v¾� U�¥� ÿ�� ¥ ä TÈ Æ�� �é¼ ©°¾­ Ó � �

Å ¸Ë�� îï� ½�Ù Aç� �� ä Á�. ¸Æß� �

\â ÌeU�¼ ¾ø@ �m¼ �µ Ü�� �BU�(ground

state)� ¾f\ ¼� ��� ä Á�� �� � ¸Ë� Æ��

k S�Á� åù� �/Æ$��. �BU�� f\¼� µ)� �÷µ), ¸Æß�, �m Ü� ¨�� �é� ÃÄ ~ħ�.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultra-

violet Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�

ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË

(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography), X-ß e[ 1

6] 중성자

방사화

자기방사법

96

97

[ 16]

중성자

방사화

자기방사법

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1. 분류

©=¬ ¸Æß ÃüË� gt¤¥� �¬5 �¢oË��.

2. 개요

©=¬ ¸Æß ÃüË� ©=¬� ��ñâ µ»� 2�� üU

� Ï� ¸Ë��. �¬ Ü�� ©=¬Ù ¶=¬¼ Á�k ©=

¬� {­� ¶=¬Ù �� É�. ©=¬� ��W �Í� �

¢o� ¼Ä�. ��¾� X-ß� µ»� �Ǽ ¾ÍäD z

��� BW ��¾� ©=¬� µ»� ¨�� �¬� y {

­¼ ¾ÍäD z�«�. µ»� >=� �é� ÃÄ *×

� rN¼ �+Ñ �2­ Ó � µ» Ü� #"< �é� î

#� �¢�� V¹à ä ÁÈ, Õ®� ÃÄâ� �0�é� î

# ��� ¥\à ä Á�. �Ǽ g"� �é� >=¾� Á�

â X-ß �¢oË�� >î� Ü ¾� �Í� � ¸Ë�� îï

W Ô�� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�.

3. 응용

á�= �m� �Ǽ #\â X-ß �¢oË�� â îï¾� �­ Ó � ©=¬ ¸Æß ÃüË� �� û�³´� §0�

1� ��� ©H� ä��� Æ�<�. � ¸Ë� ¢�³´

[17] 중성자 방사선 촬영법‘Autoradiography of Paintings after Neutron Activa-tion at a Cold Neutron Guide’, Kerntechnik 51. (1987)

Ainsworth M.W., E. Haverkamp-Begemann, J. Brealey,P. Meyers (ed.), Art and Autoradiography: Insights into the

Genesis of Paintings by Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and Vermeer. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. (1982)

Cotter M.J., ‘Neutron Activation Analysis of Paintings’, Ameri-can Scientist, pp. 17-27. (1981)

Cotter M.J., K.K. Taylor, ‘Neutron Activation Analysis of Paint-ings’, The Physic Teacher, pp. 263-271. (1978)

Cotter M.J., P. Meyers, ‘Lambertus van Zelst, Charles Olin, and Edward V. Sayre. A Study of the Material and Techniques used by Some Nineteenth Century Amer-ican Oil Painters by Means of Neutron Activation Au-toradiography’, Applicazione dei Methodi Nucleari nel Campo delle Opere d’Arte, pp. 161-203. (1976)

Cotter M.J., P. Meyers, ‘Lambertus van Zelst, and Edward V. Sayre: Authentication of Paintings by Ralph A. Blakelock Through Neutron Activation Autoradiog-raphy’, Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 15, pp. 265-282. (1973)

Sayre E.V., H.N. Lechtman, ‘Neutron Activation Auto- radiog-raphy of Oil Paintings’, Studies in Conservation 13, pp. 161-183. (1968)

Sayre E.V., ‘Revelations of Internal Structure of Paintings through Neutron Activation Autoradiography’, Pro-ceedings First International Conference on Forensic Activation Analysis, pp. 119-132. (1966)

Lechtman H.N., ‘Neutron Activation Autoradiography of Oil Paintings’, M.A. diss., New York University. (1966)

99

98

[ 16]

중성자

방사화

자기방사법

NEU

TRO

N A

CTIV

ATED

AUT

OG

RAPH

Y

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— �� ¯¶Ä µ( (CCD �)• �ÕÃü � �µ)��� ó ä Á� a¼

µ(

• �¢� E� Ç>

• |Ä��] �Ç� k�þ h Ä5

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

©=¬ ¸Æf ÃüË� �± �Æ� ¼§ �¢o ­�� 1960.� ©B�� ��º �Ä)�. �� � ‘©=¬ �¢oË

(Neutron Imaging)’ ��.

8. 참고문헌

Boon J.J., R. Hendrickx, G. Eijkel, I. Cerjak, A. Kaestner, E.S.B. Ferreira, ‘Neutron Radiography for the Study of Wa-ter Uptake Painting Canvases and Preparation Lay-ers’, Applied Physics A 121, pp. 837- 847. (2015)

Rant J., Z. Milic, J. Istenic, T. Knific, I. Lengar, A. Rant, ‘Neu-tron Radiography Examination of Objects Belonging to Cultural Heritage’, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 64, pp. 7-12. (2006)

Lehmann E.H., P. Vontobel, G. Frei, C. Brönnimann, ‘Neutron Imaging: Detector Options and Practical Results’, Nu-clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A 531, pp. 228-237. (2004)

Berger H., ‘Characteristics of a Thermal Neutron Beam for Neutron Radiography’, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 15, pp. 407-414. (1964)

îï� ��� Õ®� �� T�k �� g� ¼t� gÄ BW X-ß �¢o g� g�¥ hi­ Ó � ²�. � ¸

Ë� �� �ñ ­ñ� ú� ³´� îï� �� ��¥� �

Ç� Æ�¾È Á�.

4. 한계

©=¬ ¸Æß� �¬��â ¡Ì�í �k �¬�¼ ô� }� ��. ©=¬ ¸Æß ÃüË�� ¡Å_º �¢�� Ï

�%W ���<(collimated) ©=¬ß� Á�í È, X-ß ü

U¸ËÞ� �� gÄ n÷ç¼ Á�í ��.��: ©=¬ ¸Æß ÃüË�â ��� n÷¸Ë © A1� �±� ¸Æß� bH� ��. ¥Y� �Æç

� Æ�È ¸Æß� �÷¾� µ)� z�í ��. ¸

Æß �÷ �Ç� ¥È¬ ó Õ®�� ñ` ��� £F ­£� �ñí ��.

5. 보완 방법

X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography), Ôǽ±(Ä_£ Í\îïË

(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry), ©=¬ �

Õ ÃüË(Neutron Tomography).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ñ5� ©=¬�� �� ©=¬ �¢o

µ(

• �Ö �«Ä¼ �M§ ¥Y� ² µ(

• ©=¬ �¢o n÷ µ_� [ 1

7] 중성자

방사선

촬영법

100

101

[ 17]

중성자

방사선

촬영법

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3. 응용

©=¬ �¢oË� X-ß ¸Ë� Þ�� ¸Ë��â, � ¸Ë

� ¾�� á�m, Sϧ Ô­�, 1¹Õ, äî î# �� +>

� k ¥±�. ô � ¥� û�� n� Ô�, Ǭ­, õ­, Võ� ¡« Ô� �� �¢�� Ï� ���. ©=¬ �¢oË

� ä�(resin)¼ ,�� t�¾� ·U�V ��� ïñ§ H�

_¼ äî� |ä� ·UEÎ µ)� ü�� �� ·U� +

>� k Æ�ó ä Á�.

4. 한계

©=¬ �¢oË� ©=¬ ²� �m� ��� &=� �¢

oó �ÍÌ� Ç£¡È� ��(contrast)� Þ���� ÃÄ Æ�� ��¾�k �� ô�Ì� �É?ä(UN³�ó ¼Ä=

� Þ��� �Í£� ÈÔ� Uä)Ù £F� Á�. �É?ä� â ¥%À Á­ Ó � ô �Í� îïó ä Á��� ¢� ¥ ä Á�. ©=¬� ÊtW A1 �Í�(&^ �*]Ù �� Ì

� Á� �Í) ¸Æ=� �Ñ ¾ß� �� �Í�â V�� ¸Æ

ß� �÷¾� �ÇD ñí ��. Ô­�� îïó Ó�� �º

� 0Ö� T�.� ¸Ë� Æ�� ��� ©H� Hé © V� ©=

¬ �¢o µ(�â ² µ)(beam time)� �a� ���. �� ©=¬ �¢o µ(� �� ��ª +>� �¬�Ù �Éé_

(spallation source)� � @?� � � T�.

��: ©=¬ ²� �m� ñË�. ©=¬ �¢

o µ(� òJ� �� åtÑ ð�¾è

* 유기물에는 수소가 포함되어 있다.

1. 분류

©=¬ �¢oË� ¬Ô ©=¬¼(Q©=¬ Â� º©=¬) �Í� ���V UN³�� ·U� ��� ¸Ë��â g

t¤¥� �¢oË�� î�<�.

2. 개요

©=¬ß� ��5� #­ Ó � ¾�� �mÄÇ 2�� (¸Æ

ß ª�) Â� 3��(�ÕÃü ª�)�� £Ôó ä Á�. �1

î� á�� ©=¬� ��µ¢� BW äé� ©=¬� �É

µ¢� Ä5� Ì�Vâ Ô­�� é\¡ Á�Ç ��g¼ #

� �¢�� ¡Ì���.* ÃÄâ ©=¬ �¢oË� X-ß ¸Ë

� Þ�� ¸Ë� <�. ·�� ©=¬ �¢o µ(� �¶� �m� îïó ä ÁÈ +>¬Ì� �¶� H>� ä�ó ä Á

� �Ç� Ô+=� Á�¡ ��Ä5� �)¥ îñÄ5 Ó

� Æ�� ��! ä Á�. ©=¬ ²� �Õ� 40cm÷� ¢� ä ÁÈ Í2 {­� ä £�{�¢þ÷� zA ä Á�. ©=¬

�� ��� ü¼Ä­ Ó � µ»� ©=¬�� Á� Ü÷

� ¢Ïí È ÃÄâ ·�â �Ö� �� ü¼Ä�.

[18] 중성자 이미징법

[ 18]

중성자

이미징법

103

102

NEU

TRO

N IM

AGIN

G, N

I

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E� µÇ¾ø�. Îr¥� *�� 1960.� +>� �¬��

NI (g¼ (ç¾È Ñ Ò��. 6­ (g� bÐ� ��ñ �¢

�� Ïø�¡ 1990.� Ì�Ù �µ) ½�Å �¢o ç� �¢�� Ï�� ÃÄâ � ­�� Ø�Ç, dx, ��=� �U

¾Ñ ¾ø�. ·� � @?¥�� Æ� ¼Ä� 15�� � ¥� �Ö�� Á�è w }� �Ö��(&^ �É ©=¬ ��â) ð( ©� Á�.

8. 참고문헌

Festa G., D. Mannes, A. Scherillo, ‘Neutrons Unveil Secrets of Musical Instruments’, in Neutron Methods for Arche-ology and Cultural Heritage: Neutron Scattering Ap-plications and Techniques (eds. N. Kardjilov, G. Festa) Cham: Springer. (2017)

Hendrickx R., E.S.B. Ferreira, J.J. Boon, G. Desmarais, D. Der-ome, L. Angelova, D. Mannes, A. Kaestner, H. Huinink, K. Kuijpers, B. Voogt, E. Richardson, ‘Distribution of Moisture in Reconstructed Oil Paintings on Canvas During Absorption and Drying: A Neutron Radiogra-phy and NMR Study’, Studies in Conservation 62 (7), pp. 393-409. (2017)

Mannes D., F. Schmid, J. Frey, K. Schmidt-Ott, E. Lehmann, ‘Combined Neutron and X-ray Imaging for Non-in-vasive Investigations of Cultural Heritage Objects’, Physics Procedia 69, pp. 653-660. (2015)

Mannes D., C. Benoît, D. Heinzelmann, E. Lehmann, ‘Beyond the Visible: Combined Neutron and X-ray Imaging of an Altar Stone from the Former Augustinian Church

¸Æß� �÷¾� �� ¸�­ 0� åt� ��� ÃÄí ��. ²� òJñâ� Ü ¾È ª« �Ö� ��Ñ �Æ< vÕ�â ä�ñ

í ��.

5. 보완 방법

X-ß� Æ�� ª« ¸Ë(¸Æß Ãü, �ÕÃü, 0U� �

¢o, �µ) üU �)� ©=¬ �¢oË� Þ�� ¸Ë��. £�{��� ��� ¸Ë� \�� ��£�â Æ�ó ä��

� �*¾� ���.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ñ5� ©=¬�� Á�

©=¬ �¢o µ(

• �Ö �«Ä¼ �M§ ¥Y� ² µ(

• ©=¬ �¢o n÷ µ_�:

�� ¯¶Ä µ((CCD �)• �ÕÃü � �µ) ��� ó ä Á� a

¼µ(

• �¢� E� Ç>

• |Ä��] �Ç� k�þ h Ä5

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

1932. J. ��Ï(J. Chadwick)� ©=¬� *v"��Û NI� ��ó ä ÁÑ ¾ø�. NI� 1930.� ��â 1940.� 6 ¸

Æß ¿� ©=¬�� ¼�­� �� ©=¬  ¥� ��� [ 1

8] 중성자

이미징법

104

105

[ 18]

중성자

이미징법

Page 54: 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 Art History... · 2020-06-02 · 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION

1. 분류

Ä¡* îfË�� îï%W µ»� ¢\�V£ �°ñí

ß� t¤¥� îï¸Ë��. ôºV îï�� {­ � îï ,

¥� ÃÄâ� Ä¡ îf?� +½� fpÔ �Æ� ���

V Ä¡ ·¢Õ� ��ñ îïó äÇ ÁÈ, �� Õ®�� gt

¤¥� îï¸Ë�� �µ î���.

2. 개요

�c �Í� �c�¼ #� �Çf� Ö��W úÆ< �Çf f¬ © A1� �Í� >=� î¬Ù ·= Êf� �c� U�� M� ��Wâ Ƹ�� ��<�. � Ñ ��< Ë

� úÆf� �A� ��ä� �È ÁÈ �� ·U� �A� �

�(Rayleigh scattering)�ÄÈ 1Å�. ôºV úÆf� �Å ��ä� �È ��! ä ÁÈ �� Ä¡ d�ÄÈ 1Å�. §�

ó Ó î¬î[Ǽ Mó ä Á� î¬� ñ5� �Çf� (�� ¼µß, J¥�ß Â� J¬�ß ü�� ��h) ÖA Ó Ä¡ ��� �� *×��. Ä¡ îfË� °Æß� � Ñ g·= ��(�c� Â� �� M�**)¾� ·U� ��� ¸Ë�

�â �Í� Ä¡ _Í]Î� ðñâ î¬� §�U�� ¥ ä

[19] 라만 분광법

* 이 장비가 작동하는 핵심 이론을 창시한 인도의 물리학자 이름이다.

** 빛의 파장이 짧아지면 에너지가 커진다.

in Fribourg, Switzerland’ Archaeometry 56 (5), pp. 717-727. (2014)

Mannes D., E. Lehmann, A. Masalles, K. Schmidt-Ott, K. Schaeppi, F. Schmid, S. Peetermans, K. Hunger, ‘The Study of Cultural Heritage Relevant Objects by Means of Neutron Imaging Techniques’ Insight: Non-Destructive Testing & Condition Monitoring 56 (3), pp. 137-141. (2014)

107

106

[ 18]

중성자

이미징법

RAM

AN S

PECT

ROSC

OPY

Page 55: 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 Art History... · 2020-06-02 · 미술품 과학적 분석 안내서 TECHNICAL ART HISTORY: A HANDBOOK OF SCIENTIFIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE EXAMINATION

�?¼ Áø�. A1 Ü»� ��hf� �\â ef� à ä Á

È � ef� �ñ /� Ä¡ rN¼ ¼%Í ä Á�. ô�â � ¸Ë� ¢\�Í� îï�� ¥±� �È ô�â d� FÇ

�¡ ¨�� Ô­Çé �� îï­ �%Ð�. Ö��� Ë

� �� ÃÄ µ»� Ä¡ rN¼ ~Ä�­ Ó �, µ»� G

�¼ ~Ä�W µ»Ù B�� �¬­ °Æß� �Ç M

Ñ <�. �� V� ��h�� ª« G�� �±�� îïó ä T�� �� �¢��.* û� Ì�, �1î� -Ç � nÇ õ

­Ü»� 785nm ��hÞ� 532nm ��h� Æ��� Ó w â îï¾� BW�, ¥Ç, ���Ç � ÑÇ Ü»� 785nm �

�h� Æ��� Ó w â îï<�. � ¸Ë� Æ�ó Ó V¹

V� ¼ y �� µ»� ¨�� �, �Ê�Ò �/æ� R

Í �Õ ef� �� ) ��. J¥�ß � ¬�ß Ä¡ îfË

� �Õ ef� A�¢� ���1þ ê� ��§ �� �

�­ Ó � �� �� ­ñÑ ä Á�. ©) �Ç� ��

â A�V� �Õ ef �� ­­ 0ñ J¥�ß Ä¡ îf

Ë� �� $ J¥�ß�, ¬�ß Ä¡ îfË� �� Y� ¬�ß� ����. ¬�ß Ä¡ îfË� J¥�ß Ä¡ îf

Ë� gñ �Õ ef �¼ /) � V¹Ñ�� á� Á�.� ¸Ë� ��ó Ó� �á� 1~50µm� ��h�

µ»� �ò ga­ Ó � ��h� f÷5 �Ǽ #\�W Ö��� 1î� ¹�V ©Ç! ä Á�� ���. fpÔ� �

�� gt¤= îïË�� îïW ä mm2 �Ç� �)îñ

Ä ý�� *×��.

* 레이저에서는 한 파장의 빛만 나온다.

Á�. ��h� µ»� ��µ Ò (ðU �Ð� 1~50µm) Ä¡ �ä(wavenumber)� ÃÅ ��< Ë� @­ M�� £Ô

�k, � @­� Ö�� ��h� �c�Ù ��< Ë� �c� ��� g ��. ·¢Õ� ��ñ ��h� µ»� Ö�� £

�{�-Ä¡(micro Raman) îfË� ��W Ü» ú¬� A

B¥� {­� �Õ� 1µm� µ» ú¬� _Í]Î� Ï� ä Á�. £�{�-Ä¡ îffÇ?� f� ·¢Õ� Ä¡ îff

Ç?� +½� ���. � X&� Ä¡ _Í]Î� }­ Ó �  ��Í� _Í]Î� }< Ä�¨º��â Aç

� _Í]Î� Ù�W ¢�µ»� �=îï� ¼Ä�. �\î

ï­� �%®è �c =î� U�¥ FÇ� ÃÄ �ߥ�

� M� |ä�� U�¥ @­� ��� E±�� "\� ¥\à ä Á�.

3. 응용

Ä¡ îfË� µ»� ��¥/­?¥�� �E�� �È î

ï�V �é�� �E� ��¡ �, Ò îï� µ»� î

¬>�Ù Ô­ � õ­�� >=� ¥\}� k Æ���. ¢@

� {­� Èm � Òm� IÑ îïó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��

W Ô­Ü» � õ­Ü»' \ÂÄ ½±�Ù �µ� ��

ó ä Á�. w>V �� G�W�â Ü»� î#� �� �ÞÇ ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

G�� Ä¡ îfË� Æ�%W ¸Ë�V g� >= � µ

»� >= �Í� �� åÇÁ� �¹� �aÈ Á�í ��� [ 1

9] 라만

분광법

108

109

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라만

분광법

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���U� ¹Ñ ¾ø�. �Ò � ·U� Ä¡ îfË�Ä ü�

Ñ ¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Burgio L., A. Cesaratto, A. Derbyshire, ‘Comparison of English Portrait Miniatures Using Raman Microscopy and Other Techniques’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43 (11), pp. 1713-1721. (2012)

Casadio F., A. Bezúr, I. Fiedler, K. Muir, T. Trad, S. Maccagno-la, ‘Pablo Picasso to Jasper Johns: a Raman Study of Cobalt-based Synthetic Inorganic Pigments’, Jour-nal of Raman Spectroscopy 43 (11), pp. 1761-1771. (2012)

Cazzanelli E., E. Platania, G. De Santo, A. Fasanella, M. Castri-ota, ‘Micro-spectroscopic Raman Investigation on the Canvas Oil Painting Rebecca at the well of Neapolitan Anonymous’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43 (11), pp. 1694-1698. (2012)

Defeyt C., P. Vandenabeele, B. Gilbert, J. Van Pevenage, R. Cloots, D. Strivay, ‘Contribution to the Identification of α-, β- and ε-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue Pigments in Modern Artists’ Paints by X-ray Powder Di�raction, Attenuated Total Reflectance Micro-Fourier Trans-form Infrared Spectroscopy and Micro-Raman Spec-troscopy’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43 (11), pp. 1772-1780. (2012)

Fremout W., S. Saverwyns, ‘Identification of Synthetic Or-ganic Pigments: the Role of a Comprehensive Digital

5. 보완 방법

a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spec-

troscopy), X-ß ef îfË(X-ray Fluorescence Spectrosco-

py), ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Gas Chromatography

coupled with Mass Spectrometry), Qîñ ­m{�£`ô�

« Í\îïË(Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography coupled with

Mass Spectrometry), Òm{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Liquid

Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry), fpÔ BÆ îfË(Fibre Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy), ¬�ß/¼µß îfË(UV/VIS Spectroscopy), �Æe �¬·¢Õ �

c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Microscopy cou-

pled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• g

• ¢\� µ» �°

• ��h f• 4�

• î�< �)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

Ë� g·= ��� 1923.� \f« _¶Ó(Adolf Smekal)� �ñ E��� û�¾øÈ, ��â 1928.� ~�Ä@¯Ä Ô

¯¹ Ä¡(Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman)� ¯�\£ÂÕ _��Æ {�ÖÑ(Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan)� �

ñ �Ö¥�� £�g�è, � *v�� Ä¡� 1930.� �¬ [ 1

9] 라만

분광법

110

111

[ 19]

라만

분광법

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1. 분류

FTIR*� �* 6­�� t¤¥� ¸Ë��¡ îï��¡, �

J�� ­�� *�� gt¤¥� îïÇ ¼ÄÑ ¾ø�. ��e FTIR� ��W îï� �Í� {­ � 0ç� ÃÄ gt¤¥�  Wîï� ¼ÄÈ, FTIR� ©¥�ß fpÔ� +½W BÆ ª�� ��ó ä ÁÑ <�. ôºV µ» é\� t¤¥�� îï�� Ó Ï� ä Á� �Þ� ¼ç� ×ùó Ó \� �ô¡ µ»� �°� �� ��¾È Á�ß� t¤¥

� FTIR îï� \�÷�� AB¥��.**

2. 개요

FTIR� Ô­� � õ­�� �\ � �=îïó ä Á� g

��. ¥�ß� �V¼� Õ�� µ»� 3�k, ¥�ß © B� µ»� �V¼­ �� �Yµ¢È Ví� B� µ»� �V¼

Ñ ��. ô�È �Yµ ¥�ß� µ»� �V) ¥�ß� @

­ ��� ?�ñâ ¥�ß� � M�� ÃÅ µ»� ¥�ß |ä �Ç� ?�� �� �� _Í]Î�� V¹}�k, ��

* 분석화학자들은 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광계라는 말 대신 FTIR이라는 말을 더 많이 사용한다.

** 비침습적인 방법으로 분석할 때보다 침습적인 방법으로 분석할 때 얻을 수 있는 정보가 더 많기 때문에 원문에서 이런 표현을 사용하였다.

[20] 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법: 투과법, 확산 반사법, 전반사 감쇄법

Raman Spectral Library’, Journal of Raman Spectros-copy 43 (11), pp. 1536-1544. (2012)

Tomasini E.P., E.B. Halac, M. Reinoso, E.J. Di Liscia, M.S. Maier, ‘Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Carbon-based Black Pigments’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43 (11), pp. 1671-1675. (2012)

Vandenabeele P., L. Moens, ‘Some Ideas on the Definition of Raman Spectroscopic Detection Limits for the Anal-ysis of Art and Archaeological Objects’, Journal of Ra-man Spectroscopy 43 (11), pp. 1545-1550. (2012)

Dran J.C., S. Pagès-Camagna, Raman micro- Spectrometry’, in Scientific Examination for the Investigation of Paint-ings. (ed. D. Pinna, M. Galeotti, R. Mazzeo), pp. 188-190. (2009)

Edwards H.G.M., ‘Chapter 5: Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology: A New Light on Historical Mysteries’, in Frontiers of Molecular Spectroscopy, pp. 133-173. (2009)

Correia A.M., R.J.H. Clark, M.I.M. Ribeiro, M.L.T.S. Duarte, ‘Pigment Study by Raman Microscopy of 23 Paintings by the Portuguese Artist Henrique Pousão (1859-1884)’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 38 (11), pp. 1390-1405. (2007)

Smith E., G. Dent, Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2005)

113

112

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라만

분광법

FOUR

IER

TRAN

SFO

RM IN

FRAR

ED S

PREC

TRO

-SC

OPY

, FTI

R:TR

ANSM

ITTA

NCE

, DIF

FUSE

RE

FLEC

TAN

CE, A

TTEN

UATE

D TO

TAL

REFL

ECTA

NCE

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그림 3미지시료(파란색)의 FTIR 스펙트럼을 동물성 접착제(animal glue)와 전란(whole egg)이 포함된 결합제 표준시료와 비교한 결과.

Abso

rban

ce ( a

.u.)

Wavenumer (cm-1)

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

* 두 개 이상의 원자가 모여서 마치 하나의 원자처럼 행동하는 물질을 일컫는 화학 용어.

¥�ß� �ä(cm-1) � ¥�ß� @­� V¹��. �ä� �

� Bg £?� Á�(ô� 3). ¥�ß� @­� ù �ä �� ¥�ß� ��� îx(�fÇ) Â� |ä< �Ç(|fÇ)� V

¹à ä Á�. _Í]Î� V¹Ñ �®�� î¬ Ü� Á� ³�

­*� ½±U�� V¹}�k, � �®�¼ V¹V� 0ç� ñ

ïñâ î¬� #"< ³�­ � î¬>�� ¥\à ä Á�. ¥

�ß |ä _Í]Î� îï%� ���Í� � � É� �

��â _Í]Î� ÞÈ >îó ä Á�.

2.1 투과 FTIR�1î� �Í� ¥�ß� ñ5Ñ |ä­ Ó � �� �

Ç� ��%W µ»� �� 9 e�� ¡Ì�V ¥�ß� |

ä� �� RÍ� -�í ��. Èmµ» © &� 10¡ �

Ç� îïó bH¼ T� Èmµ»� ¢@� ú¬� Ñ\â Ò

m� î�µ! B×�� ¡« Ò, � B×� ¥�ß� ��µ¢

� ¨¸�ÓØ(potassium bromide, KBr) Ù� �Å Ò îï

� ¸Ë� Z^ Æ���. Òm� î�µ¢� �r î�� KBr� "ø �qµ!â ¦Ú(pellet) e�� ¡« Ò îïó äÇ Á

�. � Ñ �g� µ»� îffÇ? Ü� µÈ �� ª�� î

ï��. � ¸Ë� y µ»� &=� ¥\}� ¸Ë��  Wî

ï�� ¥±� ��.

2.2 반사 FTIR��Bƪ��â� î�EÎ ¥�ß� ��BƵ¢� µ»

� ¥�ß� Ö���. Ö�� ¥�ß� µ»� ð�ó Ó µ»11

5[ 2

0] 푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

114

[ 20]

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

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��W µ»� �E�� �È �ò îïó ä Á�. ATR ¸

Ë� µ»�  W(1~10µm)¡ îï­ Ó � é\ �Í� n

÷� ¥±�. � ¸Ë� ©¥�ß ü��â ¼ ´�� ¸Ë

��.

2.3 Micro-FTIR 분광학(spectroscopy)

�� � BÆ ª�� ��ó ä Á� ·¢Õ-¥�ß îf?� ��W 5µm {­� µ»� �ò £ÔWâ _Í]Î� Ï

� ä Á�. ù �¢� Í2�� _Í]Î �Þ¼ #"¾� Á�

â ù � ü��� µ»� |ä @­ Ri(mapping) ó ä Á

�. � Ñ "��Û µ» }1� Á� ��G� î#� ¥\à ä Á�. ATR ¸Ë� BÆ ª�� ��� ¸Ë��â ATR� ��W ��� �� 9�V G�W� îïó ä ÁÈ, ��� ïñ§ 10� ÃÄ ½±�Ù õ­=î� îïó ä Á� � Ü ¾� ¸Ë��. ú¬ V� îïó Ó�� ��\¡� 2(dia-

mond cell)� ��ó äÇ Á�. ³� µ»� >�V]Ø(NaCl)Ù*� Û�â îïó äÇ Á�k, � ¸Ë� �R� a÷� ¢

\ µ»(Ô­ ½±�, >» �)� îïó Ó &^ ¥±�.

3. 응용

� ¸Ë� �Ǽ #È &� =îÈ¡ ��è �º Õ�� >=< �Í� =î� ¥\à ä Á�� á� Á�. � ¸Ë� ��W ��� Ü», >», ½±�, �¾(lacquer)**, £��, ä

�, �Ü�Í, òq� �� îïó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� Æ�W �Ü�� �� �Ç � �ÜÄ5� îïó ä Á�. û�´� Þ

* 소금으로 만든 적외선 분광광도계 전용 시료 홀더(holder)를 말한다.

** 건조되면서 피막을 형성하는 도료를 일컫는 말. 매니큐어, 자동차용 스프레이 페인트 등이 이에 속한다.

� �ñ ¥�ß� ��¾Wâ A1� |ä¾È A1� Bƾ

Wâ ��BÆ _Í]Î� ¡Ì�§�. ¥�ß� µ»� ð�

Wâ BƾW ‘����’ÄÈ 12È ¥�ß� Ö��@ ¸�

�� BƾW ‘��BÆ’ÄÈ 1Å�. ¥�ß�  W� UN³

�W @­¼ /ñ�Ñ <�. BÆ _Í]Î� �� _Í]Î

� ÔÆ­� �¡ ��^ �A�� ��. ��BÆ� ú

¬� {­V ª¶� ÃÄ ~Ä��k /)� �BÆ< Ë� $

U ��Ñ <�. AB¥�� ��Bƾ� Ë� ä ��¢þ ÿ

�� µ»� Ì�¼�k � ÿ�� µ»¼ ¥�ß� |ä� �Ç� {Ñ ü�� ���. ÃÄâ ¥�ß� â |ä� �m

¼ Á�W ¥�ß� ��¾� Õ�Ù ÿ�¼ gße¥�� M

Ñ <�. ��BƸË� gòݹ îï¸Ë��â ª« �Í

� _Í]Î Ù�â ³�ó ä Á�.�BÆ�ÉË(ATR)*� µ»Ù ��¥�� òÝó Ó

Bƾ� ¥�ß� M�� ��� \� Ç�Å îïË��. ¥�ß� �Y�� #� f�¥�� ��� ½��Í ¸��

� �Y�� (ATR� Æ�¾� ½��Í�� Ñ2£Þ(germa-

nium), KRS-5, 2��\+(zinc selenide), ��ç(silicon), ��

\¡� �� Á�). ½��Í }1�â ¥�ß� BƾW ¥�

ß� éß�(evanescent wave)¼ ¡Ì���k � éß�� ½

��Í� µ»� òÝW� ðñâ µ» }1� Ì�)�. µ»

¼ |äó ä Á� ü�� ¥�ß� Ö��W éß�� �ɾ

Ñ <�. �c�¼ �É< Ë� ½��Í }1�â §��¼ ½��Í� �Å à� ðñ V) Ò ¥�ßîf?� n÷­� Ç~Ñ ���Û ¥�ß _Í]Î� ¡Ì�§�. ATR ¸Ë�

* 두 개 이상의 원자가 모여서 마치 하나의 원자처럼 행동하는 물질을 일컫는 화학 용어.

116

117

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푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

[ 20]

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

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ï�� |ä _Í]Î� 'ç� �¼ *×� �\í ��. �� 9�V G�W� îïó Ó �J�� ¨¸�ÓØ(potassi-

um bromide)�� ¡« È��¼ Æ�¾È Á�. 3ø¼ ä £

�{�¢þ� ��� G�W� îïó Ó�� îïȬ � Õ¡� ��}­¼ ��^ �*È ô ½� �ò Õ� "ø îï

¾� �¼ *×��.*fpÔ mid-FTIR� Æ�� Ó�ÑV��(chalco-

genide) fpÔ� 900cm-1 �� ©¥�ß� |ä­ Ó � fpÔ� Æ�� �� Ôçá(benchtop) g� gñ £Ôó ä Á� _Í]Î s0¼ ��<�� åù� �¼ Á�. à, á

�����V {¸�>� îï� q��. æ �Å �� �

�  W� îïó Ó é0 ‘R]¼_ d�**’¼ *×��� ��

�. ¥�ßîfË�â R]¼_ d�¼ V¹VW |ä�¼ '&

â V¹ú ä Á�.BÆ ª�� îïó Õ® |ä�� @­, µ»� FÇ,

g� f�? >= �� ÃÄâ |ä�� ª¶�V 0ç¼ È

ɾ� V¹ú ä Á�. ÃÄâ BÆ ª�� ��� ½�Ù �� ª�� ��� ½�� g�­ �*È ½�¥�� k�þ³�

_Ù g�­Ç �*�.***

5. 보완 방법

Q©\îïË(Thermogravimetric Analysis), y¬­�� îf

Ë(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), ­m{�£

`ô�« Í\îïË(Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrom-

* 숙련된 화학자는 이런 스펙트럼을 분리해서 해석할 수 있다.

** 시료 중에 존재하고 있는 분석물질(analyte)이 아닌 다른 물질에 의해 신호의 정확성과 정밀성에 변화가 일어나는 현상.

*** 반사 모드로 측정한 스펙트럼을 투과 모드로 분석한 결과를 모아 놓은 데이터베이스에서 검색할 경우 검색이 잘 안 될 수 있다는 의미이다.

* 데이터베이스는 구매하거나 직접 구축할 수 있다.

¨� +>� îí�â� ��� �� ��¥ M= �Ç� �

�Ç ©H� �� îí��.

4. 한계

FTIR� |ä�¼ 'ç� �º �±�� E±�� îïó Ó �

?� �º��. û� Ì� ð=Ô(\£�Ô, ¶âgãÔ, N3Ô �)Ù �OÍ� _Í]Î� g"­ Ó � 3 �Í� �� Á

� Õ®�� �� ��Ñ >î� qó ä Á�. £~¼��, � ¸Ë� �c ­Ð, òq� Â� Võ�â V± ä��� ¥\

}� ¸Ë� \ÂÄ �±�� G�¡ ¥\}� ¸Ë�­ Ó

� ��¥ ät >�¼ g"� �Í� >î�k ¥±� ¸Ë

� \Â�. õ­�� Ô­�� gñ ¥�ß� â |ä� BW õ­�� "\� #� Õ®¼ }­ Ó � õ­�� Ô­�� E±�� îïó Ó �� �¼ 3�º�Ñ V¹Ñ�. õ­�

� |ä�¼ ñÈ �Ñ V¹Vâ Ô­� |ä�� ¼�­ Ó

� Ô­�� |ä�� ¹�­ �%� ä Á�. �Í� îñ

¾W ��=îÇ M­ Ó � ô �Í� ��­¼ \� �

%� ä Á�. ôºV ½±�� îñ ×=�(ûµ: Ô��â j

�k> �±��V á�¯2°� �±�� ¡Ì��� �)� ��ñâ ½±�� ¨� �1� )ò¥�� ¥\à ä Á�. ¢

�µ»¼ �c �Í�� nÇó ä Á� k�þ³�_*V  � _Í]Î� Ï� ä Á�  �´� Á�W � ¸Ë� Ô�=� ��<�(ô� 3).

G�W� FTIR ·¢Õ�� îïó Ó�� µ»� È�

� �Í� Ö��� ¥�ß ü�� Ë� |ä� �\â î

118

119

[ 20]

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

[ 20]

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

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The accessible nature of this technique has resulted in it being one of the most widely used techniques world-wide, leading to a sizeable body of literature, even within the cultural heritage sphere. The publications listed below are therefore limited to those that have been particularly in uential in this eld within the scope of this publication.

Alfeld M., L. de Viguerie, ‘Recent Developments in Spectro-scopic Imaging Techniques for Historical Paintings: A Review’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectros-copy 136, pp. 81-105. (2017)  

Andersen C.K., I. Bonaduce, A. Andreotti, J. van Lan- schot, A. Vila, ‘Characterisation of Preparation Layers in Nine Danish Golden Age Canvas Paintings by SEM-EDX, FTIR and GC-MS’, Heritage Science 5 (34). (2017)

Hayes P.A., S. Vahur, I. Leito, ‘ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Quantitative Multivariate Analysis of Paints and Coating Materials’, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Mo-lecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 133, pp. 207-213. (2014)

Brunetti B.G., C. Miliani, F. Rosi, A. Sgamellotti, ‘Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy by Fibre Optics’, in Scientific Examination for the Investigation of Paint-ings (ed. D. Pinna, M. Galeotti, R. Mazzeo), pp. 157-158. (2009)

Galeotti M., E. Joseph, R. Mazzeo, S. Prati, ‘Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy’, in Scientific Examination for the Investigation of Paintings (ed. D. Pinna, M. Galeot-

etry), Qîñ ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îï(Pyrolysis Gas

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), Òm{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), fpÔ BÆ îfË(Fibre Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy), ¬�ß/¼µß îfË(UV/VIS Spectroscopy), X-ß ef îfË

(X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy), �Æe �¬·¢Õ �c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning Elemental Microscopy coupled

with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), Ä¡ îfË(Ra-

man Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¢\� µ» �°

• ¥�ß ü�

• µ»�° ¸Ë

• µ» �g (bH� Õ®)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

1881. ¥�] A. £�[è(Albert A. Michelson)� �ñ ) 

?¼ E� �*< Ò ä å . �Ü ) ?� ��� îf?� �ñ Ï�§ k�þ� ��È ñï­ 0ñ }� �5� �

ñö�. �Ò�¬� &o¥� �c�, à �¬ ÈÔ� _Í]Î

� ¥%§ Ò �6ú� îfË� �*¾ø�. 1949. ­þ ¦�

(Peter Fellgett)� E� FTIR îf?� ��� ¥�ß _Í]

Î� Ïø�.

8. 참고문헌

120

121

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변환

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: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

[ 20]

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

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1. 분류

¸Æf a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(FTIR) �¢o� ��� G�

W�V �� �W� îï� ¢\îï¸Ë��. ¸Æf FTIR �¢o� Æ�¾� µ»� {­� AB¥�� �� G�W� {­Ù g"� 100×200~300µm �Ç�È ÃÄâ t¤¥� î

ïË� ñ`��. � G�W� �ÿ�� ¡Ì�â �� ª�� îïó ä Á�.

2. 개요

FTIR � ·¢Õ� +½� FTIR� �6ú ��� îïó Ó ¼ D� Æ�¾� î¬� *îïË © V��. Ü»� G�

� ¥\}È ���k ¼ D� Æ�¾� ¸Ë © V�è � ���Ç á� 1¹ ×=�� ��, ±=Èî¬V ½±�� ��, ­Ð/ä�/n/æ_ �� >î� kÇ D� Æ�¾È Á

�. �� � BÆ ª�� î¬� X&� §� ­P� îïó ä Á�.

¸Æf FTIR�â úƵ¢� ¥�ß� µ»� Á� î

¬� �ñ |ä¾� &� ��ä�â� �� ñ�<�. î¬� � EÎ Æ�¾� �� &o¥� ­P� �ä �0�

[21] 방사광 푸리에 변환 적외선 분광법

* 사람마다 지문의 모양이 독특하듯이 분자에 따라 독특한 스펙트럼이 나타나기 때문에 이런 이름이 붙었다.

ti, R. Mazzeo), pp. 151-156. (2009)Kendix E., G. Moscardi, R. Mazzeo, P. Baraldi, S. Prati, E. Jo-

seph, S. Capelli, ‘Far Infrared and Raman Spectrosco-py Analysis of Inorganic Pigments’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39, pp. 1104-1112. (2008)

Navas N., J. Romero-Pastor, E. Manzano, C. Cardell, ‘Bene-fits of Applying Combined Diffuse Reflectance FTIR Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis for the Study of Blue Tempera Historical Painting’, Ana-lytica Chimica Acta 630 (2), pp. 141-149. (2008)

Spring M., C. Ricci, D.A. Peggie, S.G. Kazarian, ‘ATR-FTIR Im-aging for the Analysis of Organic Materials in Paint Cross-sections: Case Studies on Paint Samples from the National Gallery, London’, Analytical and Bioana-lytical Chemistry 39, pp. 27-45. (2008)

Mazzeo R., E. Joseph, S. Prati, A. Millemaggi, ‘Attenuated To-tal Reflection, Fourier Transform Infrared Microspec-troscopic Mapping for the Characterization of Paint Cross-sections’, Analytica Chimica Acta 599, pp. 107-117. (2007)

Van der Weerd J., R.M.A. Heeren, J.J. Boon, ‘Pre- paration Methods and Accessories for the Infrared Spectro-scopic Analysis of Multi-Layer Paint Films’, Studies in Conservation 49, pp. 193-210. (2004)

Meilunas R.J., J.G. Bentsen, A. Steinberg, ‘Analysis of Aged Paint Binders by FTIR Spectroscopy’, Studies in Con-servation 35, pp. 33-51. (1990)

123

122

SYN

CHRO

TRO

N R

ADIA

TIO

N

FOUR

IER

TRAN

SFO

RM IN

FRAR

ED

SPEC

TRO

SCO

PY, S

R-FT

IR

[ 20]

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

: 투과법

, 확산

반사법

, 전반사

감쇄법

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ß f¬� Ý­� _��� ��� Õ®Þ� 2~3� �Ç Ý�. ¸Æf IR ·¢Õ� AB¥�� �Y �Ç� �Y� ñUÇ

� �Y��. ��ä¼ 4000cm-1~500cm-1� ©¥�ß ü��

â� 1.7~13µ� �)îñÄ� �� üU�� Mv<�. ¸Æf hÁ�â ¥�ß� a÷W � ¥�ß� ¥�ß� ��� Ù� ðñâ ¸Æf FTIR f�� Ì�¼Ñ <�. � f�� Ì

�) ¥�ß� ·¢Õ�� Ì�¼�k � ·¢Õ� äî� �

�� �­ Â� Íé¼_� ü�ç� @è� _Í]Î� �

� ���·é� rN¼ V¹V� �ÇD ��.*

3. 응용

� ¸Ë� ¹�= ä� �Ü�V G�Ù É� Ô­�, á��V Ǭ­Ù É� õ­� îï� Æ�ó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��Õ, U\, °Ù É� õ­�� Ô­�� E±� îï� \� Ô�� g� ¥%À Á�. � ¸Ë� ü�Í� ³� �m� ��¥ &

= î#� ¥\à Ó Ì�Ñ =Ä� *é��.¸Æf FTIR� �� �� ª�� îï�¡ n�� 1

¹� +>ó Ó�� BÆ ª�� îï��. ·�÷� ȼ>� �Ü< Ô­�(18, 19@­ ¼>� �Ü �Í), ��� G�W, È

� �´, �­� ï� �µ �� �Ö� � Á�. ��� G

�W�� õ­/ԭܻ٠Ê��, Ô­ ½±�, �µ, îñ� �ñ ×=< Ô­á��±� �� °7Ñ E±¾� Á­ Ó

� � ¸Ë� &^ Ô��.

* 물이나 이산화탄소는 적외선을 잘 흡수하는 물질이고, 이들이 스펙트럼에 나타나면 스펙트럼 해석이

불가능해진다. 그래서 물이나 이산화탄소를 미리 제거하는 것이다. 별도의 클린룸에 장비를 두고 실험하는 경우도 있다.

 µ¾� ��ä(cm-1)� �� |ä @­� V¹Ñ�. � ¸Ë� ����â +>¾� �Í� k�þ³�_� >�� k �

5ñ ± ¥�ß� Ä¡ Ôh ô:(Infrared and Raman User’s

Group; IRUG)� äå . �Ü Æ�ñ± ¸Ë��. k�þ³�_�� ��� Ü», ½±�, ð��, Þ¨�

�� _Í]Î� äD¾� Á�.* =î� îï� Ò |fÇ� 2���� RiW µ»� Ì� Á� Ü», bº, ½±�, îñ×

=� �� 0ç� £Ôó ä Á�.

FTIR�V ¸Æf FTIR� ��W ô�, ¼>, �­ ��â �°� L�] G�W� FTIR �¢o ³s� ó ä Á

�. � Ñ W G�W� î#¾� Á� �±�� õö�� ¥

\à ä Á�. û� Ì� ·�>(carbonate)�±�� _Í]Î

� V¹V� r�§� Â� ê�§� |ä�� ÞÈ +OÜ»

[2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2] Â� O�(Chalk, CaCO3)� µ»� �ÂÑ î#¾� Á�� ¥\��. � ¸Ë� ©H� �� Æ �� �

�� G�W�â ��� îñ×=�� ¼µ�µ¢� ���. ô

�  W� >e�� f÷¾� V¹V�(ëôº§ >e�� V

¹V­Ç ") �g£ ì��� ��� ��V, ·�¯�U�

V V�¯�U� É� ¯�U VÇ Ü»� îñ ×=�� ��

� �Ç � �� Æ � ���.Ôçá(Benchtop) FTIR� @ħ _��(glowbar)�

��ñ ¥�ß� ¡�� �� ~� ¸Æf ¸Ë�â� 6ȧ

� U��â ��� �¬²� ê�â ¡�� ¸Æß� ��

ñ ¥�ß� ¡«�. � Ñ ¡Ì�§ �¬­ °Æß� ��

X-ß1þ �¥�ß� �2­÷� �¶�. � Ñ ¡« ¥�

* 요즘 생산되는 장비에는 사용자가 데이터베이스를 직접 구축하는 기능도 갖고 있다.

[ 21]

방사광

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

124

125

[ 21]

방사광

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

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• �®� ��� Æ�ó _Í]Î k�þ³

�_

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

SR-FTIR �¢o� 2003. ô�È� D. _¢_(Gregory D.

Smith)��ñ E� +>Ù �¢o� 0� ¼Ä� V� Ç>

� �Ô� ��?� é�¾ø�. �� g"� µ­� í î

(Jaap Boon), ä§ë � ô¿(Suzanne de Groot)Ù �»Ì� �

Ö�� g� ��� �� G�W� �g£(lead soap) Q�

·U� �¢o��. �º� *�� �®ºÀ SR-FTIR �¢o ­�� ��� �Ô� +>¼ *�Ñ ¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Prati et al., ‘ATR-FTIR Microscopy in Mapping Mode for the Study of Verdigris and Its Secondary Products’. (2015)

Pouyet E., M. Cotte, B. Fayard, M. Salomé, F. Meirer, A. Mehta, E.S. Uffelman, ‘2D X-ray and FTIR Micro- Analysis of the Degradation of Cadmium Yellow Pigment in Paintings of Henri Matisse’, Applied Physics A: Materi-als Science & Processing 121 (3), pp. 967-980. (2015)

Pouyet E., B. Fayard, M. Salomé, Y. Taniguchi, F. Sette, M. Cotte, ‘Thin-Sections of Painting Fragments: Op-portunities for Combined Synchrotron-Based Mi-cro-Spectroscopic Techniques’, Heritage Science 3 (1), pp. 1-16. (2015)

Osmond G., J.J. Boon, L. Puskar, J. Drennan, ‘Metal Stearate

4. 한계

�ÿ�� ¡« µ»� �_º�­ IÈ ü�Í­ Ó � �

� ª�� £Ôó �ÿ� ¡Ì­¼ �*�� �¼ Á�. aû (Emeline Pouyet) �� �� �� �©¥�� +>��¡ È

�� ä�� â ßA� �å_®Ñ µ»� ��}� ¸Ë� �ß�ø�. ¸Æf� ��� �Å ¸Ë� £~¼�� � ¸

Ë�� îï%W ¸Æf µ(�â µ)� ���\í È µ(÷� ��ñí ��� �¼ Á�. ½�� îïÈ ñï

%W � é«]��Ù �ù� bH� Õ®¼ }�.

5. 보완 방법

£�{�-Ä¡ îfË(Micro-Raman Spectroscopy), a�� M

v ¥�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence

Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß �Y îfË(Synchrotron X-ray Di�rac-

tion).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• µ»� È� � �g ­�

• ¸Æf µ(

• Æf�â hÁ� î��k Æ�

� ¥�ß ��Ù

• �m î(map)� {­

• k�þ� ä�� �?� {­

• k�þ� ä�� wä

• Æf� +½< îffÇ?� ��Æ � ª�

[ 21]

방사광

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

126

127

[ 21]

방사광

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

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1. 분류

�Æe �¬·¢Õ �c� î�e X-ß îï­Ë(SEM-EDX)*� ³� µ»� £ÔWâ îï� t¤¥ îïË��. µ»

� {­¼ ³� Õ®�� µ» �m� §� m��� çÈ îï

ó ä ÁÈ** � Õ®�� gt¤¥� ¸Ë� ñ`��. µ»� B�µ §� U��â îïñí ��.

2. 개요

�Æe �¬·¢Õ(SEM)� �¬²� ��ñâ  W� Èîñ

Ä �¢�� ¡�� ¸Ë��. �¬·¢Õ� f� ·¢Õ� g

ñ �� #� �x÷�(300,000�) ��ó ä ÁÈ ­Æ?åÇ

¼ 100� #�� á� Á�. �Æe �¬·¢Õ ç� µ» m�� 0à� Á� �¬­ï�â µ»� úƵþ È�c� �¬²� ¡Ì���. úÆ �¬²� �c�� µ»� îï ,

¥� ÃÄ 100eV~30keV÷� �¶Ñ �Yó ä Á�. È�c

� �¬²� µ»� Ö��W µ»�â �¬¼ ð�V±�. Ö

�� �¬� ·=Êf(�� �¬� y� Êf�)� �ñ ¸÷¾

� È�c� �¬� ‘Ò¸���¬’ÄÈ 1Å�. Ò¸��< �

¬�  W� �é >=� �e� ÃÄ üU� ��g¼ �2Ñ V¹VÈ, �é� �¬�N¼ #�W d� Õ®� gñ ÝÑ V

* 주로 ‘SEM’, 혹은 ‘SEM-EDX’라고 줄여부른다.

** 보통 5cm 정도의 크기까지는 체임버 안에 넣을 수 있다.

[22] 주사형 전자현미경 에너지 분산형 X-선 분석기법

Distributions in Modern Artists’ Oil Paints: Surface and Cross-sectional Investigation of Reference Paint Films Using Conventional and Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy’, Applied Spectroscopy 66 (10), pp. 1136-1144. (2012)

Cotte M., P. Dumas, Y. Taniguchi, E. Checroun, P. Walter, J. Susini, ‘Recent Applications and Current Trends in Cultural Heritage Science Using Synchrotron-Based Fourier Transform Infrared Micro- Spectroscopy’, COMREN Comptes Rendus-Physique 10 (7), pp. 590-600. (2009)

Cotte M., J. Susini, V.A. Solmé, Y. Taniguchi, J. Chillida, E. Checroun, P. Walter,‘Applications of Synchrotron- Based Micro-Imaging Techniques to the Chemical Analysis of Ancient Paintings’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 23 (6), pp. 820-828. (2008)

Keune K., J.J Boon, ‘Analytical Imaging Studies of Cross-sec-tions of Paintings Affected by Lead Soap Aggregate Formation’, Studies in Conservation 52 (3), pp. 161-176. (2007)

Smith G.D., ‘Infrared Microspectroscopy using a Synchro-tron Source for Art-Science Research’, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 42 (3), pp. 399-406. (2003)

129

128

[ 21]

방사광

푸리에

변환

적외선

분광법

SCAN

NIN

G E

LECT

RON

MIC

ROSC

OPY

CO

UPLE

D W

ITH

EN

ERGY

DIS

PERS

IVE

X-RA

Y SP

ECTR

OSC

OPY

, SEM

-EDX

, SEM

-EDS

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¹Ñ�(ô� 4Ù 5). g·=Êf¾� �� ¸÷¾� �c�¼ d� �¬� ‘2� �¬’ÄÈ 12�k � �¬�  W� ¢@� >�� ÈñUÇ üU� ¡Ì���.

�Æe �¬·¢Õ�� îï%W �¬¼ µ»  W

� ðñ µ»� �B÷� �V¼í ß� µ»� �Ç= �

Í��V  W� �Ç= bÐ�� l�Á�í �� . ô�â g�Ç=� �Í� ·éV á� É� �Ç= �Í� �Ñ �

Ü� îï��. g�Ç= µ»Ù äî� Á� µ»� vÕ

SEM(environmental SEM; ESEM) Â� ¼M�5 SEM(varia-

ble pressure SEM; VPSEM)�� îïW �Ü� �È îï

ó ä Á�. Ò¬� ȧ� vÕ�â îï­ �% µ»� î

ï� ×� ¸Ë�­Ç �.�Æe �¬·¢Õ(SEM)� �c� î�e X-ß îï­

(EDX Â� EDS)� qW �é� "\Ç ¥\à ä Á�.* �¬²� µ»� ÊtW &o¥� X-ß� ¸÷<�. EDX� �

X-ß� n÷� îï"��Û µ»� #"< �é� ¥\}È U�¥� @­� ��� "\� ¥\}� ç��. � ¸Ë

� � á¡ îïó äÇ ÁÈ Ri ª�� îïó äÇ Á�.Ò¸��< �¬ �¢�� Ï�}�V ¢@µ»� X-

ß�� îïó Ó�� ä�� È�µ Ò Ñ\� ¢@µ» �

W� ���.

3. 응용

SEM-EDX� ��W Ô­�� õ­� ª3� îïó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ¢�´�â �°� ¢@µ»�({­� ÃÄâ� �

* 요즘 생산되는 전자현미경에는 EDX가 거의 기본으로 장착되어 있다.

그림 5주사형 전자현미경의 후방산란전자 이미지로 윗쪽 화살표로 표시된 층에는 수은이, 아랫쪽 화살표로 표시된 층에는 납이 포함되어 있다.

그림 4이탈리아 페라라(Ferara)에 있는 성당 현관에 있는 석조 다색장식의 두 개의 붉은색 물감층을 광학 현미경으로 관찰한 결과.

130

131

[ 22]

주사형

전자현미경

에너지

분산형

X-선

분석기법

[ 22]

주사형

전자현미경

에너지

분산형

X-선

분석기법

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� f*fË(Visible Induced Luminescence).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• �Æe �¬·¢Õ� G�

• ��

• �¢o ª�

• µ» �g

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

�Æe �¬·¢Õ� �ñ� �¬f� îí� ß>¬Ì� XA

�â AÈ Á@ M. {º(M. Knoll)� �ñ 1935.� E� È

Ü< ��� ¥%À Á� (Knoll 1935). 1965. ^�¨�� �

_]¿î] Æ(Cambridge Instrument Company)� SEM� E

��� U����.

8. 참고문헌

Spring M., I. Joosten, ‘Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX)’, in Scientific examination for the investigation of paintings. (D. Pinna, M. Galeotti, R. Mazzeo eds.), pp. 91-92. (2009)

Joosten I, ‘Applications of microanalysis in the cultural herit-age field’, Microchimica Acta 161 (3-4), pp. 295-299. (2008)

Schreiner M., M. Melcher, K. Uhlir, ‘Scanning electron mi-croscopy and energy dispersive analysis: applications in the field of cultural heritage’, Analytical and Bio-

m ¬m�) �¢�� ÏÈ îï��. �� ­Æ?åǼ ÿ­ Ó

� ÿ� ��¼ Á� �mÇ 6á� 3%�� ��Wâ �m

� £Ôó ä Á�. � ç� µ»� �¢�� £Ô"� �µ� ô 10� ��¥�� îï��. òE� �¢�� ��þ� î

ïW ú¬� ª¶�V {­, W¥�V 1­ gx �Ç ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

d� ��(5keV �)�â Æ�ó Õ® �¬� �c�¼ d\â

EDX îï� bH� X-ß ��¼ Ô*¾� ���. w>V µ»

¼ ó�Á� Õ®�� �� ��ñí ­ Ó � µ»� �g

�k $ µ)� éH¾È � ���â µ»¼ �>! ¼Ä=

� Á�. EDX� Æ�W �c �é¼ #"¾� Á��¡ ¥ ä ÁÈ* n÷�?� 0.1wt% �Ç��. EDX _Í]Î�â� ©H

� �é� |ä �®�¼ '&â V¹V� �¼ Á�. û� Ì

� � |äÙ V� |ä¼ 'çÈ ¥¿¢Þ� |äÙ ¨¸� |

ä¼ ',�.

5. 보완 방법

úm ·¢ÕË(Stereomicroscopy), f� ·¢ÕË(Optical Mi-

croscopy), X-ß efË(X-ray Fluorescence), a�� Mv ¥

�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), fpÔ BÆ îfË(Fibre-Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy), Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spectroscopy), ¥�ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared

Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË(False Color Infrared), ¬�ß ef �¢oË(Ultraviolet Fluorescence Imaging), ¬�ß BÆ Æ§Ë(Ultraviolet Reflected Photography), ¼µß� �

* 원소가 어떻게 결합하고 있는지는 알 수 없다는 말이다.

132

133

[ 22]

주사형

전자현미경

에너지

분산형

X-선

분석기법

[ 22]

주사형

전자현미경

에너지

분산형

X-선

분석기법

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1. 분류

�Ö� ­B £�{� X-ß �Y îfË(XRD)*� ¢\îï ¸

Ë��. £�{� X-ß �Y îfË� ��W 2~5µg(1µg� O¡ î� 1g) �Ç� ¶ Â� ðU {­¼ 100×200~300µm� ��� G�W÷� îïó ä Á�. � ¸Ë�� îï� µ»� �¢o� È ·¢Õ�� £Ôó ä Á�è, �Å ¸Ë�� î

¬ U�� �µ îïó äÇ Á�. � ¸Ë� t¤¥ ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

£�{� X-ß �Y îfË(µXRD Â� microXRD)� î¬�

� Ï� ä Á� îï¸Ë��. a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË (FTIR) Â� Ä¡ îfË� "ø � ¸Ë� Ü» � á� 1¹ ��� îï� 3� îïË ©� V��. � ¸Ë� ª« G

�� f� ¹�, Ô�� îñ ×=�, f� îñ ×=�, 19@­

� Æ�¾@ ±=>», ·� û�´� Æ�¾� �Í� ¹� � ����â �� s0¼ �¶�. �� ½�= Ô­� Â� ½�= õ­�� +>� ×� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë�� îï

W î� ­P(powder pattern)�Ä� ­P� Ï���k � ­

P�� ä}� û�� �Y �®�¼ V¹VÈ, �� µXRD¼

[23] 실험실 기반 마이크로 X-선 회절 분광법

* 분석과학자들은 X-선 회절 분광법이라는 말 대신 XRD라는 말을 더 많이 사용한다.

analytical Chemistry 387 (3), pp. 737-747. (2007)Adriaens A., M.G. Dowsett, ‘Electron Microscopy and Its

Role in Cultural Heritage Studies’, in Non-destruc-tive Microanalysis of Cultural Heritage Materials. (K. Janssens, R. Van Grieken eds.), Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 73-128. (2004)

Goldstein J.I., D.E. Newbury, P. Echlin, D.C. Joy, A.D. Romig, C.E. Lyman, C. Fiori, E. Lifshin, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis. 2nd edition, New York. (1992)

Knoll, M. ‘Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektro-nen-bestrahlter Körper’, Z tech. Phys. 16, pp. 467-475. (1935)

135

134

LABO

RATO

RY-B

ASED

MIC

RO

X-RA

Y DI

FFRA

CTIO

N, X

RD

[ 22]

주사형

전자현미경

에너지

분산형

X-선

분석기법

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�� )t� �Yù�� MvÈ, �Yù� 2�(2 theta)� �

� ñÇ�  µ��. nÇ é«]��� Æ�� î� �Y ­

P k�þ³�_� h<  �¬»Ù �®�� ­P� g�

� �®�� îï��.

3. 응용

µXRD� È�1þ ·�� �2­÷� ×�< ��� #"< Ü

»� îï� �U¥� ¸Ë��. 1940.�÷�� f�(¬+

�â �°� õ­�) Â� ±= õ­�±�� ��� ¡��k �� Æ�¾ø�k �Ì� ½�= �Í��. 1940.� �Ò µ

� ÷µ< ·�¹ ��� �1î� õ­ ��m� Ô­ >»

� tqµ ��ø�. �� ��Ì� XRD� îïó ä Á�¡, £�{�-Ä¡ îffÇ?¼ w D� Æ�¾È Á�. � ¸Ë� Ǭ­� > ±Ç, Þï, ��� îñ×=�(�g£ �), È� Ô�� îñ×=�(��) �� +>� fs0Ñ Æ�¾� r

�. XRD� æ� gï�V á�� 1¹ ¶¾Âô� +>� ä

��� Æ�¾� r�.

4. 한계

� ¸Ë� ¼ y �?� g½�= �Í æ� ½�� �� T� �Í, V� {­� ú¬� �Y­P� V¹V� ���� ��

�. � Õ® XRD �r Ä¡ îfË�V a�� Mv ¥�ß î

fË� Æ�ñí ��. ôºV Ü»V bº�â� �� �¼ ZÑ A�V�� ���. 19@­� �� �*< A1 Ü»

� ½�� �� T� ���­ Ó � �� Ü»� XRD� îï

¾� ���. V�½�Í Ü»� û�� V�¯�U VÇ Ü»

�Í� ��Ñ îïó ä Á� ¸Ë�Ä� �� �¢��.

µXRD� ½�= Èm� X-ß� Êf¾W X-ß� §� ¸�� �¨� �Y ·U� ����. ½� Ü�â �¬Ì� È

Ô� )t� 3È ��À Á­ Ó � �Í� ÃÄâ X&� �

Y ­P� V¹VÑ <�. � Ñ �Y< X-ß� Þñ � UÉ

) � A�¢­ Ó � �Í£� X&� ­P� V¹Ñ�. �

� ) � A�VW �c X-ß� {Ñ �ñ¾È �c X-ß� �

ɾ� T�§�. �� X&� X-ß �Y ­P� î� �Y �A

(Powder Diffraction File; PDF)�Ä� k�þ³�_� }<  � ­P� g�� ñï��. î� �Y �A� �Y k�þ ��ýþ(International Centre of Di�raction Data; ICDD)�â ¡Ìø�k ª« ½�= �±�� �Y ­P� äD¾� Á�.

Ü», á� 1¹ ×=� � ­¹ õ­ ��±� îïó Ó�� >� �[� Æ�� X-ߣ�� ¡« X-ß� Æ��

�. � ¸Ë�� îï� � ¥� µ»� á� Â� f  W�

â õÏ� L�] �ù�V î� G���.��� G�W� îïó Õ®�� µ»�� �%µÈ

îïÈ, î�� îïó Õ®�� �ç� Ô�pÔEÎ ��ß

� �� T� ��� ö� �%µ��. î�� �2: �� g½

�= òq�� ��ñâ È���. µ»� È�� Ò�� X-ß Õ�� µ�ÇD 0ç� �aÈ µ�­(collimator)� ��ñâ Ö��� X-ß� 6áW {­� ����. ��� éH¾� µ

)� X-ßf� @­� ÃÄ �2�¡ ðU 1~4µ)� éH¾È ô�Ü µ»� ?� ��µ�. � µ) �Ü W¥ n÷­(area

detector)� Æ�ó Õ® �Y< X-ß �÷� n÷­Ù ��

Wâ �å� ­P� ¡«�. �Y? é«]��� � �å�� [ 23]

실험실

기반

마이크로

X-선

회절

분광법

136

137

[ 23]

실험실

기반

마이크로

X-선

회절

분광법

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5. 보완 방법

X-ß ef îfË(X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy), a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier transform infrared spectrosco-

py), 0� �M X-ß |ä îfË(Micro X-ray Absorption near

Edge Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• Æ�ó X-ߣ

• X-ߣ� -�z ��Ù ��

• k�þ ä� µ)

• Æ�ó ² ��­(beam collimator)• n÷­� G�(ße n÷­ Â� W¥ n

÷­, BÇm n÷­(CCD �) Â� üU�

image plate n÷­)• 2-theta s0

• ­P� ��ó k�þ³�_(PDF/JCPDS,

RRUFF �)• �Y­� ��Æ � ª�

• µ» �g � È� ¸Ë

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

X-ß� 1895. �éÐ �]?� �ñ E� *v¾ø�è ,

1912. 9_ « Ä®�Ù ô �»Ì� V�>� ½�� ��

� X-ß� �Y ·U� E� Þ��ø�. É� ñ ä�å ��_ ¨�ôÙ ô� \�� ä�å ø� ¨�ô Õ� ½�= �Í� �¬ )t, X-ß� � ô�È �Y ùÇ )� £?� E���

(cadmium sulfide yellow)¼ Á�.½�=� �� µ»ÄÇ � �é� �Å �é� çv�

µ»� Õ®�� (f�= Ü»�â Z^ £Ô¾� ·U�) �Y �®�� 0ç¼ �¨� k�þ³�_� äD<  �µ»Ù g

�­¼ �%;Í ä Á�. ���� ­Ð, n(gum), �OÍ� É� õ�e �Í� #"¾� ÁÈ ô ½� õ�e ��rN¼ ¡Ì�À ³� �®�¼ â £Ô¾� �� ä Á�.

ù �Í£� ä}� �Y �®�� V¹}­ Ó � �

º �Í� >=< µ»� îï� �� ��^ �%� ä Á�.

X-ß �Y ½�� ñï­ �� �éîï� îh W �� �

%�� �é�ó ä Á�. µ»¼ â� ß�ó ä Á� �Ç� î��ÄW XRD� îï­ �� î�� ª¶�V ÇU �� ÃÄ î�� k�þ ñï� )�Ñ ó ä Á�.

� Ñ &o¥� ­P� g�� ¸Ë� Æ�ó Ó�

� �¶� î�� �Y ­P� äD< k�þ³�_� �a� �� ©H�. RRUFF� f�= Ü»� G± k�þ³�_�

È, PDF� õ­Ü»Ù á� 1¹ ×=�� G± k�þ³�_

��. PDF�â nǾ� �� ½�= Ô­Ü»� �Y ­P� +>u �â Ù\ã ä Á�. ��� G�W µ»� îï Ò �

µ Æ�ó ä Á�¡ î� µ»� �2:(petrolatum) EÎ ù¥

ù¥� �m� È�µ Ò �ç� fpÔÙ É� ��rN¼ ¥� ��m� È�µ¢­ Ó � �Æ�ó ä T�. �� Oô

Ä� úw(zero background holder)V �û Ô� ª@£� �

®� k Æ�� µ»� ¶� [^ é\��¡ ��Ä� á

� È%W ånVÑ }� ¶�ÄÈ ó äÇ Á�. [ 23]

실험실

기반

마이크로

X-선

회절

분광법

138

139

[ 23]

실험실

기반

마이크로

X-선

회절

분광법

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innovation: new materials and new colors in Renais-sance Venetian paintings’. in Scientific examination of art: modern techniques in conservation and analy-sis. pp. 12-26. (2005)

Guinier A., X-ray diffraction in Crystals, Imperfect Crystals, and Amorphous Bodies. Dover Publications, New York. (1994)

D. Scott, ‘Bronze Disease: A Review of Some Chemical Prob-lems and the Role of Relative Humidity’, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 29, p. 193. (1990)

Bradley M.A., A.P Middleton, ‘A study of the Deterioration of Egyptian Limestone Sculpture’, Journal of the Ameri-can Institute for Conservation 27, p. 64. (1988)

Orna M. V., T.F. Matthews, ‘Uncovering the Secrets of Medi-eval Artists’, Analytical Chemistry 60, pp. 47A-56A. (1988)

Wiedermann H. G., G. Bayer, ‘The Bust of Nefertiti’, Analyti-cal Chemistry 54, pp. 619A-628A. (1982)

Cullity B. D., ‘Elements of X-ray Di�raction’, Addison- Wesley, MA. (1978)

Kühn H., ‘Terminal Dates for Paintings Derived from Pigment Analysis’, Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art, Proceedings of the Seminar, June 15-19, 1970, Ed. WJ Young, p. 199. (1973)bestrahlter Körper’, Z tech. Phys. 16, pp. 467-475. (1935)

Ý��È, �� ‘¨�ô� Ë�(Bragg’s law)’ �ÄÈ 1Å�. î

�� �Y _Í]Î� � Ë��� ñïW ½�= �Í� >

�� ¥ ä ÁÈ, =î� ª2� Èm� =î� ¥\à ä Á�. « Ä®�� 1914.�, ¨�ô 1¬� 1915.� �¬ ���

U� ���. �Ö�e X-ß �Y?� �Ò 100.) ��¥�

� *�� îï� éH¾� µ»� {­¼ áá ³\�È Á

�. � á¡� îïó ä Á@ n÷­� =Ä� �\¾� ü�� îïó ä ÁÑ �� ÃÄâ ��£ �Ö��â� \� ³� µ

»¡ Á�Ç È´Í� �Y k�þ� Ï� ä ÁÑ ¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Cotte M., E. Checroun, W. De Nolf, Y. Taniguchi, L. de Vi-guerie, M. Burghammer, P. Walter, C. Rivard, M. Sa-lomé, K. Janssens, J. Susini, ‘Lead soaps in paintings: friends or foes?’, Studies in Conservation 62 (1-2), pp. 2-23. (2017)

Duran A., J. Castaing, P. Walter, ‘X-ray diffraction studies of Pompeian wall paintings using synchrotron radia-tion and dedicated laboratory made systems,’ Applied Physics. A: Materials science & processing 99 (2), pp. 333-340. (2010)

Pedrazzani R., I. Alessandri, E. Bontempi, F. Cappitelli, M. Cianci, E. Pantos, L. Toniolo, L.E. Depero. ‘Study of sulphation of Candoglia marble by means of micro X-ray diffraction experiments’, Applied Physics A 83 (4), pp. 689-694. (2006)

Berrie B. H., L.C. Matthew, ‘Material innovation and artistic [ 23]

실험실

기반

마이크로

X-선

회절

분광법

140

141

[ 23]

실험실

기반

마이크로

X-선

회절

분광법

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=�¥�� îïó ä Á�. SERS� =�¥�� îïó ä Á

� Çé�� Rw(madder), �çª(cochineal), üÜf(紅安鑛,

kermes), ò(lac) >», ý�(weld), V,(黃木, fustic), ³2³:

(berberin), �ô®�(logwood), ü�(紅花, sa�ower), ¨ÄÍ �

,(茶木, brazilwood), �ï(orchil), µç(shikon), ¶þ���Ú

(methyl violet), £ÿ¹(magenta), ª�(mauveine), ��r(eo-

sine) �� Á�.4. 한계

³´ 0� ¢\� � P��� �Ò� �����V �� #"

< ~(gel)� �2� ¸Ë �� ��ñ µ»� SERS _Í]Î

� �ò Ï� ¸Ë� Á­� �¡ � ¸Ë� gt¤¥ ¸Ë�

ÄÈ ó ä� T�. �é��­� �¡ µ»� �°ñí ��.

SERS� ��� \� ��Ñ Ý��� ���. &^ °7� µ»�â Ô­�  � V�ú¬� |ä¾� =Í� ��

Ñ Ý��� ��È, � ¸Ë� �Ç� ����� ) ·U

Ç IÑ ¸�� qÈ Á�. îf�¥ ¸Ë�� î� ��� T­ Ó � SERS�� µ» Ü�â ��� A�¢� ª« �Í

� °7� _Í]Î� V¹Ñ�. ôºß� �� _Í]Î� $

U =�¥�� î�ñ �ë �Í� _Í]Î�ÄÈ ��ó ä T�� �¼ Á�. ��¥�� g"� �Í� E±< �+>

» Â� �º ¸Ë� �Ç¥�� E±ñ Æ�� Õ®�� {�

£`ô�­ ¸ËEÎ ßA¥� îï½�� V¹}� q��.

5. 보완 방법

Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spectroscopy), È=Ä Òm{�£`ô�

«Ë(High Performance Liquid Chromatography), Òm{�£

1. 분류

 W�ñ Ä¡ îfË(SERS)� î¬ §�� îï� ¸Ë��

â ¢@îï ¸Ë�È, t¤¥ îïË��.

2. 개요

SERS� Ô­�  �¬¥�� �, á�(�� � V�ú¬

V � V�>�  W)  W� |ä¾W Ä¡ ��� U`^ �¼

� &=� ��� Ä¡ îfË��. \� ³� µ»� � ¸�

� � P���(� V�ú¬� �¶� ¸Ë�� �� î�µ �, AB¥�� Í�� �Ò� ¥Y� v��Ù Ü��� ç� ¸Ë�� P��� �Ò� ¡«�) �Ò� ���% E�� Ò Ä¡ îfË�� îï��. � Ñ Ï� _Í]Î�  � _Í

]Î� g�� �c �Í�� ¥\}È, _Í]Î� |ä�� ñï� Çé G�� ¥\��.

3. 응용

� >Ç� Æ�¾� �+ � ±= Ô­Çé Â� é}/�É�/�� � ­¹ �º Ç�� >=< ³´� #"< ��{Ü»

� îï� k SERS� Ø�Ǽ ��¾È Á�. � ¸Ë� �

Ǽ ��^ #­ Ó � �Õ� äå µm �Ç� Ô­ÇéÇ

[24] 표면증강 라만 분광법

[ 24]

표면증강

라만

분광법

143

142

SURF

ACE-

ENH

ANCE

DRA

MAN

SPE

CTRO

SCO

PY, S

ERS

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6 (22). (2018)Pozzi F., S. Zaleski, F. Casadio, R.P. Van Duyne, ‘SERS Dis-

crimination of Closely Related Molecules: A System-atic Study of Natural Red Dyes in Binary Mixtures’, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, June. (2016)

Pozzi F., M. Leona, ‘Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Art and Archaeology’, Journal of Raman Spectros-copy. (2015)

Pozzi F., K.J. van den Berg, I. Fiedler, F. Casadio, ‘A Systematic Analysis of Red Lake Pigments in French Impression-ist and Post-Impressionist Paintings by Surface-en-hanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)’, Journal of Ra-man Spectroscopy 45, pp. 1119-1126. (2014)

Pozzi F., S. Porcinai, J.R. Lombardi, M. Leona, ‘Statistical Methods and Library Search Approaches for Fast and Reliable Identification of Dyes using Surface-en-hanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)’, Analytical Methods 5 (16), pp. 4205-212. (2013)

Bruni S., V. Guglielmi, F. Pozzi, ‘Historical Organic Dyes: A Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spec-tral Database on Ag Lee-Meisel Colloids Aggregated by NaClO4’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 42, pp. 1267-1281. (2011)

Geiman I., Leona M., Lombardi J.R., ‘Application of Raman Spectroscopy and SERS to the Analysis of Synthetic Dyes Found in Ballpoint Inks’, Journal of Forensic Sciences 54 (4), pp. 947-952. (2009)

Leona M., ‘Microanalysis of Organic Pigments and Glazes in Polychrome Works of Art by Surface- enhanced

`ô�« Í\îïË(Liquid Chromatography coupled with

Mass Spectrometry).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• Ì|��h �

• P���/V�ú¬

• µ» �E�

• pH*

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

� �[� ­�{(Pyridine)� |qµ¢W Ä¡ ��� @­

¼ g�U¥�� ¾§�� ·U� 1974. (Ä�µ¡(Fleis-

chmann)� ô� �»Ì� �ñ E� £Ô¾ø�. � ��¥ ·U� �� ¥Y� (�� 1977.� ¾� 3 � +> ô:� ù­ £Ô< ·U� �� ¶¾Âô� �Ü"��Û ¼Äñö

�. SERS� ¢�³´ +>� E� ��� �� 1987. ­Â

(Guineau)Ù ­[2(Guichard)¼ ±= ¥�¬:� 8@­� \

3âÂ� >Ç� pÔ�� a÷��â _Í]Î� Ï� ���. �Ò �� �� +> ½�¼ * ¾� ��¼ 2004. ¢� � Ô®� �º +>ô:� � ­�� �º Ô­Çé +>� m?

¥�� ¥�­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Cesaratto A., Y.B. Luo, H.D. Smith, M. Leona, ‘A Timeline for the Introduction of Synthetic Dyestu�s in Japan Dur-ing the Late Edo and Meiji Periods’, Heritage Science

* 용액의 산성도를 나타내는 지표. 산성도가 셀수록 pH가 낮아진다.

[ 24]

표면증강

라만

분광법

144

145

[ 24]

표면증강

라만

분광법

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1. 분류

X-ß ü�� �¬­ °Æß © Þ�� �� ü���â £{�

X-ß ef �¢oË(MA-XRF)� gt¤¥ �¢oË�� î�

<�.

2. 개요

MA-XRF�  W� ���< Â� 6á� �� X-ß�� _H

� ���  W Â�  W \�Õ� �éî#� �¢�� V¹

}� ¸Ë��. X-ß� �� ��� �¬� ÌeU�¼ ¾Wâ }1ù� g;�Ñ <�. ôºW �ù �¬¼ g;§ }1ù�

� ��ñ }1ù� �®Wâ �¬� �µ Ü�� U�� f\

¼�k, �Ó *×� �c� ��¼ ef�� V¹Ñ�. � �

c�� �� X-ß e�� V¹VÈ ô �c�� �¬]Ç� �

c� ��� �ñ ½�¾�k � ^� �¬� �¬�N(Z)� Ã

Ä ~ħ�. � ßÌ� AB¥�� �ôB(Siegbahn) ��Ë� ÃÄ �Ð� Û��k, �� K, L, Mù © �ë }1ù� g� Á��Ù �¬¼ }%¼� ù÷�� ��(1,2,3: α, β, γ)� V¹

��. �é£� X&� ß _Í]Î� V¹}­ Ó � X-ß _

Í]Î� ÞÈ �c �é¼ Á�� ¥\à ä Á�.ç� 1~25keV �Ç� �c�� Æ�È �� 40

[25] 마크로 X-선 형광 이미징법

Resonance Raman Scattering’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (35), pp. 14757-14762. (2009)

Leona M., J. Stenger, E. Ferloni, ‘Application of Surface-en-hanced Raman Scattering Techniques to the Ul-tra-sensitive Analysis of Natural Dyes in Works of Art’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 37, pp. 981- 992. (2006)

Guineau B., V. Guichard, ‘Identification of Natural Organic Colorants by Resonance Raman Microspectrosco-py and by Surface-enhanced Raman Effect (SERS) (Identification des Colorants Organiques Naturels par Microspectrometrie Raman de Resonance et par E�et Raman Exalte de Surface (SERS))’, ICOM Committee for Conservation: 8th Triennial Meeting, Preprints, Vol. 2, The Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey, CA, pp. 659- 666. (1987)

147

146

MAC

RO X

-RAY

FLUO

RESC

ENCE

IMAG

ING

, MA-

XRF

[ 24]

표면증강

라만

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* 요즘 생산되는 장비는 모두 이런 기능을 갖추고 있다.

Ã2W ä �_¢þ� �2� ô�� îï� k äA� -R

�(Alfeld and Janssens 2015; Van der Snickt et al. 2017). �¢�� �WîñÄ� _H� Æ�� 1�²� {­Ù µ)� Ã

Ä ~ħ�. �WîñÄ� 3 �� %W 4�� µ)� w b

H�. MA-XRF� �é� �� �Þ� ���¡ ô ��>

�� �� �Þ� ��� �­ Ó � A1 Ü»� ��Ñ >î¾� ���. �1î� �Æ¥� ô�Ì� �º Õ� ��

�� °7Ñ >=¾� Á�. MA-XRF� �� ÕÌ� �ü� ½�¡ Þ��­ Ó � ù Õ� �� Êî� �Þ� Ï� ä T

�. W \�Õ�â V�� ef� (1î¥��) ô 0Õ�

Á� �Í� �ñ |ä¾­ Ó � �� á� �Üñâ �¢�

� ñïñí ��. X-ß |ä¼ �c�� ÃÄ ~Ä�� ·U� ��W ��� Õ� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. �A� �é� �Å ß�â (û� Ì� �� Lß� Mß) V¹V� @­� g�

W (��¥��¡) ��� Õ� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. �

Í� �Í� ~� �Æ¥ ¢�³´� ��Õ� °7Ñ >=

¾� Á­ Ó � XRF k�þ� ÏwÄÇ �é� Y�¥� �

\îï ½�� Ï� ä T�. �é� î# �¢�� AB¥�� ÀO üU��  µ

¾�k �é� "\� #�äD Ý� `�� V¹Ñ�. ôºV �é£� �Å ÇU��  µÈ �º �é¼ Á� Õ® ÇU

� ©°¾Ñ V¹VÇD � ½�� �X­ IÑ ó äÇ Á

�.* æ� �é� î# �¢�� ñï­ 0� �º ¼� é«

]��� Æ�ó ä Á�è, GG ß� '&â V¹V� �� È

%� �m _Í]Î ½çã¿W� Æ��V �¶� �c�

keV÷� Æ�ó ä Á�. K-ß� îïW �é(Z=14)�â �

Ø(Z=56)÷�� �é� îïó ä ÁÈ L-ß� îïW �Þ

� õ� �éÇ îïó ä Á�. �º� �é î# �¢��� �é� efß @­¼ V¹V�k, ô �é� "\� #�äD w @Ñ V¹Ñ�.  W \�Õ� �� X-ß |ä �1Ù �éî

#¼ V¹V� ÿ�� &o¥� ß� �� �c�� ÃÄ ~Ä

§�.

3. 응용

MA-XRF� ðñ ��� ¨�� �é� î#� ¥ ä ÁÈ �

� ðñ �c Ü»� Æ���� ¥ ä Á�. æ� ô�� ô: µ�� Æ�� �@ Ü»� Æ�� Õ® Þ¨E�� ��� �1� ¥\à ä Á�. ½�¼ ùÜ�� Þ�ÇD V¹V­ Ó

� �¼¼ ôR@ �Ä�] _^çV E� ô: ô�� ä

�� }� �� ¥\ã ä Á�.

MA-XRF� îïW ô�� Õ�¥ Â� û�¥ �Ô

� �ñ ¡Ì�À Á� ä Á� óï Z¥� ¼µ�µþ ä Á

�. � ¸Ë� ��� ïñ§ W� gñ ��W >= =î� �

¢�¼ �� V¹V� �­ Ó �  Wîï� Ô�È, �Å �éÙ� U�¥ gx� V¹V­ Ó � ô�� �� U@� �Þ� ¥\}� k Ô��.

4. 한계

MA-XRF �¢�� Ï�%W Ƨ�� Ãü� �Þ� µ)� }� -%â ô� � á� �¢�� Ï�%W ô�� {­ �

g� =Ä� ÃÄ � µ)~¿ �Ǽ éH<�. ß�+>� [ 2

5] 마크로

X-선

형광

이미징법

148

149

[ 25]

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X-선

형광

이미징법

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• X-ß @?(optic) (´�êbº�polycapillary

Â� >ú @?pinhole optics,

�Ç°ÆßAäD ½�¼ ×\§�)• n÷­

• ��µ»�

(µ»�V ô�� ���­ 0�)• �Yé«]��

• k�þ ñï é«]��

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

XRF �¢o� ��ñ ô�� A1î� îï%È µÇ� Õ

®� ���Ç Áø�V DESY�â �ý] B È3� ‘§½

=’(Patch of Grass)� �� �Ö� §�Wâ E��� ô ¼

ç¼ ��¾ø�(Dik et al. 2008). � �Ö Ò� ¸Æf� �

�� ¢�³´� +> � j�e XRF ç� �*� Ø=�¾

ø� (Alfeld et al. 2011). ·�� ´�êbº�(polycapillary)¼ q< ¨¿¾ M6 <_]�(Bruker M6 Jetstream, Alfeld

et al. 2013)� >ú(pinhole)� Æ�� XG; {��(XGLab

Crono, Alberti et al. 2017) 3 ¼�¼ U��¾� Á�. (�c� î�e X-ß ¯¶ÄÙ É�) �b�(Full-Field) µ_�� h

� �¡� ¾ø�V D� Þ¡¾�� ���(Silva et al. 2015). �1î� +>� X-ߣ� ��� ç� ���¡, ¸Æf� ��� ­Ë� °Æß� î�� g�¥ ¥� ÿ�­ Ó � õ

� �é� Ì�Ñ �k w d�¥�È ÃÄâ Þ� ß�� �¢�� Ï� ä Á�. XANESÙ É� ­Ë� +�� Æ�ó äÇ Á�.

�D ^� �G� ±� ¸¹� ��ó ä Á�(Alfeld and Jans-

sens 2015).

��: X-ß� �º �Í� (�� }� �) ��

� û� Þ�� �� °Æß��. X-ß� Æ

�¬V :� Á� Æã�Ñ R® ñ�;â ­

1V û� �°üÄ�� ýUµþ ä Á�. �

µV ��Õ� X-ß� ­) �÷¾W ý

U¾�¡ MA-XRF� éH¾� îï µ)� ä 6 �� �÷< Õ®�� ýU< Æ ¼ Þ

Ⱦ� Á� ��.

5. 보완 방법

¬+fƧË(Daylight Photography), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ul-

traviolet Imaging), ¬�ß ef �¢oË(Ultraviolet Fluores-

cence Imaging), ¥�ß Æ§Ë(Infrared Photography), ¥�

ß BÆ ÃüË(Infrared Reflectography), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË

(False Color Infrared), X-ß ÃüË(X-Radiography), K-0� �¢oË(K-edge Imaging), �Æe �¬·¢Õ �c� î�e

X-ß îï­(Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dis-

persive X-ray Spectroscopy), ©=¬ ¸Æ� ¬­¸ÆË(Neu-

tron Activated Autoradiography).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• X-ß� (¸Æf Â�X-ߣ, �Ç�çÙ

bþ� ßAÆ$��).[ 2

5] 마크로

X-선

형광

이미징법

150

151

[ 25]

마크로

X-선

형광

이미징법

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Sub-Surface Imaging Techniques for Historical Paint-ings: A Review’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 88 (October), pp. 211-230. (2013)

Alfeld M., J. Vaz Pedroso, M. van Eikema Hommes, G. van der Snickt, G. Tauber, J. Blaas, M. Haschke, K. Erler, J. Dik, K. Janssens, ‘A Mobile Instrument for in Situ Scanning Macro-XRF Investigation of Historical Paintings’, J. Anal. At. Spectrom 28 (5), pp. 760- 767. (2013)

Alfeld M., K. Janssens, J. Dik, W. de Nolf, G. van der Snickt, ‘Optimization of Mobile Scanning Macro-XRF Sys-tems for the in Situ Investigation of Historical Paint-ings’, J. Anal. At. Spectrom 26 (5), p. 899. (2011)

Dik, J., K. Janssens, G. Van der Snickt, L. van der Loeff, K. Rickers, M. Cotte, ‘Visualization of a Lost Painting by Vincent van Gogh Using Synchrotron Radiation Based X-ray Fluorescence Elemental Mapping’, Ana-lytical Chemistry 80 (16), pp. 6436-6442. (2008)

8. 참고문헌

Alfeld M., L. Viguerie, ‘Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Imaging Techniques for Historical Paintings: A Re-view’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectrosco-py 136 (October), pp. 81-105. (2017)

lberti R., T. Frizzi, L. Bombelli, M. Gironda, N. Aresi, F. Rosi, C. Miliani, G. Tranquilli, F. Talarico, L. Cartechini, ‘CRONO: A Fast and Reconfigurable Macro X-ray Flu-orescence Scanner for in-Situ Investigations of Poly-chrome Surfaces’, X-ray Spectrometry 46 (5), pp. 297-302. (2017)

Van der Snickt G., H. Dubois, J. Sanyova, S. Legrand, A. Coudray, C. Glaude, M. Postec, P. Van Espen, K. Jans-sens, ‘Large-Area Elemental Imaging Reveals Van Eyck’s Original Paint Layers on the Ghent Altarpiece (1432), Rescoping Its Conservation Treatment,’ Ang-ewandte Chemie International Edition 56, pp. 4797-4801. (2017)

Alfeld M., K. Janssens, ‘Strategies for Processing Mega-Pix-el X-ray Fluorescence Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study on a Version of Caravaggio’s Painting Supper at Emmaus’, J. Anal. At. Spectrom 30 (3), pp. 777-789. (2015)

Silva A.L.M., M.L. Carvalho, K. Janssens, J.F.C.A. Veloso, ‘A Large Area Full-Field EDXRF Imaging System Based on a THCOBRA Gaseous Detector’, J. Anal. At. Spec-trom 30 (2), pp. 343-352. (2015)

Alfeld M., J.A.C. Broekaert, ‘Mobile Depth Profiling and [ 2

5] 마크로

X-선

형광

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152

153

[ 25]

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X-선

형광

이미징법

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�� ¡Ìø�k � >/� {­� ÃÄ X-ß� {­¼ ~ħ

�. XRF ß{� 2~3mm �Ç÷�Ç IÑ ¡Ì ä Á­ Ó � äÆ�(manuscript illumination)EÎ � �U� ÇU� ��

Ñ ïñ§ ü�� Á� �mÇ îïó ä Á�� �� �¢��. �]. ��þ� g� +½W X-ß �c�(ä� �)� ��

X-ß @­(ä� �)� V¹}� X-ß _Í]Î� Ï� ä Á�. � _Í]Î�� µ»� ¨�� �¶� �é� ef�®�¼ V¹Ñ�.

j�e XRF ç� 1´� _Í]Î� ü�� ¢ç�

k, ô© V� X-ߣ |ä�®�Þ� �c�¼ /) d� X-ߣ � -«P ��(Compton scattering) (Â� g·= ��) �®�¼ V¹V� ���. p �®�(sum peak)Ç V¹V�k, �� _Í]Î� Á� � |ä�®�� 3 � Â� 3 �Å �

é� 3 �� � |ä�®� ±(sum)¡È V¹V� �®���. 1´� �ñ V¹V� æ �Å �®��� �©(escape) �®�

¼ Á�k, �� ��ç� Æ�� X-ß n÷­� �ñ V¹V� �®��Û $U 1.74keV �� �c� ü��â V¹Ñ�.

�é� d�¥�� Ì�Ñ ¡Ì%W* X-ߣ �[� =

î (Ô�� îïó Ó�� �,(rhodium) �[� ¼ }� Æ

���), �Õ _Í]Î� ��­ 0� bþ� Æ� �1 �

X-ߣ� -��� ��Ù ��� @ ¼�� È%ñí ��. �

, �[� Æ�� Õ® j�e XRF� ¥¿¢Þ�V �éEÎ ¼� �é÷� n÷ó ä Á�â �� �éÌ� �\ ¨�

� Ǭ­�� îï� k Æ�ó ä Á�. V]ØEÎ ¼� �é� n÷ó Ó�� �­� �ñ X-ß� |ä¾�V ��¾

* 원자가 들뜬상태로 잘 변해야 분석결과가 좋아진다.

1. 분류

j�e X-ß efîf?(j�e XRF)*� ��� _o îïË� gt¤¥�È g��¥� îï¸Ë��. µ»Ù îf?� òÝ

µ¢� �È îïè °Æß� �ñ µ»¼ ýU¾� ·U� *×� ���.

2. 개요

j�e XRF� ��� _o îïË�  W� Á� �é� î

ï� ¸Ë��â û�´�V ��� +>ó Ó ¼ Z

^ Æ�� îï¸Ë��. j�e XRF� Æ�ó Ó, È�c�

(40~50kV) X-ß� µ»  W� Ö���.  W� Á� A1 �

¬� X-ß� ��W �¬¼ ���Wâ �±�¾Ñ <�. �

Ñ ¡Ì�§ �±Ì� üÜ�� ÈÔ� X-ß� ¸÷è Ü

�� U�� f\¼Ñ <�. � 2�(Â� ef) X-ß� �é£� X&Ñ V¹Ñ�.

j�e XRF ç� X-ß� ¡�� X-ߣ� �m�â V�� ef X-ß� �c�� n÷� n÷?� >=¾� Á

�. X-ß {­(½�� îï¾� �Í� W¥)� V Â� �º �� µ�­� ��ñ �Y��. µ�­� >/� +: á��

[26] 휴대형 X-선 형광분광계를 이용한 스팟 분석법

* 분석과학자들은 X-선 형광분광계라는 말 대신 XRF라는 말을 더 많이 사용한다.

PORT

ABLE

X-R

AY F

LUO

RESC

ENCE

,SP

OT A

NAL

YSIS

155

154

[ 26]

휴대형

X-선

형광분광계를

이용한

스팟

분석법

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* 광택이 있는 도료를 일컫는 말이다.

�Ò ·¢Õ îï Â� î¬>� îï� É� ��îï� ðñ =î� ¥\��.

j�e XRF� ��< ÜÕ, á��V Ǭ­� ïñ§ �V�(enamel)*, È��Ì� ¡« ±á, Ǭ­, Þï, ¹Æ�

(illuminated manuscripts), L�]¼ ïñ§ W� Á� Ü» �

� îï� ��^ ©H� ä���. � ¸Ë� á`V ÀHï

� �½â Ô�� ���� ¥\}È Æ§� *~ ��� ¥\

}� Ô�� ä��� Æ�¾� r�. õ­�� ¨�� ª« �Í� j�e XRF� îïW Ô�� �Þ� Ï�à ä Á�.

4. 한계

�­x � V¹Ñ ª« �é� � ¸Ë�� îïW � �U

� X-ß� ¸÷��. ��� �é� ��� k� Ô��¡ �®�¼ ©*¾� �� Ô*��. ô � ¥� û�� �� ¨�ó Ó V� ¹�, �Ø� ¨�ó Ó ¤¹Þ� ¹�, Ó)� ܤªÂ �±�� >î(��< ÜÕ� îïó Ó Z^ V¹V

� ��), �� ¨�ó Ó gé� ¹� �� Ì ä Á�. ä�, �, ¨¸, gé �� ©*¾� V¹VW ��£ é´� (: F

/�� ¹�­ �*Ñ ¡��k, ��� ´�´� �' Ó ©

H� ��Û ���� �vµþ Ô��� &^ ô �.

X-ß� µ»� ��� ÿ�Ç j�e XRF k�þ� ñï� k Á� �� A��. �� ª« û�³´� ��

� ïñÀ Á�V �º Õ�� �¿�À Á�V á�� õÏÀ ÁÈ, � �´�V Ǭ­� Õ® Ô/� }� *Ä3� ��

�� �ñ �m &�� =î�  W� �� Õ� =î� �2�. ô ½� j�e XRF� îïW �=� �Å �º Õ� =î�

� �ÇD µ»� §�U�� ¡Ì�V éؼ_� ʧµ¢

È ��ñí ��. � g� �c �é¼ Á�� ¥\}� �=

îï' \ÂÄ ô �é¼ Ç£V ¨��� ¥\}� �\î

ïÇ ó ä Á�. �\îï� %W �é "\� ¥%§  ��

Í� ��ñâ g� Þ�ñí ��. �  ��Í� ¢���

 �­��(National Institute of Standards and Technology;

NIST) Â� �Å VÄ� �Ù ÔÆ� ¬t� �� �1­£*� �ñ ��< 1�  ��Í, NIST  �´� ��ñ Þ�� 2�

 �, Â� �� îí� ��< ���� �ñ ô =î� �

��È ú�<  ��Í (>� ±á� îï� k Æ��

CHARM  �´ �) ��í ��

3. 응용

õ­�� #"< ª« �Í� j�e XRF� îïó ä Á�. Ü

»¼ �1î f���V ±= õ­�� 20@­ ©B ��� ô

%§ ô�� ô � ¥� û��. _Í]Î� V¹Ñ �é� �

�� ÞÈ �¼¼ Æ��@ Ü»� a�ó ä Á� Õ®¼ GG ÁÈ, a�ó ä TwÄÇ �Å ¸Ë�� î¬=î� îïó ä ÁÇD a� s0� % ä Á�. û� Ì� ä�� V� n÷

<�W V�ä�(HgS) ¥ÇÜ»ÄÈ ��Ñ ��ó ä Á�. ôºV -Ç 1î�â >�¼ *v<�W �½ô�(verdigri), �į�](malachite), |��](terre vert), å��� ��Ç Ü»/>»Ù E±< �n(copper blue)Ü» © VA ��ÄÈ

8� ×ùó ä T�. �é� îï"� Á�â pXRF� �é� î#� #$¥�� ¥\}� � �# ä��� ��¾È Á�.

* NIST는 미국기관이고, 한국의 경우에는 표준연구원에서 표준품을 공급/인증해주고 있다.

156

157

[ 26]

휴대형

X-선

형광분광계를

이용한

스팟

분석법

[ 26]

휴대형

X-선

형광분광계를

이용한

스팟

분석법

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7. 기술의 간략한 역사

1909~1914. Æ�� Ô_ G. ��Ä(Charles G. Barkla)Ù ø

� G. J. ª��(Henry G. J. Moseley)¼ ¥\� X-ß� Ì|� ¸÷·U� ­B�� 1950.�� X-ß efîf?¼ U��¾

ø�. �û �� ��ç(lithium-drifted silicon) X-ß n÷­�

1970.� Çú¾ø�è ô "� ��£ +>�� � ­Ë� Æ

�­ ��ñö�. 1970. �Ò ¶]�´�· ¢�£ � !þ

�� ��£� � ­Ë� Æ�­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

McGlinchey C., ‘Handheld XRF for the examination of paint-ings: proper use and limitations’, in Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology, Studies in Archaeological Sciences. edited by Aaron N. Shugar and Mass, J.L, Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, pp. 131-158. (2013)

Bezur A, F. Casadio, ‘The analysis of porcelain using handheld and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers’, in Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology, Studies in Ar-chaeological Sciences. edited by Aaron N. Shugar and Jennifer L. Mass, Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, pp. 249-312. (2012)

Shugar A. N. and Mass, J. L., ‘Introduction, Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology’, in Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology, Studies in Archaeological Sciences. edit-ed by Aaron N. Shugar and Jennifer L. Mass, Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, pp. 17-36. (2012)

±&§ ½�¼ V¹Ñ�. � Õ® ½�� �å_®Ñ ñïñí È, �\îï� ü¼Äñ§�.

X-ß ef� æ �Å �?� _Í]Î� ñï��. _Í

]Î� y |ä �®�¼ V¹0�È � ô �é¼ }� ¨�

��� �¢� \Â�. ¼1 _]Zû �� îï�� #"< ¶

� £?T� XRF |ä _Í]Î� {Ñ V¹Ñ�. w>V ·é, Íé, �é, äé� >=< Ô­ >»Ì� ��^ /� X-ß� }­ Ó � � ¸Ë�� îï¾� ���.

5. 보완 방법

Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spectroscopy), a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË

(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), �Æe �¬·¢

Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Microscopy

coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), £{�

X-ß ef îfË(Macro X-ray Fluorescence), ¸Æf X-ß *

fË(Synchrotron X-ray Emission), ­¹ |ä îfËÌ(Ab-

sorption Techniques).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• X-ߣ� G�( �� îï�� �, �[

� ¼ D� Æ�¾È Á�)• �Õ_Í]Î� ��­ 0� bþ

• X-ߣ� -��� ��� ��

• k�þ ä� µ)

158

159

[ 26]

휴대형

X-선

형광분광계를

이용한

스팟

분석법

[ 26]

휴대형

X-선

형광분광계를

이용한

스팟

분석법

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1. 분류

X-ß� û� Þ�� �� �¬­ °Æß��, �6á X-ß ef

Ë(�6á XRF)� gt¤¥� ÿ� «��AÁ ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

�6á XRF� ÿ�� ÃÄ �é¼ î#< �Ç� Þ���

g��. � g�� 3 �� f�¼ Á�k, V� 1� X-ß� 6á� �a�k, �Å V� n÷­� £�µí(field of view)� ���k Æ�<�. 3 f��â V± Ë� 6á� ©*

! Ó(�6á) �U� �¢�¼ Ï��Ñ <�. ³� >e �6

á ü��â V�� rN¡ ­D¾­ Ó � µ»� ä� ¸�

�� ��µ¢Wâ îïW ÿ� «��AÁ� ¼Ä�. �� Ü� Á� �¬Ì� 1� X-ß� �ñ ̦â f�¬� *×È ô ½� }1ù� g;�Ñ <�. �1ù� Á@ �¬¼ � }1

ù� �®Wâ �¬� Ü��¾È ô �c� ��¼ ef�� V¹Ñ�. � �c� ��� AB¥�� X-ß� ñ`È X-ß

� �c�� £F �¬]Ç� �c� ��� �ñ ½�<�. �

� �¬�N(Z)Ù £F� Á�. AB¥�� �ôB ��Ë� Ã

Ä X-ß� �Ð� Û��k, g;§ }1ù� �0Ù(K, L Â�

M) �¬¼ }%¼� ù÷�� ��(1,2,3: α, β, γ)¼ V¹VÇD

[27] 공초점 X-선 형광법Trentelman K, Schmidt Patterson, C and Turner, N., ‘XRF of Manuscript Illuminations’, in Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology, Studies in Archaeological Scienc-es. edited by Aaron N. Shugar and Jennifer L. Mass, Lueven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, pp. 159-190. (2012)

Mass, J. L,C. Matsen, C., ‘Quantitative non-destructive anal-ysis of historic silver alloys: X-ray fluorescence ap-proaches and challengers’, in Handheld XRF for Art and Archaeology, Studies in Archaeological Sciences. edited by Aaron N. Shugar and Jennifer L. Mass, Lueven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, pp. 215- 248. (2012)

Steven Shackley M., ‘An Introduction to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis in archaeology’, in X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in Geoarchaeology. edited by M. Steven Shackley, New York, Springer, pp. 7-44. (2011)

Potts, P. J., M. West, Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrome-try: Capabilities for In Situ Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. (2008).

Schreiner M., B. Fruhmann, D. Jembrih-Simburger and R. Linke, ‘X-rays in art and archaeology: An overview’, Powder Di�raction Vol. 19 (1), pp. 3-11. (2004)

161

160

CON

FOCA

L X-

RAY

FLUO

RESC

ENCE

[ 26]

휴대형

X-선

형광분광계를

이용한

스팟

분석법

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� �� ?ä(gain factor)� >ú(pinhole) f�?Þ� 1,000� �U {�¡ �á� Á�. ½�¼ õ�Ç�� V¹VÈ 6á� {­� ÃÄ �c�¼ ~Ä�È, ²� ñÑ î�¾È �V¼

� °Æß� â -º}­ Ó � Æ�ó ä Á� �c� s0¼ ��¾� Á�.

��� \� ³� ü��â V�� °Æß¡ ­D¾È 3 �� f�?¼ bþEÎ ³�­ Ó � n÷­� Ì�¼

� rN¼ ¢/�. ÃÄâ � á` 106� �� µ)� bH

ß� _H` 20î �U� µ)� éH<�.�W îñÄ� �c�� ~Ä��¡ �1î g� �

WîñÄ� 30~50µm�â �Þ� �� ��Õ� îïó ä T

�. µ» }1�â V�� ef� �� lÈ Á� Õ� �ñ |

ä¾­ Ó � AB¥� ô�� Õ® 1mm �Ç÷�¡ ÿ� «

��A� ó ä ÁÈ � ^� �c�V �é� ÃÄ ~ħ�. É� �Ô� ÿ� «��A� îïó Ó Õ ÿ� Á� Ü� rN

� 2� Ü� gñ /Ñ V¹Ñ�. �� d�Ù �W îñÄ� Õ� AB¥� 3øÞ� �� ³� ��� �¼ °±¥�� V¹V­ Ó � ÿ� «��A ½�¼ ��Ñ V¹V� �

È ½�� ñï�k � =� bHÑ <�. g¼ Ü�¥

�� ³�È �� ���â §�� *×� �ÇD 3 f�

?� ©Ê¾Ñ È É� �á� �6á� Ô�� �� ©H

�. ôºV 6$�â ­�� �J� ­� *~� �ñ ��

� © A1� ñ½¾ø�.

��: X-ß� û� Þ�� �È }1 � � }� �m� ��ó ä Á�è ³s¬V :� Á�

�Ð� Û��. ÃÄâ ­D< X-ß _Í]Î� V¹Ñ X&� ß ­P� ÞW �c �é¼ ¨��� ¥ ä Á�. g� A

B¥�� 3~16keV �Ç� �c�� Æ���. K-ß� ðñ Ó

Ø(Z=19)�â �2�Þ(Z=40), L-ß� ðñ �ÌÞ� õ� �é� îïó ä Á�.

AB g� ��W ÿ� «��A V¡ £Ôó ä Á�¡ È=Ä g� ��W ¼U� Y�W� 3�� �)Ç £Ôó ä Á�(Lachmann et al. 2016).

3. 응용

�6á XRF� ��W õ� �é¼ #"< ��Õ }1� g��¥�� �é¥�� £Ôó ä ÁÈ Õ� 3ø� ¥ ä Á

�è AB XRF� îï� Ü»¼* Ü»� E±��� Â� �º Ü»¼ '&§ ��� Ý% ä Á�.

� g� �é¥ ü�¡ îï� g�ß� �m¥

�� îï� Ò � g� Æ�� �� ×�. ôºV îï� Ò�Ç µ»¼ 3ý¾� ��ß� �Å t¤¥ ¸Ë�� îï

­� Jâ � g� îïó ä Á�.

4. 한계

�6á XRF� =Ä� �� Æ�� f�?� �ñ ½�<�. ª

« �Í� X-ß� �Y�� �� 1� ¼4­ Ó �** 6á� �a­¼ �*�. �6á X-ß efîï?� AB¥�� ´�ê

bº� �À(polycapillary lens)� ���k X-ß� êbº� }��â ��^ Bƾ� 6á� �M�Ñ <�. �� f�?

* 일반 XRF는 최상위층 및 하부층의 정보가 한꺼번에 나타나기 때문에 이런 분석이 불가능하다.

** X-선을 굴절시키지 않는다는 의미이다.

[ 27]

공초점

X-선

형광법

162

163

[ 27]

공초점

X-선

형광법

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ߣ� ��� ç¼ �*¾ø�(Kanngießer et al. 2005). �º� ç� îï%W îï� �Ü ¢� ³´� ���í ��. �¡ �r ç� ô�� È�µ� ��ç� ��

�ÇD ¾� Á�(Laclavetine et al. 2016; Müller et al. 2017). �J�� X-ߣ� q� ¨¿¾ M4 `��Ç(Bruker M4

Tornado) ç¼ µ��� ÃÄâ ñUǼ #� îï½�� Ï� ä ÁÑ ¾ø�. ô ½� Cu-K� Õ® 13µm� ñUÇ� îïó ä Á�è ÿ� «��A� �� µ)� 16� z�Ì

ø�è ä ��6 �}� 3�� îï� ¼ÄÑ ¾ø�(Lach-

mann et al. 2016). �¡ �c�� ü�� �� �� ¼ ß

�� ÿ� ñUÇ(2µm)� =� f�?� ��� ¸Æf ç

�â V¹0�(Choudhury et al. 2017).

8. 참고문헌

Alfeld M., L. Viguerie. ‘Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Imaging Techniques for Historical Paintings: A Re-view’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectrosco-py 136 (October), pp.81-105. (2017)

Choudhury S., D.N. Agyeman-Budu, A.R. Woll, T. Swanston, T.L. Varney, D.M.L. Cooper, E. Hallin, G.N. George, I.J. Pickering, I. Coulthard, ‘Superior Spatial Resolu-tion in Confocal X-ray Techniques Using Collimating Channel Array Optics: Elemental Mapping and Spe-ciation in Archaeological Human Bone’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 32 (3), pp. 527-537. (2017)

Müller K., B. Hartwieg, S. Stelzig, I. Reiche, ‘In Situ Non-In-

Æã� ­1V û� ü�^ ýUµþ ä Á�. µ) X-ß� Ö�W �µV ��Õ� ýU

¾�¡, AB¥� ¸Ë�� �6á XRF� î

ï� Õ®� µ»¼ ýU< û� ÞȾ� Á

� ��.

5. 보완 방법

Ë )  �Õ ÃüË(Optical Coherence Tomography), X-ß Ä

¢�ôÄ­Ù `ªôÄ­(X-ray Laminography and Tomog-

raphy)***, |ÄÁ25 �¢o� ÿ� «��AÁ(Terahertz

Imaging and Depth Profiling), 6��� ��� ÿ� «��

AÁ(Ultrasonic Depth Profiling), y¬­�� îfË(Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• X-ß� (¸Æf Â� X-ߣ �Ç� ç

Ù bþ� ßAÆ$)• X-ß f�? (´�êbº� >ú f�?,

È=Ä g� Õ® �Ç°Æß)• n÷­

• ��µ»� (µ»� ��µ6)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

�6á XRF� BESSY II ¸Æf µ( �â õ� ô�� îï

� k E��� Æ�¾ø�(Kanngießer et al. 2003). 7�� X-

*** 측정 방식에 따라서 라미노그라피와 토모그라피로 나뉜다.

[ 27]

공초점

X-선

형광법

164

165

[ 27]

공초점

X-선

형광법

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Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 211 (2), pp. 259-264. (2003)

vasive Study of Paint Layers on Early Netherlandish Paintings: New Insights into the Paintings’ History by Portable CXRF.’ in ICOM-CC 18th Triennial Con-ference Preprints, Copenhagen, 4-8 September 2017, edited by J. Bridgland. Paris: International Council of Museums. (2017)

Lachmann. T, G. van der Snickt, M. Haschke, I. Mantouvalou ‘Combined 1D, 2D and 3D Micro-XRF Techniques for the Analysis of Illuminated Manuscripts’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 31 (10), pp. 1989-1997. (2016)

Laclavetine K., F.J. Ager, J. Arquillo, M.A. Respaldiza, S. Scrivano, ‘Characterization of the New Mobile Con-focal Micro X-ray Fluorescence (CXRF) System for in Situ Non-Destructive Cultural Heritage Analysis at the CNA: µXRF-CONCHA’, Microchemical Journal 125 (March), pp. 62-68. (2016)

Alfeld M., J.A.C. Broekaert. ‘Mobile Depth Profiling and Sub-Surface Imaging Techniques for Historical Paint-ings: A Review’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 88 (October), pp. 211-230. (2013)

Kanngießer B., W. Malzer, A. Fuentes Rodriguez, I. Reiche, ‘Three-Dimensional Micro-XRF Investigations of Paint Layers with a Tabletop Setup’, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 60 (1), pp. 41-47. (2005)

Kanngießer B., W. Malzer, I. Reiche, I, ‘A New 3D Micro X-ray Fluorescence Analysis Set-up: First Archaeometric Applications’, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in

[ 27]

공초점

X-선

형광법

166

167

[ 27]

공초점

X-선

형광법

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¸Ë�­ Ó � ¶=¬ ÔÇ X-ß *f ¸Ë� È� ô��V Ǭ­EÎ 3ý¾­ µ µ»� 3ý T� îïó ä Á�.

PIXE� ��W ±10%� ��Ç�â O¡îx(PPM) �Ç÷� n÷ó ä Á�k* �� SEM-EDX � Þ� / 100� �Ç �Ǽ #�� �¢��. �EÎ �Ǽ ånVÑ #­ Ó

� PIXE� �Í�, vÕ��, �­�>, ÈÈ�, ��� �

� &^ Ô�Ñ ��<�. �J�� Èî¬ �Í îï, ½"î

ï, �/´ �* ��Ç ��¾È Á�. §�U�� ¡Ì� �\

Ç µ»� îïó ä ÁÈ ¸÷¾� X-ß� �c�¼ d­ Ó

� ³s¬¼ &�� Ü�ä�� �þ bHÇ T�.

3. 응용

��� îïó Õ® µ» �m� � g� _êëW  W

� ��¥ �=� �ñ �) îñÄ� #�(§�U��â� ä

µm �� ��Ç�, ¶=¬ ²� 6á� ÃÄ) 2�� �¢�� ¡Ì�à ä ÁÈ, �� ðñ µ»� >=�éÙ µ»� >�� �� ©H� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��� ��µ­� )ò¥�� ¥\}�V Ü»¼ Æ�< �Æ¥ ­D� J�� ô�� óï� ¼ñ§ ���V µ­� a�� k Æ�ó ä Á�. �Å ��Æ �� �c A� A�Ñ Gâ� ��­ 0

ñ �{¼ ­�< µ­� ��� �� Á�k, _� � Æã� ­�µ­¼ ¥%§ âÙ ¥%�� �� â� g�"��Û �� ­�µ­ g�¼ ¼Ä�.

4. 한계

¨�� �é� ÃÄ PIXE� �?¼ ½�<�. �¬�N¼ d

* 1%는 10,000ppm이다.

1. 분류

¶=¬ ÔÇ X-ß *f(PIXE) ¸Ë� ��^ û´È g��

¥�È gt¤¥� �éîï ¸Ë��â µ» Ü� Á� �é

� �=/�\îïó ä Á�.

2. 개요

PIXE ç� ³� ú¬ ¼�­(AB¥�� 2MeV~4MeV �Ç

� �c�� �� ¶=¬� �8)� ��� 6á� â �MÀ ÁÈ �c�¼ d� \�¬ ú¬(subatomic particle)²� ¡«

�. ²� Á� ¶=¬� µ»� Á� �¬ � y� UN³���. µ»� #"< �¬� }1 �¬ù� Á� �¬¼ �©¾� �

±�¾W �1 �¬ù� Á� �¬¼ ô � �)� �®Ñ <�. �Ó �¬� ½±�c�� ñ`� �c�¼ �A� �c��

X-ß�� ¸÷¾Ñ <�. �¬£� X&� X-ß �c� ­P� Á�. ²�� µ»� Ö���(à X-ß *§1) 1J� Á� X-ß n÷­[�� �û  � ��ç ��­Si(Li Â� ��ç  � n

÷­SDD)]� �� �c� ��� ��� µ»� îf �¢�

� ¡Ì���. �� ¸¹�� �±Þ� õ�(à �¬�N¼

10 �U�) �é� n÷È, ¸÷¾� X-ß� ä� �¬� ä� g ­ Ó � �¬� FÇ� ¥\à ä Á�. ��^ ´��

[28] 양성자 유도 X-선 발광법

[ 28]

양성자

유도

X-선

발광법

169

168

PROT

ON

INDU

CED

X-RA

Y EM

ISSI

ON

, PIX

E

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7. 기술의 간략한 역사

�¬ ÔÇ X-ß *f� 20@­ 61þ Ø�¾ø�V 2MeV �

Ç� ¶=¬� ��� �Ö� 1970.�âí 9� ����â �¿�ö�. � � ¸Ë� �c� _Í]Î s0¼ �È �

®�� î�Ä� Ì�V­ Ó � ��¥�� �*¾ø�. �6

ú� � n÷­¼ �*¾Wâ g� =Ä� �ß¾È Á

�k, &^ {­¼ w ³�Wâ hi� ú¬ ¼�­¼ Þ¡¾È Á�.

8. 참고문헌

Beck L., C. Jeynes, N.P. Barradas, ‘Characterization of Paint Layers by Simultaneous Self-consistent Fitting of RBS/PIXE Spectra Using Simulated Annealing’, Nu-clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 266, pp. 1871-1874. (2008)

Chiari M., A. Migliori, P.A. Mandò, ‘Measurement of Low Cur-rents in an External Beam Set-up’, Nuclear Instru-ments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 188 (1-4), pp. 162-165. (2002)

Demortier G., ‘Appendix 6: Essential of PIXE and RBS for Archaeological Purposes’ in Ion Beam Study of Art and Archaeological Objects (ed. G. Demortier, A. Adri-aens), Luxembourg: EU Commission, Directorate- General for Research, pp. 125-136. (2000)

Mandò P.A., ‘PIXE (Particle-induced X-ray Emission)’ in En-cyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry (ed. R.A. Meyers), Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 12708-

� �¬� �ñ ¡Ì�§ X-ß� n÷­� Ç~­ �� |ä

¾� éß­ Ó � PIXE ¸Ë� V]ØÞ� �¬�N¼ #

� �é¡ ��Ñ îïó ä Á�. æ�  W�â äå £�{

Z(µ) ÿ�÷�¡ îïó ä Á�. úÆ �c�V úÆù� �Y

W ÿ� «��A� ¥ ä Á�¡ Õ�â V± �c�� î�

îï%W ��� k�þ E� ��� �&í È ô ½�, �

�=� ���Ñ <�.

5. 보완 방법

�m ¸Ë� }�¡ ��� É� ¸Ë� �¡ó ä Á�; ¶=¬ ÔÇ �£ß *fË(Proton Induced Gamma-Ray Emission), ºw�� Ò¸�� îfË(Rutherford Backscattering Spec-

troscopy), ·= B� n÷(Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis), yB� îïË(Nuclear Reaction Analysis), �±*fË(Iono-

Luminescence). äå keV� X-ß� Æ�� X-ß ef îfË

(X-ray Fluorescence), äå keV� �¬²� Æ�� �Æe �

¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îïË(SEM/EDX)Ç ©H�

g�Û D� Æ�¾È Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• >= Hé

— �±�

— ¼�­

— §�Ù

— n÷­

— îïé«]��[ 2

8] 양성자

유도

X-선

발광법

170

171

[ 28]

양성자

유도

X-선

발광법

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1. 분류

¢@µ» �°� �Í¥�� t¤¥� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

¢@µ» �°� �1� \Â�¡ A1 îï ���â� ��

^ ©H� ����. µ»� �°­ �� B�µ ô éÔ� Â

� �� Á� Æã�(Ô´ £�¬V ô µ»� +>ó � ¼ �) 4�ñí ��. ôÎ��Û ô �m� õö� +>ó�� �

ó ä ÁÈ ¥Y� îï¸Ë� Ù� ä Á�. �c �m� +>

%W ¢@µ»� �°ñí ó Ó¼ Á�. ôº%W µ»� g

¼�¥�� �°ñí ­ Ó � µ»�°¼ \ bH��Ù � =� Á� Ü�â A�¥�� �°ó ä Á��� ½�

� ?� �?� \ �&í ��.¢@µ»� �°­ �� gt¤¥ ¸Ë� îh Æ�

ñí ��. gt¤¥� ¸Ë� ðñ �c �Í� �= � î# �Ç� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. gt¤¥ ¸Ë�� îï��

�Ç � Æ$� �\Á�V îï ½� � Í � V¹Ñ Õ® ¢@µ»� �°ñ îï� Õ®¼ }�. gt¤¥ îï ½�� ðñ �ë 10�â µ»� �°ó�� �� �Þ� Ï

� Õ®¼ }�.  W \�Õ� îïó bH¼ Á�V Ô­��

[29] 미세시료 채취12740. (2000)Giuntini L., F. Lucarelli, P.A. Mandò, W. Hooper, P.H. Barker,

‘Galileo’s Writings: Chronology by PIXE’, Nuclear In-struments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 95, pp. 389-392. (1995)

Johansson S.A.E., J.L. Campbell, K.G. Malmqvists, Particle-In-duced X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. (1995)

Del Carmine P., F. Lucarelli, P.A. Mandò, A.O. Pecchioli, ‘The External PIXE Setup for the Analysis of Manuscripts at the Florence University’, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 75 (1-4), pp. 480-484. (1993)

Campbell J.L., W.J. Teesdale, and J.-X. Wang, ‘Accuracy of Thick-target Micro-PIXE Analysis’, Nuclear Instru-ments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 50 (1-4), pp. 189-196. (1990)

Chen M.H., B. Crasemann, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Ta-bles 41 (2), p. 257. (1989)

Johansson S.A.E., J.L. Campbell, PIXE: A Novel Technique for Elemental Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Inc. (1988)

Chen M.H., B. Crasemann, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Ta-bles 32 (2), p. 217. (1985)

173

172

[ 28]

양성자

유도

X-선

발광법

MIC

RO-S

AMPL

ING

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�� �Í� �­� ÎÈ, �­ �1�� }��� ��Ñ ¹

�ó ä Á�  ¹� ñí ��. µ» �° 10� âq ß�

W �¢ T� îï½�¼ Ï�Í ä Á�ß� V©� �° 0ç

� Ù� ä ÁÇD Ƨ�V â ��� µ»� �°� 0ç� ­Dñ 3�í ��.

5. 보완 방법

\� VQ� ¸ËÌ� ¢@µ»¼ bH� ¸Ë��â t¤

¥�È Õ®� ÃÄâ� ��¥� ¸Ë�� î�¾� ¸ËÌ

��: �Æe �¬·¢Õ �c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning

Electron Microscopy combined with Energy Dispersive Spec-

troscopy), W��¥ nÆË(Immunological Tests), ·é(C14) +���Ë[Carbon (C14) Dating], ­m{�£`ô�« Í\

îïË(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), B Í(C14) d�(Bomb Peak C14 Effect), f� ·¢ÕË(Optical Micros-

copy), ¸Æf a�� Mv ¥�ßîf �¢oË(Synchrotron

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Imaging), �¬5 ·

¢ÕË(Atomic Force Microscopy), R]¼_ Þ� ��h ©q �±� Í\îïË(Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ioniza-

tion Mass Spectrometry), >Ç µ/� ��� G�W îïË

(Cross-section Microanalysis using Chemical Staining), ¬�

ß/¼µß îf­� ��� G�W îïË(Cross-section Mi-

croanalysis using UV/VIS Microscopy), +C+��(Dendro-

chronology), Qîñ ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Pyrolysis

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), ��h �D Ô

ǽ±(Ä_£ Í\îïË(Laser Inductively Coupled Plas-

��Ñ ��ó bH¼ Á� Ó ¢@µ»� �°� Õ®¼ }�.

µ»� �°� ¸Ë� �U �m� G�Ù U�V î

ïó ¸Ë� ÃÄ ~ħ�. �é\¡ �°� �U �m� 3

ý� �é� ��. �1î� îï¸Ë�â bH� � µ»\

� ä µg �Ç� ü��. �¢ á� ¼ Á� Ü�V ©E< 1

î Â� gt¤¥ îï� ðñ �Å 1î� �A�È ��¾

� Õ® ¼¬� 1î(tacking margin)EÎ û� F� �� 1

î�â µ»� �°ñí ��. gt¤¥� ¸Ë�� îï� Õ® µ»� Þ£��¼ �Ò �Å +>�Æ ,¥�� Æ�ó ä Á�.

3. 응용

¢@µ» �°� ¢�³´� É� �¶� Ç�� �¿�§ �

m� Õ� �� �Þ� Ï�k ¥±� ¸Ë��. æ�, �Å ¸Ë

�� îïW ù Õ�V ú¬� ��¥ =î� ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

µ»� �°ó 10� ½�� �� ¼ ©H� �?� V

�Û, �Æó ,¥� 1±¾� �� 10�â �°ó Õ® åù

� ��� 6�� âq< ½Z� ÔÇó ä ÁÈ µ»� îï

� Ï�� ª« k�þ� �ü�� ¢ï ä Á�. �é¥�� µ»� ��}­ Ó � ��� µ»¼ �m �m� ��=î

� � � qó 0Ö� ÁÈ, gt¤¥ nÆ� ¢� W �� 0Ö� zA ä Á�. ¢@Ñ �°� µ»� G����V 1

_º��V �>¾­ I�. µ»� îï½�� ü�� ¢ç� [ 2

9] 미세시료

채취

174

175

[ 29]

미세시료

채취

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7. 기술의 간략한 역사

gt¤¥ nÆ ¸Ë� ¢@µ» �°­Ë� �á� �¿� �Ô� u � äÇ T� }�. îï Æ � £� u Ç }� * ¾� Á�.

8. 참고문헌

EN 16085:2012 European Standard for Sampling of Cultural Heritage Objects. Conservation of Cultural proper-ty-Methodology for Sampling from Materials of Cul-tural Property-General Rules. (2012)

Plester J., ‘Cross-sections and Chemical Analysis of Paint Samples’, Studies in Conservation 2 (3), pp. 110-157. (1956)

Gettens R.J., ‘The Cross-sectioning of Paint Films’, Techni-cal Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts 5, pp. 18-22. (1936)

Laurie A.P., The Pigments and Mediums of the Old Masters. London: Macmillan. (1914)

ma-Mass Spectrometry), �¬îÆ �±� Í\îïË(Elec-

trospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry), X-ß f�¬ îfË

(X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), �0�é îïË(Isotopic

Analysis),  W�ñ Ä¡ ·¢ÕË(Surface Enhanced Raman

Microscopy), µ� �Æ Q\ îïË(Differential Scanning

Calorimetry), �Ö� ­B £�{� X-ß �Y îfË(Labo-

ratory-based Micro-X-ray Diffraction), �ò ¼Q Í\îïË

(Direct Temperature Mass Spectroscopy), Edge �M X-ß |

ä îfË(X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy), ��

£ÔË(Micro-Imaging), �­��¥ îïË(Electrochemical

Analytical Methods), H± ©q Í\îïË(Temperature pro-

grammed Desorption Mass Spectrometry). \� VQ� ¸ËÌ� ¢@µ»� gt¤¥�� î

ïó ä Á� ¸ËÌ��: a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier

Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spec-

troscopy), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchrotron X-ray Flu-

orescence Imaging), �6á X-ß ef îfË(Confocal X-ray

Fluorescence), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imag-

ing), ¶=¬ ÔÇ X-ß *fË(Proton induced X-ray emission

Analysis), Edge �M �6á X-ß |ä îfË(Confocal X-ray

Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• �°�¼ � �`� ÆÔ

• ­D

• �° Ç>[ 2

9] 미세시료

채취

176

177

[ 29]

미세시료

채취

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* 안료의 편광특성을 수록한 데이터베이스가 있다.

Õ� §á ­P� �Æ� §á� ¬+¥�� ×$ ��� Â

� �0¥�� ��< �EÎ Þ�Ñ %È ¡« ���� �

��k &^ ¥±� ¸Ë��. ÿf ·¢Õ� f� ·¢Õ� "ø Ü»� ��­ 0� ä��� Æ�ó ä Á�¡ ÿf ·

¢Õ�� îï%W µ»� �°ñ ä�� È�ñí ��. Ü

»£� X&� >�Ù ÇU� �È ÁÈ �Ì� ÿf�� £Ô

W �2Ñ V¹Ñ�. �� &oÌ� £ÔW �c Ü»�� ¥\à ä Á�.* µ»� @;â È�W f� ·¢Õ� ðñ �W� £Ôó ä Á�. � Ñ W ù Õ� îï� Æ�� �Í� ¸Ë, Ü» ú¬� G�(ÇU, {­, ª¶, î# �), Õ }

1�â A�Ñ M�(©Ç), î�Õ, �µÕ, Õ� Õ Æ�� +

½, Õ� G�, ��W �� ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

f� ·¢Õ� ÿf ·¢Õ� Ü»� >î� ä���¡ Þ

� ��Ñ îï%W (�é�) Ä¡ îf?, X-ß efîf

?, X-ß �Y îf?, Â� �Æe �¬·¢Õ-X-ß îï­ �

�� îïñí ��. f� ·¢Õ� �m  W� gt¤¥�� £Ô� Ç>��¡ w }� �Þ� Ï�}­ 0ñ t¤¥�

� £Ôó äÇ Á�. µ»� nÆó Ó�� Ü» ú¬ Æ�� Õ?ß� 3Iñ�� �Y·U� �ñ(‘��� Á(airy ring)’�ÄÈÇ 1Ð) üU� ñUǼ ��Í äÇ Á�.

5. 보완 방법

�6á ·¢ÕË(Confocal Microscopy), ¬�ß/¼µß îf­

� ��� G�W îïË(Cross-section Microanalysis Using

1. 분류

f� ·¢Õ £ÔË� ¼µß� Æ�� gt¤¥� �¢oË

��.

2. 개요

f� ·¢Õ� ¼µß� ���À� ��ñ ³´�  W� È

�x� £Ô� g��. �G@ f� ·¢Õ ç¼ áá °7ñ�Wâ îñÄ�V ��W�� ��g¼ ×\�È Á

�. ¼µß� ��� ·¢Õ��� úm ·¢Õ� ÿf ·¢

Õ� Á�. �6ú µ�¾� ·¢Õ� �(電荷)½±é¬(素子)(charge-coupled-device, CCD)� �¢�� òE� ��þ �

W� ½�� V¹��. ¼µß� �� �J��V ¬�ß� Ö��È bþ� ��ñ ¯¶ÄV �Ü�À� Ç~� Ë� �

� �Y�* â Ü Þ�@ 1î� w â Þ�Ñ ¡Ì ä Á�.

3. 응용

f� ·¢Õ� Æ�� ¸Ë�V �m, â�, �³ �1, �m U

� �� ùÜ�� ��� ä��� Z^ Æ�<�. f� ·¢

* 적절한 배리어 필터를 사용하면 입사광을 효과적으로 차단하고 시료에서 나오는 형광만 관찰할 수 있다.

[30] 광학 현미경 관찰법

[ 30]

광학

현미경

관찰법

179

178

OPT

ICAL

MIC

ROSC

OPY

, OM

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8. 참고문헌

Davidson M.W., M. Abramowitz, ‘Introduction to Optical Mi-croscopy, Digital Imaging, and Photomicrography’. (1998-2015) https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/. (Retrieved 24-02-2018)

Eastaugh N., V. Walsh, ‘Optical Microscopy’, in Conservation of Easel Paintings (ed. J. Hill Stoner, R. Rushfield), New York: Routledge, pp. 306-317. (2012)

Chaplin T., N. Eastaugh, R. Siddall, V. Walsh, The Pigment Companion. Optical Microscopy of Historical Pig-ments. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. (2004)

Zona C.A., ‘The Microscopical Examination of Organic Pig-ments: The Hansa Yellows’, Microscope 44 (4), pp. 195-202. (1996)

McCrone W., ‘Polarized Light Microscopy in Conservation: A Personal Perspective’, Journal American Institute for Conservation 33 (2), pp. 101-114. (1994)

Wilson T., Theory and Practice of Scanning Optical Microsco-py. London: Academic Press. (1984)

McCrone W., ‘The Microscopical Identification of Artists’ Pigments’, Journal of the International Institute for Conservation 7 (1-2), pp. 11-34. (1982)

Ergun S., ‘Optical Studies of Carbon’, Chemistry and Physics of Carbon 3, pp. 45-119. (1968)

Benedetti-Pichler A., Identification of Materials. Vienna: Springer. (1965)

Hartshorne N.H., Crystals and the Polarizing Microscope.

UV/VIS Photo-Microscopy), g�µ)e ���± Í\îïË

(Cross-section Microanalysis using Imaging TOF-SIMS), >Ç µ/� ��� G�W îïË(Crosssection Microanalysis

using Chemical Staining), ¬+fƧË(Daylight Photogra-

phy), �Ê ËÌ ¥�ßË(False Color Infrared), ¥�ß BÆ Ã

üË(Infrared Reflectography), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�

e X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with

Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), Ä¡ îfË(Raman

Spectroscopy), ¬�ß �¢oË(Ultraviolet Imaging), X-ß Ã

üË(X-Radiography), X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence

Imaging).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¯¶ÄÙ ÃüÇ>

• �¢� òE ç

• �À

• f�

• bþ

• �x

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

f� ·¢Õ £ÔË� $ �Æ� ¼§ ­Ë��. � ·¢Õ� 17@­ 6� *�¾øÈ K�� 17@­ ©B� Ü` � ��®L

M(Antonie van Leeuwenhoek)� ·¢Õ� �©�µ5�.

[ 30]

광학

현미경

관찰법

180

181

[ 30]

광학

현미경

관찰법

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[31] 원자력 현미경

1. 분류

�¬5 ·¢Õ� îñÄ� #� �Æ Nt(scanning probe) ·¢Õ��Û � ü�� B°¥�� îïW ¢@Ñ ýU! ä� Á�¡ gt¤¥� ¸Ë�� î���.

2. 개요

�¬5 ·¢Õ Nt� �m� �ò òݵ¢�V �� Jòµ

! ��� ç��. � ç� ��W V�¢þ(nanome-

ter) �Ç� îñÄ� Ï� ä Á­ Ó �  W� �e� î¬ ä��â îïó ä Á�. �¬5 ·¢Õ�� @ ¼� îï ª

�¼ Á�. � �#� òÝ(contact) ª��Û Nt�  W 0� 3È îï��. 3 �# ª�� 3��(tapping) ª��Û Nt

� �­¥�� 0\�� §�Wâ µ»Ù òÝ�� Ó� �

�� ­D�  W� �e� ¡Ì���. @ �# ª�� gò

Ý(non-contact) ª��Û Nt�  W 0�â OfWâ ��� �ñ Nt�  W÷�� ��� ��� �e �¢�� ¡Ì

���.

3. 응용

�¬5 ·¢Õ� ô��  W �e� �Æ� ô�� U�Ù

London: Arnold. (1960)Chamot E.M., C.W. Mason, Handbook of Chemical Microscopy

Vol. I, New York: Wiley. (1958)

183

182

[ 30]

광학

현미경

관찰법

ATO

MIC

FO

RCE

MIC

ROSC

OPY

, AFM

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­ Ó � �¬5 ·¢Õ�� Ï� �eîï ½�� ��ó Ó

£� �2Ñ V¹ú ä ÁÈ ô ½� B°�� ��Ç ô ½�¼ ��� ��­ �%� ä Á�. �A� �á� �÷µ)� ~

�� îï� Ò M��� £Ô"��Û �� �� 1î¥

�� ñ½ó ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spec-

troscopy), f� ·¢ÕË(Optical Microscopy), ÿf ·¢ÕË

(Polarized Light Microscopy), úm ·¢ÕË(Stereomicrosco-

py), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning

Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray

Analysis), Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spectroscopy), ¬�ß �¢o

Ë(Ultraviolet Imaging), X-ß �Y �¢oË(X-ray Diffraction

Imaging).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• g

• ª�

• f�

• �÷µ)

• µm �Ç� �¢o 10

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

�¬5 ·¢Õ� �Æ Nt ·¢Õ� AG�� 1981. ��

^ �º(Heinrich Rohrer), {�_`� Ñ2³2(Christopher

>=� ¥\}� k ¥±� g��. � g� ô�  W�â A�V� ��B��V �1H� � �c Ü»� �� M�� ��Ñ �¢��µ�.  W� M�� ��^ ¢@Ñ £

Ôó ä Á­ Ó � Þ¨ +>� �k &^ ¥±� g��. � g� �Q ­P� ¬+¥ Â� ��¥�� ¡Ì�§ ��

�� �Æ�kÇ Æ�ó ä Á�. �¬5 ·¢Õ� ��W �µ٠@è�Í� d�� �� ©H� �¢�� Ï� äÇ Á�. à �µ¼  W �m� �ÍÑ *ÄÀ Á�� Â� ô

�� A1�¡ *ÄÀ Á�� ��ó ä Á�. @è�Í � �Â

µ� §��Ç ¼µ�µþ ä Á­ Ó � @èE� d�� Þ

� â ¥\à ä Á�. £�9�� �¬5 ·¢Õ� ðñ �¬¼ P&§ �� ¥\Ú��Û Ü» ú¬ VV� îïó ä Á

�. Nt� ��� ½�� ðñ î¬ ä�� ��½± B�Ç �

�ó ä Á�. � Ñ ��� ½�� �¬ � � �Ç"ä�Z

(Density Functional Theory)� ��ó ä Á�. �� ��� �

�W �¬5 ·¢Õ�� �é, �ï, �� >îó ä Á�.

4. 한계

�¬5 ·¢Õ� µ»Ù òÝ� îï� ¸Ë�­ Ó �  W� �� �Þ¡ Ï� ä Á� '  W \�Õ� �� �Þ� Ï� ä T�.  W� òÝ ª� Â� 3�� ª�� B°ñâ îïW  W� Q\ ýU! ä Á�. �¬5 ·¢Õ� ¼ y �á� _Hó ä Á� W¥� 150×150µm, #�� 20µm� ü

��� ���. ½�¥�� �¬5 ·¢Õ� �é¥� ü�¡ �¢oó ä Á­ Ó � �É��V �  W� �¢�¼ È

ɾ� V¹VÑ <�. £�9��, ��� =î� �Í� �[ 3

1] 원자력

현미경

184

185

[ 31]

원자력

현미경

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Doménech-Carbó A., M.T. Doménech-Carbó, X. Mas-Barbera, ‘Identification of Lead Pigments in Nanosamples from Ancient Paintings and Polychromed Sculptures Using Voltammetry of Nanoparticles/Atomic Force Microscopy’, Talanta 71, pp. 1569-1579. (2007)

Biggs S., C. Lukey, G.M. Spinks, S. Yau, ‘An Atomic Force Mi-croscopy Study of Weathering of Polyester/ Melamine Paint Surfaces’, Progress in Organic Coatings 42, pp. 49-58. (2001)

Binnig G., H. Rohrer, C.H. Gerber, E. Weibel, ‘Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy’, American Physi-cal Society 49 (1), p. 57. (1982)

Gerber), ��î� ��¬(Edmund Weibel)� �Æ þDÁ ·

¢Õ� *�Wâ é�¾ø�. �¬5 ·¢Õ� û�³´ îï

� Æ�� � �# u � 2001.� * ¾øÈ, � g� �

�ñâ ��� R�³�� +>� ���.

8. 참고문헌

Pereiraa C., I. Ferreirad, L.C. Brancoc, I.C.A. Sandua, T. Bu-sanib, ‘Atomic Force Microscopy as a Valuable Tool in an Innovative Multi-scale and Multi-technique Non- invasive Approach to Surface Cleaning Monitoring’, Procedia Chemistry 8, pp. 258-268. (2013)

Pereira A.I., M.J. Melo, P. Eaton, S. Schäfer, T. Learner, ‘AFM in the Conservation of Contemporary Paintings: The Case of the White Paintings of Julião Sarmento’, Mi-croscopy Microanalyzes 17, pp. 1792-1793. (2011)

De Sá, H., P. Eaton, J.L. Ferreira, M.J. Melo, A.M. Ramos, ‘Age-ing of vinyl emulsion paints—an atomic force micros-copy study’, Surface and Interface Analysis 43 (8), pp. 1160-1164. (2011)

De Sá, H., J.L. Ferreira, M.J. Melo, A.M. Ramos, ‘An AFM Con-tribution to the Understanding of Surface Effects Caused by Ageing and Cleaning on Acrylic Glass: The Shadows by Lourdes Castro, a Case Study’, Surface Interface Analysis 43, pp. 1165-1170. (2010)

Doménech-Carbó M., ‘Novel Analytical Methods for Charac-terising Binding Media and Protective Coatings in Artworks’, Analytica Chimica Acta 621, pp. 109-139. (2008)

[ 31]

원자력

현미경

186

187

[ 31]

원자력

현미경

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그림 6이탈리아 플로렌스(Florence)에 있는 산미니아토(San Miniato) 성당에 있는 여러 색채의 테라코타 조각상. 시료의 종단면을 매끈하게 갈아낸 후 현미경으로 20배 확대하여 가시선(위) 및 자외선(아래)을 비추며 관찰한 이미지 (수잔나 브라치 제공)

1. 분류

� ¸Ë� µ»� G�W� îï� ¸Ë��â t¤¥� î

ï¸Ë��. ôºV ·¢Õ�� £ÔñÇ µ»� ýU¾� �­ Ó � V©� �Å ¸Ë�� �Å îï� ó äÇ Á�.

2. 개요

¼µf� gaè ·¢Õ�� G�W� ¥Y� �x� �� £

Ô� ¸Ë��. ¼µß �r ¬�ß� gaÈ bþ úw� Á

� f�bþ @]� ��W ßA� �� �ñ Ìe �Í� Ù\à ä Á�.

f�bþ @]� Þð @ ¼� bþ� >=¾� Á�. 1) µ»� Á� &� �Í� Ì�Ñ ¡��k bH� �� ßA

� bþ, 2) �� �� Ë� ef�(fluorophore)�â ¸

÷¾ÇD � �¢�� Í� �Y� bþ, 3) |ä� Ë� BÆÈ Ì|� Ë� ��µ¢� Çß� ��(dichroic mir-

ror).µ» Ü�� ef= �Í� #"¾� Á� ä Á�. µ

»Ù �1�Í� B�µ!â ef� ¡Ì äÇ Á�(>Ç µÖ

Ë ��).Ô�îï�V �»�� îí�â ¼ Z^ Æ��

[32] 자외선/가시선 현미경을 이용한 종단면 분석법

189

188

CRO

SS-S

ECTI

ON

MIC

ROAN

ALYS

IS

USIN

G U

V/VI

S M

ICRO

SCO

PY

[ 32]

자외선

/가시선

현미경을

이용한

종단면

분석법

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6. 사양 및 고려사항• G�W µ» �g

• G�W È� �Í

• ¼µß � ¬�ß�� £Ôó �x

• bþ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

G�W îïË� £� �6� h� A.P.��(A.P. Laurie)¼ * � ‘The Pigments and Mediums of the Old Masters’�

� (London, Macmillan, 1914). 1936. R.J. ÑS_(R. J. Get-

tens)� «Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts»(Vol.5,

pp.18-22)’� ‘The Cross-sectioning of Paint Films’Ä� u

� �ø�. 1956. ��_ (�_þ(Joyce Plester)� ô� G

�W� îï­ 0� �g��� îï ¸Ë, ô�È �º� î

ï� ðñ Ï� ä Á� �Þ� �� m?¥�� �¼� +>

� ‘Cross-sections and Chemical Analysis of Paint Samples,’ (Studies in Conservation 2, pp. 110-157, 1956)� * ��.

8. 참고문헌

Mazzeo R., S. Prati, I. Sandu, ‘Optical Microscopy’, in Scientif-ic examination for the investigation of paintings. (D. Pinna, M. Galeotti, R. Mazzeo eds.), Firenze: Centro Di, pp. 179-183. (2009)

Wachowiak, M.J., Jr. ‘Efficient new methods for embedding paint and varnish samples for microscopy’, Journal American Institute for Conservation 43 (3), pp. 205-

bþ �±� λex = 330~380nmÙ ii) λex = 420nm bþ��.* � �±� �Í ÈÔ� ef� £Ô�k Ô��(ô� 6)

3. 응용

��Õ� �T� ô�� �m Õ >�� ¥\à Ó�� f� ·

¢Õ�� G�W� £Ô� ¸Ë� ¼ îh Æ���. � ¸

Ë� ��W Õ� äÙ 3ø, Ü» ú¬ �� e�� £Ôó ä Á�. æ� V©� óï� 1î� �½��, �� \�Õ� ]

ô�� Á��, �� ��Õ� T�§ Ü� �½��, �µÕ

� Áø�� �� ¥ ä Á�. ¬�ß ef �¢�� ÞW ef

= �Í� Á� Ü� 0ç� ¥ ä Á�. Ô­�(�µ, ½±�, Ô­Çé �)� �� ef� V¹}�¡ \+O(ZnO)� É� õ

­�Ç ef� V¹à ä Á�.

4. 한계

f� ·¢Õ� ��ó Ó�� �x � �ò� 3 �m� ¹�ñ

}� Ä5� îñÄ� ÃÄ ô Ø�Ǽ �����. �¢�� ´Í� G�W� ¡�� ¸Ë � �»� ÃÄ ~ħ�.

5. 보완 방법

>Ç µÖË(Staining Tests), £�{� a�� Mv ¥�ß î

fË(Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared), £�{�-Ä¡ îf

Ë(Micro-Raman Spectroscopy), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled

with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy).

190

191

[ 32]

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/가시선

현미경을

이용한

종단면

분석법

[ 32]

자외선

/가시선

현미경을

이용한

종단면

분석법

* λex란 들뜸파장을 의미한다.

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1. 분류

µ» G�W� ef µ/�� >Ç� ef� Ô*µ¢� ¸

Ë��. >ÇW �� µ»� ü>^ Meµ¢ß� � ¸Ë� t¤¥� îï¸Ë��.

2. 개요

¼µf� gaè ·¢Õ�� G�W� ¥Y� �x� �� £

Ô� ¸Ë��. ¼µß �r ¬�ß� gaÈ bþ úw� Á

� f�bþ @]� ��W ßA� �� �ñ Ìe �Í� Ù\à ä Á�.

f�bþ @]� Þð @ ¼� bþ� >=¾� Á� 1) µ»� Á� &� �Í� Ì�Ñ ¡��k bH� �� ßA

� bþ 2) �� �� Ë� ef�(fluorophore)�â ¸÷

¾ÇD � �¢�� Í� �Y� bþ 3) |ä� Ë� B

ÆÈ Ì|� Ë� ��µ¢� Çß� ��(dichroic mir-

ror).���Í� B�µ! G�W� >ǵ�. � ���

Í� &� �Í� B�W ÇU� M�V ef� V¹Ñ�. >Ç �� Ò� ÇUM�� £ÔW Õ� ¨�� �Í� �

� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. AB¥�� õ­�(Ü»)� â >Ç<

[33] 염색 시약을 이용한 종단면 분석법

226. (2004)Derrick M., L. Souza, T. Kieslich, H. Florsheim, D. Stulik,

‘Embedding paint cross-section samples in polyester resins: Problems and solutions’, Journal American In-stitute for Conservation 33 (3), pp. 227-245 (1994)

de La Rie, R., ‘Fluorescence of paint and varnish layers, Part I-II-III’, Studies in Conservation 27 (I), pp. 1-7; p. 27 (II), 65-69; 27 (III), pp 102-108. (1982)

193

192

CRO

SS-S

ECTI

ON

MIC

ROAN

ALYS

IS

USIN

G U

V/VI

S M

ICRO

SCO

PY

[ 32]

자외선

/가시선

현미경을

이용한

종단면

분석법

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á�� ³�­Ç ��(~U� ��¥� >î%W �Å $

m� Æ�ñí ��).

5. 보완 방법

£�{�-a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Micro-Fourier Trans-

form Infrared Spectroscopy), £�{�-Ä¡ îfË(Mi-

cro-Raman Spectroscopy), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e

X-ß îïË(Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with En-

ergy Dispersive Spectroscopy), ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îï

Ë(Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• G�W µ» �g

• G�W È� �Í

• �x

• ef� £Ôó bþ

• >Ç Y�â (>Ç�», �Ò� FÇ,

>Ç µ) �� ­�¾� Á�)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

‘¬�ß/¼µß ·¢Õ� ��� G�W îïË’ ��

8. 참고문헌

Sciutto G., L.S. Dolci, M. Guardigli, M. Zangheri, S. Prati, R. Mazzeo, A. Roda, ‘Single and Multiplexed Immuno-assays for the Chemiluminescent Imaging Detection

* 시약과 반응하여 형광을 나타내는 현상. 주로 암실에서 관찰한다.

** 염색법을 사용하면 단백질 이외의 물질도 염색될 수 있기 때문이다.

�. ef= �Í� B�µ Õ®�� ef� £Ôñâ �Þ� Ï���. � Õ® Æ�� ef�Í� ÃÄ ¥Y� bþ� Æ�

ñí ��.

3. 응용

>Ç ¸Ë� Ü» �� õ­�� ¹�� k Æ���. � ¸Ë

� Æ�W µ/� ��B�� � �Å �Í� �¨Wâ Ç

U� �¨Ñ <�. û� Ì� �� Æ�� Ü»(+O Â� f�

� �)¼ #"< Õ� 6�� H���ÓØ(potassium iodide) �Ò�� E�W Ý� ��Ç� �� H����(PbI2)� ¡

Ì��Wâ �� #"< Õ� Ç� �¨Ñ <�.��¥ >Ç� W Ô­�� Ù\à ä ÁÈ ôÎ��

Û ô G�(�OÍ, �¸ Â� ·ä�� �)� ¥\à äÇ Á�. W� ef Â� ��*f* ¸Ë� ��W Þ� ��Ñ �O

Í� ��ó ä Á�.** W� ef ¸Ë� $�(µ»� #"< �

OÍ)� &� $m� B�� ��� ¸Ë��. ¢� ef�Í £¾Ù ½±µ $m� µ»Ù B�µ¢W ef� £Ô"��

Û $�� Á� Ü� ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

� ¸Ë� ��ó Ó� ¼ y �� µ»¼ M;�V �>

<�� ���. æ �Å �� B�� &�=� T� äÇ Á�

� ���. W� ef�V ��*f� Õ® ßA=� ��^ #

�k �� (&� �OÍ� n÷ó Ó��) á�� ³�­Ç È, îïȬ � �Í� �c �Í��� �� �Þ¼ �

� T� Ó $m� âq Æ�W âq< ½�¼ Ï��ß� �[ 3

3] 염색

시약을

이용한

종단면

분석법

194

195

[ 33]

염색

시약을

이용한

종단면

분석법

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tion for the Investigation of Paintings, Firenze: Centro Di, pp. 193-196. (2009)

Vagnini M., L. Pitzurra, L. Cartechini, C. Miliani, B.G. Brunet-ti, A. Sgamellotti, ‘Identification of Proteins in Paint-ing Cross-sections by Immunofluorescence Micros-copy’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 392 (1-2), pp. 57-64. (2008)

Heginbotham A, V. Millay, M. Quick, ‘The Use of Immunoflu-orescence Microscopy and Enzyme-Linked Immu-nosorbent Assay as Complementary Techniques for Protein Identification in Artists’ Materials’, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 45 (2), pp. 89-105. (2006)

Messinger, J.M., ‘Ultraviolet-fluorescence Microscopy of Paint Cross-sections’, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 31 (3), pp. 267-274. (1992)

Gay, M.C. ‘Application of the Staining Method to Cross- sections in the Study of the Media of various Italian Paintings of the Fourteenth and Fi�eenth Centuries’, (Eds. B. Bromelle and P. Smith), Conservation and Restoration of Pictorial Art. London: Butterworths, pp. 78-83. (1978)

Feigl, F. and V. Anger, Spot-Tests in Organic Analysis. 7th ed. New York: Elsevier. (1966)

of Animal Glues in Historical Paint Cross- sections’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405 (2-3), pp. 933-940. (2013)

Palmieri M., M. Vagnini, L. Pitzurra, B.G. Brunetti, L. Carte-chini, ‘Identification of Animal Glue and Hen-egg Yolk in Paintings by use of Enzyme-linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA)’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405 (19), pp 6365-6371. (2013)

Sandu I., S. Schafer, D. Magrini, S. Bracci, C.A Roque, ‘Cross-section and Staining-Based Techniques for Investigating Organic Materials in Painted and Poly-chrome Works of Art: A Review’, Microscopy and Mi-croanalyzes 18 (4), pp. 860-875. (2012)

Sciutto G., L.S. Dolci, A. Buragina, S. Prati, M. Guardigli, R. Mazzeo, A. Roda, ‘Development of a Multiplexed Chemiluminescent Immunochemical Imaging Tech-nique for the Simultaneous Localization of Different Proteins in Painting Micro Cross-sections’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 399, pp. 2889-2897. (2011)

Brunetti B., L. Cartechini, R. Mazzeo, S. Prati, G. Sciutto, A. Sgamellotti, E. Vagnini, ‘Immunological Tests: Immu-nofluorescence (IMF) and Chemiluminescence (CL) Microscopes’ (Eds. Daniela Pinna, Monica Galeotti, Rocco Mazzeo), in Scientific Examination for the In-vestigation of Paintings. Firenze: Centro Di, pp.168-172.(2009)

Mazzeo R., ‘Spot and Staining Tests’, (Eds. Daniela Pinna, Monica Galeotti, Rocco Mazzeo) Scientific Examina-

[ 33]

염색

시약을

이용한

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196

197

[ 33]

염색

시약을

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* 풀 네임을 부르는 경우는 거의 없고 ‘ELISA’라고 부른다.

� $m� B�µ6��Û $�� n÷� ¸Ë��. (Ä_?  W� FÇ� ª2� $m� 1qµ¢È &� $� �Ò� "

ø �¶� $mÙ B�ÇD "��Û îï� dé½±W

�|q��Ë(ELISA)*� É� �¶� ¸Ë� Æ�! ä Á�.$m� déÙ £F� Á­ Ó � ¥Y� ­Í� =¼

� B� Ò ÇUM�¼ A�VÇD ¡Ì��W $�� ¨� �1� ¥\à ä Á�. $�� FǼ #È ELISA� �ñ Êî

^ �{<�W � ÇUM�� ùÜ�� ¹�ó ä Á�. æ�, B

��� ÇU� îffÇ?� ��ó ä ÁÈ, � Ñ W \� d� FÇ� $�Ç n÷ó ä Á�.

ELISA� µ»� ¢@� 1î� îï� ¸Ë� BW

�, W� ef ·¢Õ� ��*f ·¢Õ� µ»� G�W� W

��¥�� îï� ¸Ë��â µ»� #"< $�� î#

� µù¥�� Þ�z ä Á�. W� ef ·¢ÕË�â� ef

=  ��Í� ¼µß Â� J¥�ß ü�� Ë� �\â ef

� ¸÷��. 1�(Â� �ò) W� ef�â� ef>»� �ò ½±� ·¢Õ�� n÷ó ä Á� �A$m� ����. 2�

(Â� )ò) W� ef�â� 1� � 2�� 3 � $m� Æ��

�. �Ó 1� $m� , � � ×��î¬� ��ñ ½±

� �ó� È, ef>»Ù ½±µ 2�$m� 1�$mÙ ½

±� n÷Ȭ � �Í� U� )ò¥�� ·¢Õ� V

¹VÇD ��. ��*f�� ��B� &^ ��B�� �ñ �¬­

°Æß� ¸÷¾� ·U� ���. �Ó ¬�ß, ¼µß, Â� ¥

�ß� ¸÷<�. ��B� ½� Ë� }� î¬�  �¾� Á

� $�(Â� $m)� Á� �Í� ��*f ¸Ë�� îïó ä

[34] 면역학적 검사

1. 분류

W��¥ nÆ� ¢@µ»V G�W�â µ�­ Ó � t¤

¥ ¸Ë�� î���.

2. 개요

�1��V V��� ��� W�m?� +>� � �

‘W��’�ÄÈ 1Å�. k\Á� ×�m� W�µ_�� °7

� î¬Ù @#� �¿�À Á�k, ‘$�’�ÄÈ 12� �1 �

m�1þ rm� ÞN� �ó� ��. $�� �$­ 0ñ

â ×�m� $m� ¡Ì���. $m� $�� &�¥��¡ B�­ Ó � $m� / 10W �� ÔÆ� î¬ ©�â �O

Í $� �  Ù\}â B���. $m� $�½�1ÄÈ 12� X&È ��� 3�� >���� ½±� ��� $

�� Ù\��. $m� V� $�½�1È¡ B�� �A �Z $mÙ �OÍ� Á� �º $�½�1Ù B�� ��

Z $m� 3 ¼�¼ Á�. W��¥ µÖ�â� $�� ¹�ó ¼Ä=� #�­ 0ñ W�_�ü:�� �� ��Z $m� Æ���.

W��¥ ¸Ë�� �c �Í� n÷� ¸Ë� W�

��Ë(immunoassay)�ÄÈ 1Å�. � ¸Ë� & 8�â $�[ 3

4] 면역학적

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198

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UNO

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ICAL

TES

TS

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* 한 가지 생물종의 단백질하고만 반응하는 항체.

\}� �� ��^ �% A��. ä}� G�� $m¼ µ�

¾È Á�¡ Þ¨�� îí�â� H>Æ$� ª3 Êŵ¢� G &� $m*� �� }� ��. $m� &�=� $�� ¶� GÇ� ÃÄ ~ħ�. µ)� �V îñ¾W �OÍ� U�� ¥ ä T­ Ó � �� û�³´� �' Ó &^ ©H� �

��. ��� Æ�< �� G� ÔÆÈ, �OÍ= �Í� �=

� A£¾� �È(·� � È� ª3), �OÍ� M=¾�V �

Å �Í� E±¾� Á�W �OÍ� B�=� M­ Ó � Þ¨�� îí�â� G &�=� ��ñ �OÍ� îï­¼ �%� ä Á�.

�¢�� Ï� Õ®�� µ»�â V�� Ë� ¸ñ d

�� A�þ ä Á�. Ü»V ½±� �� �� =î� îïµ/

� UN³�� µ»�â V�� rN� ü�� ¢ç�V W

�B�� ¸ñó ä Á�. �Å +> îí�â� W��¥ ¸Ë

� â ��¾� Á�¡ Þ¨�� îí�â Þÿ¥�� Æ�

%W w }� +>¼ bH�.

5. 보완 방법

¢\ ��µÖË (>Ç µÖË, ᥵ÖË �)(Micro-Chemi-

cal Methods (e.g. Staining Methods, Spot Tests), a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Gas Chromatography coupled

with Mass Spectrometry), È=Ä Òm{�£`ô�«Ë(High

Performance Liquid Chromatography).

Á�. �Ó V�� Ë� ��ñ $�-$m q�*� îï��.

3. 응용

ELISA� ô�� #"< Ô­�� îï� ¸Ë�� �� Æ�

<�. � ¸Ë� ðñ ½±�V �µ� Æ�< �OÍ� G�

� >î�V(ÑO ¥1´, ¯�� Â� PÄ?��� >î) �OÍ� �Å Ô­�(­Ð, æ_, n, ä� �)� �� Á�� ¥\

à ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��W õö��1þ �OÍ� Ïø�

� ¥\à äÇ Á� (é Â� `� PÄ?�� �). ELISA� &�=� �Ǽ #\â µ»� ¶� ��^

¥wÄÇ â� ��^ ÔÆ� ½±�� ��Ñ >îó ä Á

�. ·¢Õ� W��¥ ¸Ë� �±� £ÔW ef� V¹

}� �OÍ� î#� #� �ÇÙ ßA=�� £Ôó ä Á�

� X&� á� Á�. �{µ ä�� ä�Ò� òÝ� XÙ

�V Me¾� �È, Ë� ¸÷� �\â µ»� ef� n

÷ó Ó ) d�� A�¢� �­ Ó � W� ef ·¢Õ�

� îïó G�W� È�µþ Ó Æ�W ×� RÍ��.

4. 한계

ELISA� nÆȬ � �OÍ� Á�� ¥\à ä� Á�¡ µ»�� �Å �OÍÇ #"¾� Á� ä Á�. FǼ d\â n÷�? ¢¡�� ¨��V ��^ a÷¾� ���V �O

Í� M=¾ø�W n÷¾� �� ä Á­ Ó � ELISA� î

ïñâ n÷¾� ���È ñâ ô �OÍ� ¨�� ���

� �¢� \Â�. ³´� ïñ§ �OÍ G�� �m "\� ¥

* 배위결합을 하고 있는 화합물을 일컫는 말이다. 항원과 항체는 배위결합을 한다고 생각하면 된다.

[ 34]

면역학적

검사

200

201

[ 34]

면역학적

검사

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tify Proteins and Gums in Artworks’, Journal of Bio-science 35, pp. 3-10. (2010)

Schultz J., J. Arslanoglu, C. Tavzes, K. Petersen. ‘Immunologi-cal Techniques: A different Approach to the Analysis of Proteins in Cultural Heritage. Part I: the basics ex-plained’, Zeitschri� für Kunsttechnologie und Konserv-ierung 23, pp. 129-139. (2009)

Dolci L.S., G. Sciutto, M. Guardigli, M. Rizzoli, S. Prati, R. Mazzeo, A. Roda, ‘Ultrasensitive Chemiluminescent Immunochemical identification and localization of Protein Components in Painting Cross-sections by Microscope Low-light Omaging’, Analytical and Bio-analytical Chemistry 392, pp. 29-35. (2008)

Vagnini M., L. Pitzurra, L. Cartechini, C. Miliani, B.G. Brunet-ti, A. Sgamellotti, ‘Identification of Proteins in Paint-ing Cross-sections by Immunofluorescence Micros-copy’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 392, pp. 57-64. (2008)

Heginbotham A., Millay, V., Quick, M., ‘The use of immunoflu-orescence microscopy (IFM) and enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay (ELISA) as complementary tech-niques for protein identification in artist’s materials’, Journal of the American Institute of Conservation 45, pp. 89-106. (2006)

Wild D., The Immunoassay Handbook. 3rd edition, Amster-dam: Elsevier, p. 418. (2005)

Garcia-Campana A.M., Baeyens, W.R.G. (ed.), Chemilumi-nescence in Analytical Chemistry. New York: Marcel Dekker. (2001)

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¢@µ» �°

• µ» �E�

• µÖY�

• �» � ���Æ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

W��¥ nÆ� �� �»Ù ×��� îí�â �*� ­Ë

�è ·� ×îï � �U�� îí�â Æ� ©��. ELISA�

1960.� 61þ ×��� îí�â �OÍ, ��º_, N2¡, Xé, kÊ� � �¶� �Í� n÷­ 0ñ Æ�¾È Á�.

8. 참고문헌

Sciutto G., L.S. Dolci, M. Guardigli, M. Zangheri, S. Prati, R. Mazzeo, A. Roda, ‘Single and Multiplexed Immuno-assays for the Chemiluminescent Imaging Detection of Animal Glues in Historical Paint Cross-sections’, Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, pp. 933-940. (2013)

Sciutto G., L.S. Dolci, A. Buragina, S. Prati, M. Guardigli, R. Mazzeo, A. Roda, ‘Development of a Multiplexed Chemiluminescent Immunochemical Imaging Tech-nique for the Simultaneous Localization of Different Proteins in Painting Micro Cross-sections’, Analytical Bioanalytical Chemistry 399, pp. 2889-2897. (2011)

Arslanoglu J., J. Schultz, J. Loike, K. Petersen. ‘Immunology and Art: Using Antibodies-based Techniques to Iden-

[ 34]

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검사

202

203

[ 34]

면역학적

검사

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1. 분류

X-ß f�¬ îfË� µ»� #"< �é� �� U�� Þ�

�� gt¤¥ îï¸Ë��. X-ß f�¬ îfË� AB¥�

� î� µ»V ���� îïó Ó Æ��¡ µ» G�W� �¢o(/ 10µm� ñUÇ)Ç ¼Ä�. X-ß f�¬ îfË� �Ç� ´�� �é� Õ®� 0.1% �Ç, Y�� �é� Õ®�

1% �Ç� ¶÷� n÷ó ä Á�. _�þ ²(sputter beam)� "ø Æ�ó Õ®  W \�Õ�� }%�� ÃÅ �� U�� M�� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�.

2. 개요

X-ß f�¬ îfË� µ»� X-ß� Ö��W �¬¼�¬ ]

Ç � }ù�¬ ]Ç� Á� �¬¼ ¸÷¾Wâ f�¬� M

� f�d�(photoelectric e�ect)� ��� ¸Ë��. � Ñ ¸÷< �¬� ��c�� ��ñâ �Í� îï��. �ò �Í�� ½±�¬Ù �­�=Ç ��� ÃÄ �¬£� ��¥

�� E� vÕ� �2­ Ó � �¬¼�¬ � }ù�¬� ½

±�c�� ³�¡ Ô�¢Ñ ~Ä�È, B>e îï­(hem-

ispherical analyzer)� Æ�W � Ñ ¸÷< f�¬¼ �� �c� ��� n÷ó ä Á�. ô� 7 � X-ß f�¬ îfç

[35] X-선 광전자 분광법Raminez-Barat B., de la Viña, S., ‘Characterization of Proteins in Paint Media by Immunofluorescence, a note on methodological aspects’, Studies in Conservation 46, pp. 282-288. (2001)

Kockaert L., P. Gausset, M. Dubi-Rucquoy, ‘Detection of Oval-bumin in Paint Media by Immunofluorescence’, Stud-ies in Conservation 34, pp. 183-188. (1989)

205

204

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NSP

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OPY

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� >=� Þ� ���. µ»� X-ß�� Ö��È �Ó ¸÷< f�¬� B>e îï­� ä���.

BE=hν-KE-φsp

0 ¹� Ö�� X-ß �c�(hν)Ù, µ»� îï� ½� Ï��

� f�¬� ��c�(KE)Ù, g� A"ä(φsp)� £?� Þ��� ¹��Û, � £?� ��ñâ �¬]Ç� ½±�c�

(BE)� ?�ó ä Á�.

X-ß� ¡�� ¼ AB¥� ¸Ë� �¬Z(a_be Â� LaBe)� ��� ¸Ë��â, �[� �ܵ¢� �Í

� �Jâ �� X-ß� ¡«�(û: 1486.6eV X-ß, Al Kα X-ß� ¡Ì Ó� ¥¿¢Þ� �[� �ܵ�). �� �¬Z� Æ�W 500~50µm {­� ü�� ga� X-ß� ¡Ì ä Á

�. ¸÷¾� X-ß ef� �� µ»� Þ}��V(g-�Ç�¸

Ë) �Ç�ç(�� ½�= �Í� ��")� �, Ò µ»� Þ}§�. ¸÷< f�¬� �º �� f� �À� �& �c� ��� î�ñà ä Á� îï­�â ª\§ Ò n÷­� Þ}

§�. n÷­�� ô� 7�â Þ� B>e(î�e) n÷­� D

� Æ�È Á�k, � n÷­� �å B>� É�� �� ��

Ä5� îñÄ� ¸÷< f�¬� îñ­� Êî�. AB¥

�� B>� �Õ� �äD îf­� îñÄ� ×\§�. B>

e�â î�e�� îñµ Ò �D� �� �¬-�� n÷­

� ��ñ �¬� n÷�k, n÷­� 1�� Â� 2�� e�

¼ Á�. �¬¼ ��À V¼W  W� ¶�� �¾­ Ó � Y+= �Í�V BÇm �Í� îïó Ó�� �Þ� �?

그림 7X-선 광전자 분광계의 구조

Survey탐색 스캔

1400 0Binding energy 결합에너지 (eV)

292 270Binding energy 결합에너지 (eV)

High resolution 고분해능 스캔

1s 2s 2p

XPS instrument X-선 광전자 분광장치

Sample 시료

hv

e-

Ar+x

X-ray

X-선

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* 봉우리의 면적을 계산하는 방법을 말한다. 원소의 함량이 증가할수록 봉우리의 면적이 증가한다.

** 화학물질이 처한 상황에 따라서 봉우리가 좌/우로 조금씩 이동한다. 화학자들은 이 이동 정도를 보고 화학물질이 어떤 상태에 처해 있는지 알아낸다.

� ¸Ë�� îïW X-ß� µ) �÷µ!í ­ Ó � X-ß� �ñ IÑ M;� �Í� îï ©� ��=î

� Mó ä Á�. �c ¼Ä=� Á�W îï �� X-ß Ü�=

1þ n`ñí ��.

X-ß f�¬ îfË� ¼ ´�� �é� Õ®, 0.1%÷� îïó ä Á­ Ó � ¢\îï�� ¥±� ¸Ë� \Â

�. rN� ��� ¸Ë�� ½�� Ï�¡ _H wä� 6:

�È � �Ǽ {Ñ �¼� ���.

X-ß f�¬ îfË�� Ï� k�þ� ­{ ­Ü(��

ç ��peak fitting)� ��� W¥ ?�* , ��¥ ��(chemi-

cal shift)**� ��, �� U� �� ¸Ë� ��ñ îï��. ð

A< ­{ ­Ü ¸Ë� ¨�� ��¡ � ��� �ñ �º C

� ���� ä}� u � * ¾� Á�. ­{ ­Ü� ä� Â

� ¬��� ó ä Á�k µ»£� X&� &=� Á­ Ó � µ»£� ­{ ­Ü� ¸Ë� ~ħ�.

5. 보완 방법

f�¬� ��c�� f�¬¼ E� vÕ� ´�Ñ B�

­ Ó � X-ß f�¬ îfË� µ»� � ü�� ��=î

� îï� k ¥±� ¸Ë��. X-ß f�¬ îfË� î¬>

�EÎ s0¼ �� ��G� îï�� ¥±� g¼ \Â�.  W &=� ��Ñ îï%W X-ß f�¬ îfË� ��

�± Í\îïË� É� Í\îïË� "ø Æ�ñ  W� �

� �&í ��.îï­� �¬ç� �Y"��Û îf?� ð� �

c�Ù eV îñÄ� �Yó ä Á�. E��� NÇ _H(survey

scan) ­Ä� ��ñâ 0eV1þ X-ß�� ��c�÷� ÷5

� #���Û  W� ¨�� ª« �é� n÷��. NÇ _

H� ó Ó� / 1eVd �c�� �%â k�þ� e� ÏÇD ��. �� NÇ _H ��� ðñ ¨�� �é� ª3 ��� Ò�� ÈîñÄ _H� ��. NÇ _H�â Ù\� �é� È

îñÄ _H�� �µ îïW ô "\� ¥\à ä Á�. �Ó

�� îñÄ� �%â _Í]Î� Í� �Uµ¢­ 0ñâ ð

U 0.1eV Â� � �� d� ð��c�� ����. rN � 7� gx*� �c ^�� �ó�� ÃÄ � ��` ÈîñÄ _

H� ä¼ ~ħ�.

3. 응용

X-ß f�¬ îfË� ��� #"< á�, 1¹, �9� dÄ îï îí� Æ�¾� r�. X-ß f�¬ îfË� îï s0¼ ��¾� ÁÈ 6ȧ� vÕ� bH­ Ó � �Å ¸Ë�

� îh îï� Ò �m� �� U�� ¥ bH¼ Á� Ó¡ � g� îï��. _�þ ²� ��W ÿ�� ÃÅ �� U�

� M�� ¥\à ä Á­ Ó � ��� +>ó Ó &^ Ô�

�.4. 한계

X-ß f�¬ îfç� 6ȧ� U��â ³�­ Ó � 6ȧ� f«¼ Á�í ��.

* 신호 대 잡음비는 장비의 검출한계를 결정하는 요소가 된다. 보통 2 혹은 3일 사용한다.

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209

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7. 기술의 간략한 역사

X-ß f�¬ îfË� ��1954. ¯� µôB� ‘ESCA(Elec-

tron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis)’�Ä 1Å ­Ë��

â, �é� =î� �� �Ç� ��"� Á� Ô��  W îï ­Ë��. ·� XPS ç� AB¥�� ¥¿¢Þ� ��� �

� X-ß *§1 Â� £ô�) ô�È/Â� ¥¿¢Þ� ��

� �� X-ß *§1� �� Æ�È ÁÈ, f�¬� B>e îï­� îï��. úƵ¢� X-ß� ����¼ g�¥ gÈ ¸÷< f�¬� �c�� îñµ!í ­ Ó � (AB­� U��â îï� ¥� Á­� �¡) �� 6ȧ� U��â îï��.

8. 참고문헌

Palomar T., B.R. Barat, E. Garcia, E. Cano, Journal of Cultural Heritage 17, pp. 20-26. (2016)

Ditaranto N., I.D. van der Werf, R.A. Picca, M.C. Sportelli, L.C. Giannossa, E. Bonerba, G. Tantillo, L. Sabbatini, New Journal of Chemistry 39, pp. 6836-6843. (2015)

Mezzi A., C. Riccucci, T. de Caro, E. Angelini, F. Faraldi, S. Grassini, V. K Gouda, Surface Interface Analysis 46, pp. 801-806. (2014)

Angelini E., T. de Caro, A. Mezzi, C. Riccucci, F. Faraldi, S. Grassini, Surface Interface Analysis 44, pp. 947-952. (2012)

Lee J.L.S., I.S. Gilmore, ‘The Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques in Surface Analysis’, in Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, 2nd Ed. Vicker-

� �Þ� Ï�}�V, R]¼_ Þ� ��h ©q �±� Í\

îïË� "ø Æ�ñ �m =î� �� �Þ� ¥\}í ��.

X-ß f�¬ îfË�� Ï� ½�� X-ß ef îfË

�� Ï� ½�Ù g"­ Ó � (�� U�� �� �Þ) X-ß f�¬ îfË�� îï­� Jâ X-ß ef îfË�� îïó ä Á�. �Æe �¬·¢Õ� "ø Æ�ó Õ®�� µ

»� h\}� �È =îîï � �� U�îï� ª3 ó ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• f�¬ îfç

— X-ß� � �c� (û: 1486.6eV� �Ç Kα Al X-ß)

— X-ß {­ (û: 100µm)— n÷­ ð��c�Ù �c� îñÄ(û :

20eV� ð��c�Ù 0.1eV� îñÄ)— ÈîñÄ _H µ _H wä

• ­{ ­Ü(Peak Fitting)— ��Þ� e�(û: Shirley)— �®� ª¶(û: 70% Gaussian� 30%

Lorentzian� GL30)— eV �0� V¹� Bç{(û: 1.0FWHM*)— �®� ��(û: 286.5eV� �� �®� ©

å)— �®�� îóg(splitting ratios) (û: p suborbital� �ñ 2:1 W¥g)

* 반치폭이란 영어의 ‘full width at half maximum’을 번역한 말이다.

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211

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1. 분류

2� �± Í\îïË(SIMS)� µ»� _Í]Î� �¢o Â� ÿ� «��A� îïó ä Á�  Wîï ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� µ»� Á� ô�� îïó ä T� ¸Ë�ß� t¤¥� îï

¸Ë��.

2. 개요

SIMS� µ»  W� ¨�� �¬ � î¬� 6ȧ� U�

�â îï� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� µ»� 1� �±� *Æ

ñ µ»Ù ÊfÇD È, �Ó ¡Ì�§ 2� �±� Í\î

ï­(�� g�µ) Í\îï­)� Ì�¼ÇD � ¸Ë�� (Vickerman 2009). � Ñ Êf¾� ��� ðñ 1� �±� 0ç�c�� 2� �± �ù� ��c�� �¨Ñ <�. �6 Êf� ©å1 JE� Á� �Í� �ñâ Í\ �ù� {­¼ ½�<�.

�¥� rN^� Í\ îñÄ� Ï�%W 1� �±� 2� �±� @�Ñ �Yñí ­ Ó � 1� �± ×=�?

�â Í\�ù�� n÷! Ó÷�(Õ� g�� / 1m) ��¬

ÔÕ� Êf� �é��� A�VÇD 6ȧ� U��â ³�

µ!í ��. ô�8�  Wîï� Æ�� SIMS ¸Ë� �H

[36] 2차 이온 질량분석법man, J.C., I.S. Gilmore, (eds.) Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 563- 612. (2009)

Ratner B.D., D.G. Castner, ‘Electron Spectroscopy for Chemi-cal Analysis’ in Surface Analysis: The Principal Tech-niques, 2nd Ed. Vickerman, J.C., I.S. Gilmore, (eds.) Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 47-112. (2009)

Mack P., R.G. White, Applied Surface Science 252, pp. 8270-8276. (2006)

Bluhm H., K. Anderson, T. Araki, K. Benzerara, G.E. Brown, J. J. Dynes, S. Ghosal, M.K. Gilles, H. C. Hansen, J. C. Hemminger, A, p. Hitchcock, G. Ketteler, A.L.D Kilcoyne, E. Kneedler, J.R. Lawrence, G. G Leppard, J. Majzlam, B. S. Mun, S.C.B Mynene, A. Nilsson, H. Ogasaware, D. E. Ogletree, K. Pecher, M. Salmeron, D. K. Shuh, B. Tonner, T. Tyliszczak, T. Warwick, T.H. Yoon, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 150, pp. 86-104. (2006)

Baer D.R., M.H. Engelhard, Surface and Interface Analysis 29, pp. 766-772. (2000)

Briggs D., M.P Seah, Practical Surface Analysis. Chichester: Wiley. (1990)

Chaney R.L., Surface and Interface Analysis 10, pp. 36-47. (1987)

213

212

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SECO

NDA

RY IO

N M

ASS

SPEC

TRO

MET

RY, S

IMS

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Ç��. 1� �¬² �c�� �ÍÑ �¥�µ6��Û � �

� Êf� �ñ ×=¾� 2� �±� ¶� ��� ¡Ì ä Á�.

SIMS� �¬�±� î¬�±� ª3 £Ô�  W� >=

� �Í� ¥\}� ¸Ë��â ��� (�ó �º_þ(clus-

ter) �± �¡�� Æ�� µ»� ýU� zA ä Á�.

SIMS�â� Í\_Í]Î� îñÄ� #�­ 0ñâ i_ 1� �±²� ¥±� g�µ) Í\îï­� n÷­� �

� Æ���. g�µ) Í\îï­� ��«] £(drift tube)� ðñ Ì��� �±� ¼�µ! n÷ç(�� £�{��D (��]microchannel plate� Æ�)� Ç~ÇD � ¸¹

�� ³���(Tang et al. 1988). Í\ îñÄ� ��� %W

1� �±²� i_Ù Í\îï­� a÷/¼� �?� ��Ñ �­�µ!í ��(Niehuis et al. 1987). Í\ îñÄ� w �ß

%W �± �*� i_ )t� ��� YÑ ñí ��(10Wî

� 16 �, Eccles & Vickerman 1989). g�µ)e Í\îï

­� Æ©[¬e Â� ¬­ 1�j(magnetic sector)e Í\î

ï­Þ� �Ǽ ¼ ×­ Ó � SIMS�â V�� k�þ� E�� k ¥±�(Vickerman 2009).

�J µ�¾� SIMS ç� Mzn e�� “�º_þ

(cluster)” 1� �± �¡�� Æ��k, �­â M� �±, n� �º_þ 1�` #"< �¬� ä, z� �º_þ� �� V

¹��(Wucher 2006; Seah & Gilmore 2011). ·�¹ g�µ

)Í\îï­� �¬çÙ i_ ­�� ò,� � � ­

�� ��W �º_þ� ��� �± �¡�� ��ñâ G

�W� ýU� �é� Wâ �� U�� î¬� îïó ä Á

�. Ó � ‘î¬ SIMS’ÄÈ ��¾ø�. @ �� g_õ_ �¬그림 8SIMS의 개요도

TOF-SIMS instrument TOF-SIMS 장치

Sample

LMIG 액체 금속 이온 총 Mass

analyzer질량분석기

Inte

nsity

Nominal Mass (m/z)

Inte

nsity

Exact Mass (m/z)

Primary ion 1차 이온

Secondary ions/neutrals

2차 이온

[ 36]

2차

이온

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214

215

[ 36]

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이온

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* 주변 물질을 분석에 영향을 미치는 효과.

¥%À Á�. ·� SIMS� G�W� ½±�� �¢oó ä Á

� ÔA� ¸Ë��(Voras 2017). �� +> îí�â SIMS� ��� û� äD� ä}� �� u � â¥� *)¾� Á�(Dowsett & Adriaens 2004; Adriaens & Dowsett 2006;

McPhail 2006; Mazel & Richardin 2009).

4. 한계

R]¼_ d�* Ó � SIMS� ��� �\îï� ó ä T�.

2� �±� ×=¾� dx� X-ß� &=� ÃÄ ½�¾­ Ó

� � ¸Ë� µ» �m� �\¥�� îï� ¸Ë� \ÂÄ �ñ§ >� Ü� Á� ��G� �=¥�� îï� k Æ�

<�.Í\îñÄ� #�%W 1x10-9 torr �� 6ȧ� U

��â �Öñí ��. ôº%W 6ȧ� f«� Æ�ñí �

�. SIMS� îï%W nm�â ¢\� µ»� �°� Ò R

Í� È�ñí ��. µ»¼ î� U�ÄW ·é|�« 0� ò

qµ¢­¡ ñÇ îïó ä Á�.�6ú V�� g�µ) Í\îï­-2� �± Í\îï

­� îïW �AM\¸Ë�V �M\¸Ë�� E�ñí

� R® °7È y k�þ¼ Ï�§�(Lee & Gilmore 2009).

5. 보완 방법

� ¸Ë� R® Ô�� îï¸Ë��¡ õ­Ü»� îïó Ó Ô�� �Þ� µ»� ½�=(X-ß �Y îf­� îï") Â� �� U�(X-ß f�¬ îfË�� îï")� �� �Þ� Ï� ä T�. æ� ���± Í\îïË�â� R]¼_ d�¼ A

� V� �¼ �ç< Òm á� �º_þ �±� Bi3+¼ ô � ¥� û��. �º_þ �± �¡�� �*�� ÃÄâ È

î¬��V ×��¥ �ÍEÎ 1�º �Í�  Wîï� ¼

Äñö�(Wucher 2006). ­¨� ��¬²Þ� eV/�¬ ^� d� 1� �± �¡�� ��"��Û  W� w }� Êf�

c�� Ô*ó ä Á�â ©q�� #�È w }� 2� �±� ¡Ì ä ÁÑ ¾ø�. SIMS� 1� �±²� ¡Ì ä Á� �º

_þ �¡�� Òm á� ��¬�±1þ ¾�� ¼_U �º

_þ� AR+ 500-2000 ÷� R® �¶È, ù �º_þ �¡

�� _�þ äx� �) îñÄ� �� á� �á� �È Á

�(Wucher 2006; Seah & Gilmore 2011). Òm á� �± Z

(Liquid metal ion guns, LMIG)� ·� SIMS ç�â ¼ }

� Æ�¾� 1� �± �¡���. �¶� �±² ©�â g_

õ_ �º_þ� _�þ äx, �)îñÄ� ¼ #È Í\ ©

q�� #­ Ó � ·� SIMS�â ¼ D� Æ�� 1� �

±²��. ÿ� «��A ¸Ë, üU� ¸Ë, ÈîñÄ Í\îï

½� �� �±WSIMS�  W, Õ?W � �m� îï� R® Ô�� ¸Ë� <�.

3. 응용

SIMS� #� ßA=� �Ç� �� µ»� Ô­�� õ­�

� �� �Þ� z ä Á� � Ü ¾� ¸Ë ©� V��. µ»

� î� e� Â� RÍ� È�� G�W e�� îï��. �¢

oó Ó� Í2 îñÄ� Ô­�� Õ®�� / 5µm, õ­�� Õ®�� / 150µm �Ç��. SIMS� á��V ð�� 1¹

' \ÂÄ ��(½±�, Ü», >» �) îï�Ç Ô�� ��� [ 3

6] 2차

이온

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216

217

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이온

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— k�þ� ��� (û: �m �± ��� �

ñ ���µ6)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

ÿ� M�� ÃÅ �é�=� ��� ¥\}­ 0ñ E� �*

< ç�â� 6á� �M§ ��¬ A� �±²� Æ�ñâ  W� ¹ù(蝕刻)�ø�(Magee 1979; Wittmaack 1987; Wil-

liams 1979). ‘�¥ SIMS’ÄÈ ü�� � ­Ë� Æ�W µ»

 W� �2Ñ £ª¾� á� � gá�  W ª3 åùÑ ý

Ugø�. ¥«�� ³ëN�� ô� +> �� �5, f� ç *��� �� �±² �©Ç �U, 1� �± �k(bunching)� �ú� 1960.���  Wîï� ¼ÄÑ ¾øÈ �� �¥

SIMSÄ 12Ñ ¾ø�(Benninghoven 1970). 1� �±� �*

� ¡l��Û �±²� ��§ ü�� �_þ�� X/Y �U

� ×=ó ä Áø�. �Í  W� � � Õ�� �� 1�_ý¤

¢þ ` 1×1015�� �¬¼ Á­Ó �, 1� �±² ��\�

1×1012 ions/cm2(‘�¥ SIMS� �?’)� ��W �� ���

â &�  W ü�� �±²� 3 � Êfó ��� 0.1%� ü

��. �¥ SIMS� �?� � � îï�@ µ»¼ \ÂÄ r

ß� µ»¡ îï��� �� Þ��k ��<�. �¥ ¸Ë

� �¥ ¸Ë� ¼ y ��� ���±� ä�� ¸Ë� �

��â V¹Ñ�. �¥ SIMS� 1� �±� ��¥�� Ö��

Wâ Í\�ù� ä��¡ �¥ SIMS� 1� �±� i_ e

�� Ö��Wâ Í\�ù� ä���. �Ó � �¥ SIMS� k�þ E��Ǽ eÄâ �Ǽ #� BW, �¥SIMS� Í\ îñÄ� #�. #� Í\ îñÄ� bH� ÿ� «��AÁ�

�V­ Ó � �Æe �¬·¢Õ �� �¢oË� "ø Æ�

W G�W� Á� õ­�� î#� g�� k y Ç�� <�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ABÆ$

— 1� �±� =î� �º_þ {­

(û: g_õ_ �º_þ �±� Õ® Bi3+)— 1� �± ¼� �� (û: 25kV)— 1� �± �kbunching ª� (û: È��

�k ª�)— 1� �±² Ö�/_H wä

— n÷­� G�(û: g�µ) Â� Æ©[¬ ¸¹)

— n÷­� �ð

• �¢o

— _HW¥ (û: 500×500µm)— Í2�Ç (û: 128×128Í2)• ÿ� «��A

— _�þ ² =î (û: @) ²� Õ® Cs+)— _�þ ²� ¼� ��

— _�þ >/� {­(û: 250×250µm)— îï>/� {­ (û: 25×25µm)— ÿ�«��AÁ µ)(6)• k�þ E�

— é«]�� (�Æ£� =Ä� �Ð)— + � – �±� Í\Þ�

[ 36]

2차

이온

질량분석법

218

219

[ 36]

2차

이온

질량분석법

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Heritage Studies’, Applied Surface Science 252 (19), pp. 7096-7101. (2006)

McPhail D.S., ‘Some Applications of SIMS in Conservation Science, Archaeometry and Cosmochemistry’, Applied Surface Science 252 (19), pp. 7107-7112. (2006)

Wucher A., ‘Molecular Secondary Ion Formation Under Clus-ter Bombardment: A Fundamental Review’, Applied Surface Science 252 (19), pp. 6482-6489. (2006)

Dowsett M.G., A. Adriaens, ‘The Role of SIMS in Cultural Heritage Studies’, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 226 (1-2), pp. 38-52. (2004)

Janssens K., R. van Grieken (ed.), ‘Non-Destructive Micro Analysis of Cultural Heritage Materials’, Elsevier Sci-ence Volume 42. (2004)

Eccles A.J., J.C. Vickerman, ‘The Characterization of an Imag-ing Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Instrument’, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A7, pp. 234-244. (1989)

Tang K., R. Bevis, W. Ens, F. Lafortune, B. Schueler, K.G. Standing, ‘A Secondary Ion Time-of-flight Mass Spec-trometer with an Iron Mirror’, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 85 (1), pp. 43-67. (1988)

Niehuis E., T. Heller, F. Feld, A. Benninghoven, ‘Design and Performance of a Reflectron Based Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer with Electrody-namic Primary Ion Mass Separation’, Journal of Vacu-um Science & Technology A5, pp. 1243-1246. (1987)

ó Õ®�� 3 ­Ë� E±� _�þ ²(sputter beam, �¥ �±²)� ¡Ì�â ¾�� �Í� ��ÇD È i_e 1� �±²� �Æ�  W� �¥ îï� ó ä Á�.

8. 참고문헌

Voras Z.E. ‘Binding Medium Alteration and its E�ect on Fine Art Paintings as Observed by Surface Analysis’, Avail-able from Dissertations & Theses at University of Delaware. (2017)

Seah M.P., I.S. Gilmore, ‘Cluster Primary Ion Sputtering: Cor-relations in Secondary Ion Intensities in TOF-SIMS’, Surface and Interface Analysis 43 (1-2), pp. 228-235. (2011)

Lee J.L.S., I.S. Gilmore, ‘The Application of Multivariate Data Analysis Techniques in Surface Analysis’, in Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, 2nd Ed. (ed. J.C. Vickerman, I.S. Gilmore) Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 563-612. (2009)

Mazel V., P. Richardin, ‘TOF-SIMS Study of Organic Materi-als in Cultural Heritage: Identification and Chemical Imaging’, in Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology (ed. M.P. Colombini, F. Modugno) Chich-ester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 433-457. (2009)

Vickerman J.C., ‘Molecular Surface Mass Spectro- metry’, in Surface Analysis: The Principal Techniques, 2nd Ed. (ed. J.C. Vickerman, I.S. Gilmore) Chichester: Wiley, pp. 113-205. (2009)

Adriaens A., M.G. Dowsett, ‘Applications of SIMS to Cultural [ 3

6] 2차

이온

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220

221

[ 36]

2차

이온

질량분석법

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1. 분류

­m{�£`ô�«-Í\îïË(GC/MS)*� °7� E±� ©�â Ô­�� îï� g��. � ¸Ë�� îï%W

1mg �� µ»¼ bH­ Ó � ¢@ t¤¥�¬ ��¥

� îï¸Ë��.

2. 개요

GC/MS� Í\îï­(MS)� #� �Ç � ßA=� ­m{�

£`ô�«(GC)� ®ä� î�Ä5� ½±� g��. µ»� #"< ù =î� GC�â î�¾� MS� �± �¡�� Ç~

� Ò îï<�. GC� gØ= ­m(�� éØ)� ��U��, È

m� �Ü� ÒmV Èm� È�U�� ��� î� ¸Ë�

�. �Í� ÃÄ ��U� È�U� î�¾� =Í� ~Ä�� &=� ��ñâ �º �Í� î��k, � &=� ±Ç � Ô

�� ÃÄ ~ħ�. ¥Y� ±Ç «�ôì� î�£(column)� ��W îï�� A�� µ) �Ü î�£ �� í�m�¼ î�£ 8�� �ÀV±�.

MS� ­m U�� �±� ôÌ� Í\ � �(m/z)g� ÃÄ î���. ô ½� m/z gx� M�� ÃÅ �±� U

�¥� ¶�� Í\ _Í]Î� V¹VÑ <�. ô� 9� ��

[37] 기체크로마토그래프-질량분석법

* 주로 ‘GC/MS’라고 줄여서 부른다.

Wittmaack K., N. Menzel, ‘Exceptionally pronounced Redis-tribution of Silver in Oxygen Bombarded Silicon’, Ap-plied Physics Letters 50 (13), pp. 815-817. (1987)

Magee C.W., ‘Depth Profiling of n-type Dopants in Si and GaAs Using Cs+ Bombardment Negative Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry in Ultrahigh Vacuum’, Jour-nal of the Electrochemical Society 126 (4), pp. 660-663. (1979)

Williams P., ‘The Sputtering Process and Sputtered Ion Emission’, Surface Science 90 (2), pp. 588-634. (1979)

Benninghoven A., ‘Die Analyze Monomolekularer Festkörper-oberflÄchenschichten mit Hilfe der SekundÄrionen-emission’, Zeitschri� für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei 230 (5), pp. 403-417. (1970)

223

222

[ 36]

2차

이온

질량분석법

GAS

CH

ROM

ATO

GRA

PHY

COUP

LED

WIT

H

MAS

S SP

ECTR

OM

ETRY

, GC/

MS,

GC-

MS

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�2 P{(Edvard Munch)¼ Æ��@ ��� {�£`ôì

�, � {�£`ôì� 15.2î�â V¹V� \~Ä�(azelaic

acid)� Í\ _Í]Î� Þ��È Á�. GC/MS µ_��â ª

@ î�£(capillary column)� Í\îï­� �± �¡��� �ò +½�V �n _(I(open-split) ¸Ë� ðñ +½�

�. îï�� �¬Êt �±� Â� ��¥ �±� ¸Ë� �ñ �±�<�. � Ñ ¡Ì�§ �±� Í\îï­ Ü�â m/z g

x� ÃÄ î�<�. ße Æ©[¬ îï­¼ ¼ D� Æ�¾

È Á�¡ ¬­ 1�j �±� îï­, Æ©[¬ �±]; îï

­, g�µ) îï­Ç Æ�¾È Á�. �±� n÷ó Ó� �¬

��£� ¼ D� ��È Á�. GC/MS ç�â, îï�� �±�, Í\ îï, �±� n÷� ª3 ȧ� U��â �¿�

§�. � ¸Ë� �Ǽ ��^ #­ Ó � ¢\�� ¨�� �Í� �\� d�¥� ä���.

3. 응용

GC/MS� îïW °7� Ô­�� E±�� �c �Í� #

"¾� Á��� ¥\à ä Á�. � Ñ W ½±�, ��, Ç

é, �µ, òq�, ä�, ¹2V ­ç �� �+ Ô­�� îï

ó ä Á�. ���V �¶� ��� Á� Ô­�� �ñµ! ��­ 0ñ �¶� �E� ¸Ë� Æ�ó ä Á�.

ÈÈ��â� µ)� �VÇ M� ��V Ü�¾Ñ M� ���£¾(biomarker) î¬� NÇ� �\�k

GC/MS� ��ó ä Á�. �m  W� ïñ§ ��� Õ®�� �=îï' \ÂÄ �\îïÇ ñí �� >= �Í� ¥\à ä Á�. GC/MS� îïW �º �Í� ¨�� �Í� �A

그림 9에드바르 뭉크(Edvard Munch)가 사용한 물감을 비누화시키고, 추출한 후 N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA)*로 유도체화시켜서 GC/MS로 분석하여 얻은 크로마토그램. 상단에는 아젤리산-DITMS (azelaic acid-DITMS)의 스펙트럼이 나타나 있다.** Identification by mass spectrometry 질량분석기를 이용한 분석

* 비휘발성 물질을 휘발성물질로 바꾸는데 가장 널리 사용하는 시약 이름이다.

** 아젤리산(Azelaic acid)은 GC/MS로 분석되지 않기 때문에 BSRFA로 유도체화 시켜서 GC/MS로 분석되는 물질로 바꿔준 것이다. 이런 방법은 유기화학실험실에서 흔히 사용하고 있다.

Relative Abundance

m/z

40

55

73

97

117 129 147

171 185 201 217

243 273

317

60 80

120 140

160 180

200 220

240 260

280 300

320 100

Relative abundance

Time (m

in ) 10.00

14.00 20.00

12.00 16.00

22.00 18.00

24.00

IS1 Lauric acid

Suberic acid IS2

Myristic acid Sebacic acid

Palmitic acid 2-hydoxyazelaic acid

Oleic acid Stearic acid

2-hydroxyocatadecenoic acid 18-hydorxyoctadecanoic acid

9, 10-dihydroxyocatecanoic acid

Azelaic acid

Identification by mass spectrom

etry

[ 37]

기체크로마토그래프

-질량분석법

224

225

[ 37]

기체크로마토그래프

-질량분석법

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7. 기술의 간략한 역사

­m{�£`ô�«(GC)� 1952. A.T. ��_(A.T. James)Ù A.J.P. £æ(A.J.P. Martin)� E� �Ü�È(Biochem. J.

Proc., 50 1952), Í\ îïË(MS)� 1912.� �*¾ø�

(J.J. Thomson, Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Applica-

tion to Chemical Analysis, 1913, Longmans Green, London). 1958.� �6� GC-MS ç¼ ¡Ì�ö�è 1968.� k�

þ E� ç¼ �*¾Wâ GC-MS ç� =Ä� �­¥�� �U¾ø�. 1975.� ª@ î�£� �*¾Wâ GC-MS ç

¼ E��� U��¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Lluveras-Tenorio A., R. Vinciguerra, E. Galano, C. Blaensdorf, E. Emmerling, M.P. Colombini, L. Birolo, I. Bonaduce, ‘GC/MS and Proteomics to Unravel the Painting His-tory of the Lost Giant Buddhas of Bãmiyãn (Afghani-stan)’, PLOS ONE 12, pp. e0172990. (2017)

Bonaduce I., E. Ribechini, F. Modugno, M.P. Colombini, ‘An-alytical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Mate-rials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects’, Topic in Current Chemistry (Z) 374, pp. 1-37. (2016)

Sgamellotti A., B. Brunetti, C. Miliani, Science and Art: The Painted Surface , Cambridge and London: RSC. (2014)

Edwards H.G., P. Vandenabeele, Analytical Archaeometry: Se-lected Topic. RCS Publishing. (2012)

� �Í�� �1� ¥\à ä ÁÈ �� � îñ×=�� �� �Þ� ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

� ¸Ë� ¥Y� µ» �E� ��� ðñ �ñµ¢�V é*

µþ ä Á� �Í¡ îïó ä Á�. û�´�V È� Ô�� Á� �1î� Ô­�� �Í¥�� �OÍ, �+Èî¬, ,Í

pÔé, ¹�= Èõ, ±=ä� �� É� ��î¬ �±���. æ� �+ä�V ð=Ô� Ë�V �­� �÷¾W Èî¬� Â� ¼�½±� A�Ñ�. � Ñ ¾W �R� -� �È ¼ä

îñ¼ A�V� �\â GC/MS� îïó ä TÑ <�.

5. 보완 방법

Qîñ ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Pyrolysis Gas Chro-

matography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry), È=Ä Òm

{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(High-performance Liquid Chro-

matography Mass Spectrometry), a�� Mv ¥�ßîfË

(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• µ» �E�

• ­m{�£`ô�«� µ»� �ú� �¬ � î� ¸Ë

• Í\îï­� îï �ð

• îï�� n÷�? � �\�?[ 3

7] 기체크로마토그래프

-질량분석법

226

227

[ 37]

기체크로마토그래프

-질량분석법

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1. 분류

Qîñ ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Py-GC/MS)*� �� ª« gé*= ��î¬� #� �·=�� îïó ä Á� ¸

Ë��. � ¸Ë� 0.1mg �� ±= � �+ Ô­�� îïó ä Á� ¸Ë��â ¢@ÑV£ t¤¥�È ��¥� ¸Ë�

�.

2. 개요

Qîñîï­� gØ= ­m �� Á� é\� µ»� ȱ�

� ¼Qñâ ��½±� o�©��Û &o¥� î¬� ¡�� �·= Á� ¸Ë��. µ�¾� Qîñ ç�� µ»� ñ¬

= ±á�� ¡« ß� ç�â ±Ç� �·= ÁÑ ��� p�

á(Curie Point) ¸¹� Qîñîï­, ³� ¶� µ»� Î\â A�� ±Ç� ¼Q< ³� �­� Ü� ç� ¸¹� Qîñî

ï­, µ»� çÈ A�� ±Ç� ¼Qµ¢� bÄN] ¸¹� Qîñîï­¼ Á�. Qîñ< �Í� îïó ä Á� GC/MS� Qîñ ç� +½W �Í� � � É� îï½�� Ï

� ä ÁÈ �Í� >�� �Xó äÇ Á�. ô�10� Py-GC/

MS� �HÇÙ Ü~Ð ¢�(Anselm Kiefer)¼ ô: ‹õ� �

�(Die Größe Fracht)›�â �°� 3 µ»� 550°C� ¼Q<

[38] 열분해 기체크로마토그래프 질량분석법

* 줄여서 ‘Py-GC/MS’라고 부른다.

Shilling, M.R. et al., ‘Identification and Chemical Composi-tion using Chromatographic Methods’, Preservation of plastic artefacts in museum collections. Comité Des Travaux Historiques Et Scientifiques, pp. 61-69. (2012)

Colombini M.P., A. Andreotti, I. Bonaduce, F. Modugno, E. Ribechini, ‘Analytical Strategies for Characterizing Organic Paint Media using Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry’. Account of Chemical Research 395, pp. 715-727. (2010)

Colombini M.P., F. Modugno, Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. (2009)

Domenech-Carbo, M.T., ‘Novel Analytical Methods for Char-acterizing Binding Media and Protective Coatings in Artworks’, Analytica Chimica Acta 621 (109). (2008)

Colombini, M.P., L. Tassi, ‘New Trends in Analytical, Environ-mental, Cultural Heritage Chemistry’, Research Sign-post. (2008)

Schilling, M.R., J Mazurek, T.J.S. Learner, ‘Studies of Modern Oil-based Artists’ Paint Media by Gas Chromatog-raphy/Mass Spectrometry’, in Modern Paints Uncov-ered, Proceedings from the Modern Paints Uncovered symposium, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Insti-tute, pp. 129-139. (2007)

Mills, J.S., R. White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Ob-jects. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. (1994)

229

228

[ 37]

기체크로마토그래프

-질량분석법

PYRO

LYSI

S G

AS C

HRO

MAT

OG

RAPH

Y CO

UPLE

D W

ITH

MAS

S SP

ECTR

OM

ETRY

, PY-

GC/

MS

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³� �­� ��â Qîñµ! Ï� {�£`ôì� Þ� �

��.

3. 응용

Py-GC/MS� µ»� �E�¼ bH T� îï¸Ë��â ·� û�´� #"< ±=Èî¬' \ÂÄ Ô��â �°� ¢@� µ»� #"< �+ ��î¬� �2­÷� =�¥�� îï

ó ä Á�. �J Py-GC/MS� ,� Ô�� #"< Võ� îñ

×=�� �� î¬�Þ� ��� ��� ¥%ö�. æ� \

� é\�(30~100µg) µ»¡ Æ��k �� é©� Ô��

V ä�´� �' Ó R® ©H� ���. ³� µ»� � �

¡ îïñÇ ³´� ¡Ì Ó �� Æ��@ �Í�� îñ ×=

��� °�ó Ó Æ�� �Í��� ¥\à ä Á�. �Í� #

"< X&� Qîñ ­P� î¬ £¾� £Ô� �Í� îï

��.

4. 한계

Py-GC/MS� Qîñ¾� é*=� q ä Á� �1î� �Í� îïó ä Á�. OH­¼ #"< îñ×=�� ÔÇm�� ðñ é*=� �ÇD ¡Ì�í ��.* îñÄ� #�È [=�Í� Qîñ çÙ {�£`ô�­ ç Ü� �¥¾� �� ¸�

%W �)�(silylation) Â� ¶þ�(methylation)� A�¢

� µ/� Æ�ñâ Qîñ ×=�� ൠÔÇm�µ!í �

�. ÓÓ� ÔÇm�¼ 1î¥��¡ A�ú ä Á�. ÃÄâ �

A� �ð�â ÔÇm�� µ Õ®�¡ 3 �Í� Qîñ×

* GC/MS는 휘발성이 있는 물질만 분석할 수 있는데, OH기가 있는 대부분의 물질은 휘발성이 없어서 GC/MS로 분석되지

않는다. 유도체화를 통해 OH기를 다른 물질로 바꿔줌으로서 휘발성을 띠게 하는 것이다.

그림 10열분해 장치의 개요도와 안젤름 키퍼(Anselm Kiefer)이 그린 ‹무거운 화물›(2007) 에서 채취한 두 시료의 열분해 프로파일. 수산(hHydroxyl) 기와 탄산(carboxyl) 기가 있는 물질은 TMS 에스테르(ether) 혹은 에스테르ester 형태로 분석하였다.* 상단에 보인 물감은 셸락(shellac)이 포함된, 하단에 보인 물감은 스티렌/폴리초산비닐(styrene/polyvinyl acetate) 수지가 포함된 것으로 밝혀졌다(Bartolozzi et. al. 2016).

* 하이드록시( Hydroxy)기와 카복실(carboxylic)기가 있는 물질은 GC로 분석되지 않기 때문에 TMS로 처리한 것이다.

MS (질량분석기)GC oven (GC 오븐)

GC/MS adaptor (GC/MS 연결관)

separation column (분리관)

vent (배출구)

sample cup (시료컵)

gas carrie (운반기체)

Pyrolyser (열분해 장치)

2.00 20.0012.00 28.00

Benz

aldeh

yde

1,2-

dihy

dro-

naph

talen

e

1,2-

diph

enyl-

ethy

lene

8.00 24.00

Styr

ene

16.00

Acet

ic ac

id

1-et

heny

l-2-m

ethy

l-ben

zene

2-m

ethy

l-1,1

’-bip

heny

l

1-m

ethy

l-nap

thale

ne

Plas

ticize

r

6.004.00 22.0014.00

Benz

ene

2-pr

open

yl-be

nzen

e

Azul

ene An

thra

cene

c

10.00 26.00

Allyl

benz

ene

18.00

Tolu

ene

Inde

ne

Fluo

rene

1,1’

-bip

heny

l

Relat

ive ab

unan

ce ( %

)Re

lative

abun

ance

( %)

buta

noic

acid

4-pe

nten

oic ac

idpe

ntan

oic ac

id

hexe

noic

acid

hexa

noic

acid

hept

enoic

acid

hept

enoic

acid

benz

oic ac

idoc

teno

ic ac

idoc

teno

ic ac

idno

neno

ic ac

idno

neno

ic ac

id2-

met

hoxy

-ben

zoic

acid

3-ph

enil-

2-pr

open

oic ac

id

tetra

deca

noic

acid bu

tolic

acid

palm

itic a

cidoc

tade

cano

ic ac

id

14.0016.00

18.0020.00

22.0024.00

26.0028.00

30.0032.00

34.00

0

0

100

100

[ 38]열분해

기체크로마토그래프

질량분석법

230

231

[ 38]열분해

기체크로마토그래프

질량분석법

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8. 참고문헌

Tamburini D., G. Pescitelli, M.P. Colombini, I. Bonaduce, ‘The degradation of Burmese lacquer (thitsi) as observed in samples from two cultural artefacts’, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 124, pp. 51-62. (2017)

Bonaduce E., Ribechini, F. Modugno, M.P. Colombini, ‘Analyt-ical Approaches Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) to Study Organic Materials in Artworks and Archaeological Objects’, Topic in Cur-rent Chemistry (Z) 374, pp. 1-37. (2016)

Bartolozzi G., M. Picollo, V. Marchiafava, S.A. Centeno, I. Du-vernois, F. Di Girolamo, F. Modugno, J. La Nasa, M.P. Colombini, A. Rava, ‘Anselm Kiefer: a Study of his Ar-tistic Materials’, Archaeoly Anthropoly Science 8, pp. 563-574. (2016)

Pintus V., S. Wei, M. Schreiner, ‘Accelerated UV Ageing Stud-ies of Acrylic, Alkyd, and Polyvinyl Acetate Paints: Influence of Inorganic Pigments’, Microchemical Jour-nal 124 (94.9). (2016)

Kokkori M., K. Sutherland, J.J. Boon, F. Casadio, M. Vermeu-len, ‘Synergistic use of Py-THM-GCMS, DTMS, and ESI-MS for the Characterization of the Organic Frac-tion of Modern Enamel Paints’, Heritage Science 3 (30). (2015)

La Nasa J., S. Orsini, I. Degano, A. Rava, F. Modugno, M.P. Colombini, ‘A Chemical Study of Organic Materials in Three Murals by Keith Haring: A Comparison of

=�� ¶� g�ó ä Á�� á� \� �� ©H�.

5. 보완 방법

*×­m Í\îïË(Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrome-

try), �ò ¼Q Í\îïË(Direct Temperature Resolved Mass

Spectrometry), ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Gas Chroma-

tography coupled with Mass Spectrometry), a�� Mv ¥�

ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• µ»� �E�ó bH¼ T�.• ¡�¼Q

• Qîñ ª�: «�ôì(programmed), ��?(multistep), wXr(doubleshot)• B-�\¥ îï

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

­m{�£`ô�«Ù Qîñ ç� ò,� g¼ E� é�

¾Wâ1þ î¬\� y �Í�V �R� -� �� Èî¬ �

Í� îï� ä��� �, ���(Wolf et.al. 1980). Í\î

ï­¼ Qîñ ç-­m{�£`ô�«� n÷­� D� Þ¡

�� ÃÄ Qîñ ×=�� ¡Ì��� ���V ô =î� ñ

ï­¼ ��ñö�. Í\îï­� �Ǽ #­ Ó � Qîñ îï ­Ë� ¢\� �Í� îï� �Ç �*� �Ñ ¾ø�

(Tsuge et. al. 2011). [ 38]열분해

기체크로마토그래프

질량분석법

232

233

[ 38]열분해

기체크로마토그래프

질량분석법

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1. 분류

�¬îÆ �±�Ë(ESI)� ×m�Í�V Èî¬EÎ {­¼ y gé*= �Í� �±�µ¢� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� AB¥�� Òm{�£`ô�«(LC)�â µ»� �±�µ¢� ¸Ë�� Æ�<�. ESI� Æ©[¬V g�µ) ¸¹� Í\îï­� +

½ó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ¢@Ñ t¤¥�È ��¥� ¸Ë�

�.

2. 개요

ESI� ¾�� gé*= �Í� Í\îïË�� îïó Ó ��

� �±� ¸Ë��(Yamashita and Fenn 1988; Fenn et al.

1989). �Ð�â ¥ ä Á²� �Ò� ª@£� ðñâ �­

� ð�ó Ó �< ¸�Ì� ¡Ì�§�. �R¼ �*Wâ �< ¸�� Á@ st �(coulombic force)� �ñâ �< î¬Ì� ©q¾� Í\îï­� Ì�¼Ñ <� (Kebarle and

Tang 1993). ô� 11� ESIç �±�1� �¸Ç� Þ� �

��.� ¸Ë�â� ª@£� �V¼� �Ò� Æ�­ Ó

� GG Òm{�£`ô�«� �±� ç� Ø�<�. ª

@£� �V¼� Òm� Ô�� AB¥�� 1~20L/min �Ç

[39] 전자분사 이온화 질량분석법

Painting Techniques’, Microchemical Journal, 124, pp. 940-948. (2015)

Tsuge S., H. Ohtani, C. Watanabe, Pyrolysis-GC/MS Data Book of Synthetic Polymers. Oxford: Elsevier. (2011)

Colombini M.P., A. Andreotti, I. Bonaduce, F. Modugno, E. Ribechini, ‘Analytical Strategies for Characterizing Organic Paint Media using Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry’, Account of Chemical Research 395, pp. 715-727. (2010)

Bonaduce A., Andreotti, Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology. (Eds. Maria Perla Colombini and Francesca Modugno), Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 303-325. (2009)

Scalarone D., O. Chiantore, Organic Mass Spectro- metry in Art and Archaeology. (eds. M.P. Colombini, F. Mo-dugno), Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 327- 361. (2009)

Thomas P., Wampler, Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, Second Edition, USA: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. (2007)

Learner T., Analysis of Modern Paints, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. (2004)

Wright M.M., B.B. Wheals, J., Journal Analytical Applied Py-rolysis 11 (195). (1987)

Wolf C.J., M.A. Grayson, D.L. Fanter, Analytical Chemistry 52 (348A). (1980)

235

234

[ 38]열분해

기체크로마토그래프

질량분석법

ELEC

TRO

SPRA

Y IO

NIZ

ATIO

N

MAS

S SP

ECTR

OM

ETRY

, ESI

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�k, £�{�-ESI Â� V�-ESI ¸Ë� Æ�ó Ó� �Þ� ¥� ä Á�. Òm¼ ª@£ ö�� Ì�) U��â �­�

(2~6kV) -�W Òm� |Aº �÷(Taylor cone)� ¡« Ò �

A�(Rayleigh) ¸�¹� ÃÄ ³� ¸�� îñ<�. ª@£� �­� -��W ¸�� �� �Ñ ¾�k � Ñ ¾W s

t B*5� ×Ïâ ú¬Ì�� ê��Ñ ¾È ô ½� �¬î

Æ ·U� A�Ñ�. � ¸Ë� ¸�� ýU¾� �� î¬� ¡Ì­ Ó � ESI� n÷�?� ��^ d\â \`u(atto-

mole)* �Ç� d� ¶Ç n÷ó ä Á�È ÞȾ� Á�.

ESI� ��ñâ )ò¥�� �±�µ¢W î¬� �ù

�(fragmentation)� }� A�V� A� �� T­ Ó � ESI ¸Ë�� Ï� Í\ _Í]Î�� �©�� �< î¬�±� V¹VÈ, ô�â ESI� 1�º(soft) �±�¸Ë�ÄÈ 1Å

�. ¶à=(amphiprotic) ³�­¼ #"< Õ®¼ }� ×m�

Í� Õ®�� �Å �Í� =¼� �\Ç î¬� �±�µ

þ ä Á�. IÑ �±�! ä Á� 10¼ #"¾� Á� �� ��Èî¬� Õ®�� ÓØ�V V]Ø>� =¼� �� �­ IÑ ñ ©��Û ESI rN� �ñµþ ä Á�.

3. 응용

Gä� �Í� îïó Ó�� ESI¡ ��� îïÈ, °7� �Í� Òm{�£`ô�«EÎ E±�� ¢� îïó ä Á� g� "ø ��� îï��. �� �� îí�â� ESI� ½±�V �¸, >», ä� �� É� ¾�� Ô­�±�� îï

ó Ó� �±� ç� Z^ Æ���. ESI� AB¥�� y î

* 아토(Atto)는 10-18을 말하고 몰(mole)은 화학자들이 분자나 원자를 셀 때 사용하는 단위이다.

그림 11 전자분사 이온화 질량분석기(ESI)의 이온화부 모습

From

LC액체크로마토그래프

Capillary Column(Ambient Pressure)모세관 (대기압)

Skimmer Cones스키머2 - 6 kV

To Mass Analyzer(High Vacuum)

질량분석기 (고진공)

[ 39]

전자분사

이온화

질량분석법

236

237

[ 39]

전자분사

이온화

질량분석법

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�£`ô�« �ð �)� Í\îï­ �ð(g�µ) Í\îï �ð �)Ç ©H�.

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

�¬îÆ �±�Ë� ­¨� ¥%À Á@ �¬� çÙ Ü�

�ç� £� �¹� ­B�� ¡Ì�öÈ, 1980.�� Í

\îïË� �±� ¸Ë�� �·×��. � ��� �*¬Ì

� 2002.� �¬U� ��äU��(Aleksandrov et al. 1984;

Yamashita and Fenn 1988; Fenn et al. 1989; Kebarle and

Tang 1993; Garnier et al. 2002; Regert et al. 2003; Mirabaud

et al. 2007). ª@£� �­ Ü� 0çµ¢W Òm� ÔÇ�

¼ *×È, ª@£� �ÀV¼� G) ÔÇ� Ó � ³

� ¸�� î�<�. Òm¼ �*Wâ(�1î �¼� �<)  �Ñ ¾�k � î¬� Í\îï­� n÷��.

8. 참고문헌

Colombini M.P., F. Modugno, Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology. 1st Edition, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (2009)

De Hoffmann E., V. Stroobant, Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications. 3rd Edition, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (2007)

Mirabaud S., C. Rolando, M. Regert, Analytical Chemistry 79, p. 6182. (2007)

Regert M., N. Garnier, O. Decavallas, C. Cren-Olivé, C. Rolan-do, Measurement Science and Technology 14, p. 1620. (2003)

¬� �Þ� ¥\}� k Æ���.

4. 한계

ESI� Ô­�¡ îïó ä ÁÈ õ­�� îïó ä T�. Òm

{�£`ô�« ç� �ú­ �� µ»� -�í ­ Ó

� ESI� îïñÇ �)� �� �Þ� V¹V� ���. ESI� îïó µ»� ¢� ��^ -�í È îï ���â ª3 T�§�. A� -� µ»� �� U�� °�ó ä T�. ESI� îñÄ� ×� Â� ×� �� Í\îï­� +½ó ä Á­ Ó

� Í\ îñÄ� Æ�� Í\îï­� ÃÄ ~ħ�.

5. 보완 방법

�¬îÆ �±� Í\îïË� ¾�� Ô­î¬� îï� k Æ���. ³� Ô­î¬ (<150amu*)� �� �Þ� ÏȬ ó Õ®�� �¬Êt(electron impact, EI) �±� ç �� �

�ñí ��. �� Õ®�� ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË

(Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry)¼ �¬îÆ �±

� Í\îïË� Þ�� �U¥� ¸Ë� ! ���. æ� �

¬îÆ �±� Í\îïË�� îïñÇ õ­�� �� �Þ� V¹V� ���. µ»� �¢ -� U�ÄW �¬|ä îfË

(Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) Â� Ôǽ± (Ä_£ Í

\îïË(Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry)� îïW õ­�� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항

ESI�â� Ô�� -�� ��� ©H�. �E� �ð(Òm{

* 원자질량단위(Atomic mas unit)의 약자.

[ 39]

전자분사

이온화

질량분석법

238

239

[ 39]

전자분사

이온화

질량분석법

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[40] 직접 가열 질량분석법

1. 분류

�ò ¼Q Í\îïË� ä�EÎ ��¥ >�¼ g"� �º �Í� �¿�§ °7� Ô­�� îïó Ó Ô�� �±� ¸

Ë��. {�£`ô�«� ¢� î�� �\Ç îïó ä Á

È îï �� ÔÇm� �� ��¥ �³� �ï bHÇ T�. �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� �R� -� �� Ô­�� +>ó Ó }� Æ�¾� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� ¢@ÑV£ t¤¥�È ��¥��.

2. 개요

�ò ¼Q Í\îïË� µ»� ¼Q� é*µ¢È �¬Êt Â� ��¥ �±� ¸Ë� �ñ �±�µ¢� �ò�ú ¸¹

� Í\îï ¸Ë��. �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� �Å �ò�ú Í\îïË� g"� ¸¹�� ³�­ Ó � {�£`ô�

«V �Å ��¥ ¸Ë� ðñ µ»� �E�ó bH¼ T�. �

ò ¼Q Í\îïË� �R� â -� �È ­�¾� &=� �

Å �Í� E±�� îï� k �� Æ�<�.�ò ¼Q Í\îïË� Õ® µ»� Í\îï­ }1

� ¼Q bÄN](Âv-{¸, a_b, ·© �)� 0çµ�. µ

»� Èm/î� e�� îï�V �Ò� -A ä Á� Õ®�

Garnier N., C. Cren-Olivé, C. Rolando, M. Regert, Analytical Chemistry 74, p. 4868. (2002)

Mills J.S., R. White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Ob-jects. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. (1994)

Kebarle P., L.Tang, Analytical Chemistry 65, p. 972A. (1993)Fenn J.B., M. Mann, C.K. Meng, C.M. Whitehouse, Science

246, p. 64. (1989)Yamashita M., J.B. Fenn, Physical Chemistry 88, p. 4451.

(1988)Yamashita M., J.B. Fenn, Physical Chemistry 88, p. 4671.

(1988)Aleksandrov M.L., L.N. Gall, V.V. Krasnov, V.I. Nikolaev, V.A.

Pavlenko, V.A. Shkurov, Dokl Akad Nauk, SSSR, pp. 277-379. (1984)

241

240

[ 41]

열중량

질량분석법

DIRE

CT T

EMPE

RATU

RE M

ASS

SPEC

TRO

MET

RY, D

TMS

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4. 한계

�ò ¼Q Í\îïË� ­� �Ç� ��¼ V� Ô­� E±

�� îï� ×� ¸Ë��. ôºV õ­�±� µ»� â ­

�¾� �­ Ó � õ­�±�� ¼Qµ¢­ 0ñ bÄN] ±Ç� #�W bÄN]¼ ýU¾�V bÄN]¼ ­�¾� £

ç îï��â V± �EÎ ÞA ä Á�. ÃÄâ õ­�±� î

ï�� Æ�� ���.�ò ¼Q Í\îïË�� îïW µ»¼ ª3 é§

¾­ Ó � �A� µ»� �Å îï� ó ä TÈ �¢oÇ ó ä T�.

g"� ±Ç�â ­�¾� �º =î� µ» Ü� ¨�

� Õ®�� �ò ¼Q Í\îï _Í]Î� R® °7Ñ V¹VÈ �� Õ®�� Í\ �ù ½çã¿W(deconvolution) ô�È/Â� �M\îï� ñí¡ �c �±�� Á�� ¥\

à ä Á�.µ»¼ ©q! Ó�� �M ��G � �ñ�� Q� î

#� ü�� �­ Ó � R]¼_ d�¼ V¹ú ä ÁÈ, �� �\îï� �*�� �� �¢��. AB¥�� �\îï�

%W �M\îï ô�È/Â� }1 ��� r©Ñ ß�ñ Æ�ñí ��. �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� �=îï� ¥±�

g��.

5. 보완 방법

�ò ¼Q Í\îïË� °7� Ô­�� îï� ¸Ë�­ Ó � X-ß ef îfË(X-ray Fluorescence) �� ª« õ­

� îï¸Ë� �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� Þ�� ¸Ë� ! ä

� Òm¸� e�� îï��. bÄN]� ��¼ 32W G¹

)� ~wÀâ µ»¼ ¼Q<�. ��á/³�á� �¶� �Í

� E±�� Õ® é*=� #� =î� îh ­�¾È {­¼ {È é*=� d� =î� V©� ­�<�. � ��� ðñâ E±�� �¿�§ =î� î�¾È, � Ñ î�< Ò �±�

<�.­�< ��=î� �¬Êt Â� ��¥ ¸Ë�� �

±�µ�. �¬Êt ¸Ë�� �±�µ¢W Í\�ù _Í]

Î� }� V¹V­ Ó � î¬\� ³�V î¬�± rN¼ bH T� µ»� îïó Ó�� �¬Êt ¸Ë� }� Æ��

�. î¬\� y µ»� Õ® ±�� î¬�±� ¡Ì ¼Ä=� #� ��¥ �±�¸Ë� �� Æ���. �¬Êt �±�

çÙ ��¥ �±� ç¼ ª3 q< g� Æ�� Õ®

�� î¬\� d� �Í� #� �Í� �µ� #� �Ç� î

ïó ä Á�.

3. 응용

�� +> îí�â� ä�, |2� � Ô­Ü»� îïó Ó �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� Æ�¾È Á�. PCA(Principal Com-

ponents Analysis)*� É� �M\îïË� "ø Æ�W �Â

µ� Æ�< ä� E±�EÎ °7� E±� �� #"< �� ��=î� îïó ä Á�. æ� îñ �Ǽ ¥%§  �´� �ò ¼Q Í\ _Í]Î� µ»� _Í]Î� g�� µ»

� îñ �Ç� a�ó ä Á�.

* 통계 처리 방법의 한 종류이다.

[ 40]

직접

가열

질량분석법

242

243

[ 40]

직접

가열

질량분석법

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8. 참고문헌

Colombini M.P., F. Modugno, Organic Mass Spectro-metry in Art and Archaeology. 1st Edition, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2009)

Menke C., R. Rivenc, T. Learner, ‘The use of direct temper-ature-resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) in the detection of organic pigments found in acrylic paints used by Sam Francis’, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 284 (1-3), pp. 2-11. (2009)

De Hoffmann E.,V. Stroobant, Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications. 3rd Edition, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2007)

Scalarone D., J. van der Horst, J.J. Boon, O. Chiantore, ‘Di-rect-temperature mass spectrometric detection of volatile terpenoids and natural terpenoid polymers in fresh and artificially aged resins’, Journal of Mass Spectrometry 38 (6), pp. 607-617. (2003)

Van Den Berg K.J., J.J. Boon, I. Pastorova, L.F.M. Spetter, ‘Mass spectrometric methodology for the analysis of highly oxidized diterpenoid acids in Old Master paintings’, Journal of Mass Spectrometry 35, pp. 512-533. (2000)

Van der Doelen G.A., K.J. Van den Berg, J.J. Boon, ‘Compara-tive chromatographic and mass- spectrometric stud-ies of triterpenoid varnishes: fresh material and aged samples from paintings’, Studies in Conservation 43, pp. 249-264. (1998)

Mills J.S, R. White, The Organic Chemistry of Museum Ob-jects. 2nd Edition, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. (1994)

Á�. æ� �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� ��W ½�>�� ¥\

à ä T­ Ó � X-ß �Y îfË(X-ray Diffraction)� É� �Y¸ËÇ ×� Þ� ¸Ë� ! ä Á�. �ò ¼Q Í\îï

Ë� �¢o ­Ä� T�ß� ���± Í\îïË(Secondary

Ion Mass Spectrometry)� É� �¢o Í\îïË� Æ�

W µ»� G�W� £ÔÈ Í\_Í]ÎÇ Ï� ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• �ò ¼Q Í\îïË� �ð:

¼Q bÄN] =î(û: Pt-Rh)— ¼Q�� ô�È/Â� ±Ç «�ôì

(û: î` 0.5Ad 600°C÷� ¼Q)— ¼QbÄN]� x� µ»� ¶ (û: 10mg)• �¬Êt �±� Â� ��¥ �±� �ð

— �¬Êt ��(û: 20eV)— ��¥ �±� =î(û: NH3Cl)• Í\îï­ �ð

— Í\îï­ G� (û: g�µ) Í\îï­)— �±¼�� (û: 2kV� ¼�)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

Í\îïË� 1912.� E��� �*¾ø�(J.J. Thomson,

Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical

Analysis, 1913, Longmans Green, London). û� ³´ îï

� 0� DTMS� B � ³2{(Van den Berg) �� +>¬Ì�

2000. �� �*��.[ 4

0] 직접

가열

질량분석법

244

245

[ 40]

직접

가열

질량분석법

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Q©\ Í\îï­�â ­�µ µ»� �¬Êt Â

� ��¥ �±� ç� �ú� �±�µ! Í\îï­� Þ��. î¬\� ³� î¬�ù� îï­� ��� (�¬

Êt �±�) Â� î¬�±� îï­� ���(��¥ �

±�)� ÃÄ �±� ç� �2Ñ ßA��. � Ñ �±�< µ»� Í\îï­� Þ}â n÷��.

Q©\ Í\îïË�� îïW ±Ç � Í\ £?� Þ��� Éß� "ø ù ±ÇM� >�£�� Í\_Í]Î� Ï�§�. îï © Í\� M�� ��Ñ ��"��Û ñ` ±Ç�â Í\� M� �Í� ¶� ��Ñ ¥\à ä Á�. Í\îï­� ðñâ �Í� =î� ¥\}W � ½�� é*

< �Í� ��¥ =Í� +?� ñïó ä Á�.

3. 응용

Q©\ Í\îïË� �º �ò ¼Q Í\îïË �� �Ç

¼ ÔÆ� ¸Ë��â ä�, æ_, �A �� îï� k Æ�

ó ä Á�. Q©\ Í\îïË� �¶� ,�� #"< �ôK

(lignin)� îï� k Æ�<�. (Sebio-Puñal 2012).

4. 한계

Q©\ Í\îïË� ­� �Ǽ �Å Ô­� E±�� îï

� ×� ¸Ë��. ôºV õ­�±� µ»� â ­�¾� �

­ Ó �, õ­�±�� ¼Qµ¢­ 0ñ bÄN] ±Ç� #

�W bÄN]¼ ýU¾�V bÄN]¼ ­�¾� £ç îï�

�â V± �EÎ ÞA ä Á�. ÃÄâ õ­�±� îï�� Æ

�� ���. æ�, � ¸Ë�� îïW µ»¼ ª3 駾

1. 분류

Q©\ Í\îïË� µ»� #"< �¶� =î� îï� ¸Ë��. Q©\ Í\îïË� ��¥�� ÔÆ� =î� E±

< Ô­�� îï� ¸Ë��â ��¥� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

Q©\ Í\îïË� µ»� ¼Q� ­�µ! �±�µ Ò Í\îï­� Þ} îï� ¸Ë��(Coats & Redfern 1963;

Materazzi 2006). � ¸Ë� Q©\îï­Ù Í\îï­� +

½� ¸Ë��â é*=, ½�=, Q Ü�= �� ��¥ &=�

îï� k Æ���(Coats & Redfern 1963). Q©\ Í\î

ï ç�� îïh�� ¼Q1¼ Á�k, îïh�� ¼Q �

��â A�V� £�{�ôì(µg) �� Í\ M�Ç n÷ó ä Á� �Ç� �Ǽ ×�. � Ñ "��Û �m µ» Í\ © îï�� Í\ �ý]� ¥\à ä Á�. Q©\ Í\îïË

� Ô­�£� ­� ±Ç¼ �2�� á� ��� îï¸Ë

��. Q� Æ�ñâ  ýU¾� �ÇD µ»�â ©qµ

Ò �±�µ6��Û ýU¾� �� î¬�± e�� n÷

ó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ä�EÎ °7� Ô­�±�� îï� k ×� ¸Ë��.

[41] 열중량 질량분석법

[ 41]

열중량

질량분석법

247

246

THER

MO

GRA

VIM

ETRI

C M

ASS

SPEC

TRO

MET

RY, T

G/M

S

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— îïh�� G�Ù ��Ç (û: 0.1µg)— ¼QbÄN] =î (û: W)— ¼Q�� ô�È/Â� ±Ç «�ôì

(û: î` 0.5Ad 200°C÷� ¼Q)— ¼QbÄN]� ��� µ»� ¶ (û :

10mg)• �¬Êt �±� Â� ��¥ �±� �ð

— �¬Êt �� (û: 20eV)— ��¥ �±� =î(û: NH 3 Cl)• Í\îï­ �ð

— Í\îï­� G� (û: g�µ) Í\î ï­)

— �±¼�� (û: 2kV� ¼�)— Í\îï­� ­¹ �ð

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

Í\îïË� J.J. �è(J.J. Thomson)� 1912.� E� �*

��. Q©\ îïË� A.W. �5(A.W. Coates)Ù J.P. ��y

(J.P Redfern)� 1963.� E� �*��. M.J. �Ì^í(M.J.

Odlhya)¼ 2011.� �Ô� îí�â 3 ¼� ¸Ë� E�

�� ½±� Æ���.

8. 참고문헌

Sebio-Puñal T., S. Naya, J. López-Beceiro, J. Tarrío- Saavedra, R. Artiaga, ‘Thermogravimetric Analysis of Wood, Holocellulose, and Lignin from Five Wood Species’,

­ Ó � �A� µ»� �Å ¸Ë�� îïó ä� TÈ �¢

oÇ ü¼Ä�. g"� ±Ç�â ­�¾� �º =î� µ» Ü� ¨�� Õ®�� �ò ¼Q Í\ _Í]Î� R® °7

Ñ V¹VÈ, �� Õ®�� Í\ �ù ½çã¿W(deconvo-

lution) ô�È/Â� �M\îï� ñí¡ �c �±�� Á�

� ¥\à ä Á�. �� Õ®�� ©q< ­m� ­m{�£`

ô�« î�£�� �ú� Í\îï­� îï"��Û a¼

¥�� ��îï� ó ä Á�. µ»¼ ©q! Ó�� �M ��

G � �ñ�� Q� î#� ü�� �­ Ó � Q©\ Í\î

ïË�â� R]¼_ d�¼ V¹ú ä ÁÈ, �� �\îï� �*�� �� �¢��. �� �?� �1î� �ò�ú Í\

îïË�â V¹V� ���.

5. 보완 방법

Q©\ Í\îïË� °7� Ô­�� îï� ¸Ë�­ Ó

� X-ß ef îfË(X-ray Fluorescence)EÎ õ­�� îï

� ª« ¸Ë� Q©\ Í\îïË� Þ�� ¸Ë� ! ä Á

�. æ� Q©\ Í\îïË� ��ñ îï� ½�U�� X-ß �Y îfË(X-ray Di�raction)� É� �Y ¸Ë�� �µ îï

� �Ç ±�¥� Þ� ¸Ë� ! ���. æ� Q©\ Í\î

ïË� �¢o ­Ä� T�ß� ���± Í\îïË(Second-

ary Ion Mass Spectrometry)Ù É� �¢o Í\îïË� Æ�

W µ»� G�W� £ÔÈ Í\_Í]ÎÇ Ï� ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항• Q©\ îï�ð

[ 41]

열중량

질량분석법

248

249

[ 41]

열중량

질량분석법

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1. 분류

��h �D Ôǽ±(Ä_£ Í\îïË(LA-ICP/MS)� ¢

@Ñ t¤¥� îïË��. ��h� µ»� ­�µ¢� ��

�â µ»  W� û� Þ�� �� �Ç� ³� >/� ×­�

k ô�Ç t¤¥� ¸Ë��.

2. 개요

LA-ICP/MS� �­x � V¹Ñ �� ª« �é� 10Wî�

1(ppb) ä�÷�(ppb) ä�÷� ��ó ä Á� ��^ Ô�� g��. ��h �D ç� �ñ ­�< µ»� \2S ¼_

Ù "ø ¬­ÔÇ ç� ��ñ / 10,000°C� ¼Q< `ç� (Ä_£ ��� Ì�¼Ñ <�. � (Ä_£ ��â µ»� �

¬�¾È �±�¾� Ì��V �±�< �¬¼ R1ñ�Ñ <

�. Ôǽ±(Ä_£Ù Í\îï ­�� ò,"��Û #� �

�ÇÙ d� n÷�?� r�Ñ �é� �\îïó ä ÁÑ ¾ø�. ��h �D ­�� ��ñ µ»� �é¥�� ­�µ

¢­ Ó � ICP/MS� îïW 10�� =î� îïó ä Á

�. LA-ICP/MS� �m � f��¥ &= îï ­�� +?� �c �¥, �Í�¥ æ� vÕ d�¼ �m� >= ­P� ü

�� ¢z�� ��È ��� �Þ� ¥\}� k &^ Ô�

�.

[42] 레이저 용융 유도결합플라스마 질량분석법

Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry 109 (3), pp. 1163-1168. (2012)

Odlyha M.J., ‘Introduction to the Preservation of Cultural Heritage’, Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry 104 (2), pp. 399-403. (2011)

Materazzi S., ‘Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Thermogravim-etry (TG-MS) for Evolved Gas Charac- terization: A Review’, Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 33 (3), pp. 189-218. (2006)

Coats A.W., J.P. Redfern, ‘Thermogravimetric Analysis A Re-view’, Analyst 88, pp. 906-924. (1963)

Thomson J.J., Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Applica-tion to Chemical Analysis. London: Longmans Green. (1913)

251

250

[ 41]

열중량

질량분석법

LASE

R AB

LATI

ON

INDU

CTIV

ELY

COUP

LED

PLAS

MA

MAS

S SP

ECTR

OM

ETRY

, LA-

ICP/

MS

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5. 보완 방법

X-ß ef îfË(X-ray Fluorescence), f� ·¢ÕË(Optical

Microscopy), �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�c� î�e X-ß îïË

(Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Disper-

sive Spectrometry), Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spectroscopy)� ��

� µ» �m� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항

�e ��� �>�� Â� ×���� +>� ���â LA-

ICP/MS� �� Õ®¼ }�.

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

LA-ICP-MS îïË� ��h �D� Ôǽ±(Ä_£� ��

� µ»�°(LA-ICP)Ù Í\îïË(MS)�� V� ×ùó ä Á�. Í\îïË� äå. �� �*< ¸Ë��¡, ��h�

� ��� Ôǽ±(Ä_£ ¸Ë� g�¥ �J� �*¾ø

�. �è( J. J. Thomson) � îï ,¥�� �±� îï­ 0

ñ �¬­� ��� �Ò (Thomson, 1911), �_þ(Demp-

ster, 1918), Ø_P(Aston, 1919), _¤�_(Stephens, 1946) �� ��¬Ì� � ¸Ë� �éîï' \ÂÄ ³� Ô­î¬

Ç îïó ä Á� ��^ û´� ¸Ë�� *�µ5�. 6­� Í\îï­� ­mU �Í¡ îïó ä Áø�¡ @�� 3Ð

� ÃÄâ �Ò�V ÈmU �ÍÇ îïó ä ÁÑ ¾ø�. � ¸Ë�� îïW µ»� Á� Í\�ù� Þ�� _Í]Î� Ï�§�. 1980.�� �­� �â µ»� �±�µþ ä Á

� Ôǽ± (Ä_£ ­Ë� �*¾ø�. µ»� �D2� µ

3. 응용

LA-ICP/MS� �¶� �é� d� n÷�?� îïó ä Á­ Ó � û�´� [¢\ ¨�� �é� îï­� ¥±� ¸

Ë��. ��� ��h� ��ñ µ»� �Dµ¢È, � Ñ �

Dµ îï�Í� B­m(�� \2S)Ù "ø ICP/MS� Ì

�Þ} îï��. �Õ� / 10~100µm� ��h� µ»  W

� �ò ��h� Ö� �Dµ¢È ô µ)� 1î �}��. �

1î� �é� 10Wî� 1 ä�÷� n÷ó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ¢@Ñ t¤¥� ¸Ë��â µ»  W� ¢\�V£ ��À T�§�. �é� îï� ½�� �M\îïË�� îïW �

Æ¥ ¼(� ���V 1�� ä��� Æ�ó ä Á�.� ¸Ë� Ô�, Ǭ­�  WE� �Í, ��� �=,

ÈÈ�¥ �Í� ��¥ Me �1, � �0�é� ��� ��

� ×��, ¢Ä í�¯E� #"< gé� "\, È� ǵ� Á

� ï�4� �é îï �� D� Æ�! ä Á�.

4. 한계

LA-ICP/MS� �?�� �H1 ) (mass interference)� �

é� îó(element fractionation)� Ì ä Á�. ICP/MS� �0

�é� îïW �­, R]¼_, ��¬ �±�â V�� _Í

]Î� ) � {Ñ �­ Ó � Í\ _Í]Î� ©*¾� V

¹VÈ ��rN¼ {Ñ V¹ú ä Á�. �¶� G�� µ»� îï­� Jâ g� Þ�ó ¥Y� �1 ��� }� �

�� �Ç ���.

[ 42]

레이저

용융

유도결합플라스마

질량분석법

252

253

[ 42]

레이저

용융

유도결합플라스마

질량분석법

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Van Elteren T., N.H. Tennen, V.S. Šelih, ‘Multi-element Quan-tification of Ancient/historic Glasses by Laser Abla-tion Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using Sum Normalization Calibration’, Analytica Chimica Acta 644, pp. 1-9. (2009)

Cochrane E.E., H. Ne, ‘Investigating Compositional Diversity Among Fijian Ceramics with Laser Ablation Induc-tively Coupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): Implications for Interaction Studies on Geo-logically Similar Islands’, Journal of Archaeological Science 33, pp. 378-390. (2006)

Resano M., J. Perez-Arantegui, E. Garcia-Ruiz, F. Vanhaecke, ‘Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Fast and Direct Characteriza-tion of Antique Glazed Ceramics’, Journal of Analyti-cal Atomic Spectrometry 20, pp. 508-514. (2005)

Cooper M., V. Zafiropulos, Lasers in the Conservation of Painted Artworks, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 79- 90. (1998)

È(U±�â), � µ»� A1� È�c� ��h� Ö�â ­�

µ�.

8. 참고문헌

Wagner B., O. Syta, M. Sawicki, ‘A Moderate Micro- sampling in Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Cultural Heritage Objects: A Review’, in Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks XI, Proceedings of LACONA XI (eds, p. Targowski, M. Walczak, P. Pouli), Torun: NCU Press. (2017)

Panighello S., A. Kavcic , K. Vogel-Mikuš, N.H. Tennent, A. Wallert, S.B. Hocevar, J.T. van Elteren, ‘Investigation of Smalt in Cross-sections of 17th Century Paintings Using Elemental Mapping by Laser Ablation ICP-MS’, Microchemical Journal 125, pp. 105-115. (2016)

Fico D., A. Pennetta, G.E. De Benedetto, ‘The Use of Laser Ab-lation-inductively Coupled Pplasma-mass Spectrom-etry (LA-ICP-MS) in the Study of Cultural Heritage’, 4th Workshop-Plasmi, Sorgenti, Biofisica ed Applica-zioni, pp. 17-21. (2015)

Scarpelli R., A.M. De Francesco, M. Gaeta, D. Cottica, L. Ton-iolo, ‘The Provenance of the Pompeii Cooking Wares: Insights from LA-ICP-MS Trace Element Analyzes’, Microchemical Journal 119, pp. 93-101. (2015)

Bertini M., A. Shortland, K. Milek, E.M. Krupp, ‘Investigation of Iron Age North-eastern Scottish Glass Beads Us-ing Element Analysis with LA-ICP-MS’, Journal of Ar-chaeological Science 38, pp. 2750-2766. (2011) [ 4

2] 레이저

용융

유도결합플라스마

질량분석법

254

255

[ 42]

레이저

용융

유도결합플라스마

질량분석법

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그림 12채색된 Benedictio Ignis et Fontis 양피지 두루마리의 붉은색 물감층의 사진과 이 부위를 MALDI/MS로 분석한 스펙트럼. 이 스펙트럼을 보면 결과 난백 알부민과(m/z 1,345.72, 1,687.83, 1,773.88, 1,858.95, 2,284.13) 오보트란스페린(ovotransferrin)(m/z 1,890.93)의 세기가 강하게 나타났고, 비텔로제닌(vitellogenin-2)(m/z 1,179)는 세기가 약하게 나타났고, 이를 통해 계란 흰자에 계란 노른자를 섞어서 결합제를 만들었다는 것을 알 수 있다.

1200

1105

.57

1179

.59

1267

.66

1345

.72

1493

.72

1687

.83

1773

.88

1858

.95

2284

.13

1500 1800 2100

3000

6000

9000

a.i.

2400 2700 m/z

1. 분류

R]¼_ Þ� ��h ©q �±� Í\îïË(MALDI/MS)*� ¢\� µ»� �°ñâ îï� t¤¥� îï¸Ë��.

2. 개요

Í\îïË(MS)� ½±µ R]¼_ Þ� ��h ©q �±�

(MALDI) ¸Ë� ��h� �c�� |ä� R]¼_� ��

ñâ ¾�� î¬� �ù�� �é� Wâ î¬�±� ¡�

� �±� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� ��W {­¼ {È é*=� T�è üÜ�� ×mî¬(DNA, �OÍ, �¹��, �`�, ±

=Èî¬, �� �¸ �)� #� �Ç� îïó ä Á�.

MALDI/MS� @ ��� ðñ îï��. �#, µ»� ¥Y� R]¼_ �Í� E±� á�� 0� �%µ� Ò �

:�. �#, � Ñ �g� îï�-R]¼_ E±�� µ»� �

�h i_� Ö� îï�� R]¼_ î¬� �Dµ¢È ©q

µ�. £�9�� îï�� R]¼_ î¬� �±�µ! Í\

îï­� Ì�¼ÇD ��. MALDI� �� g�µ) Í\îï

­Ù +½� Æ���.

MALDI/MS� µ» �E� � îï µ)� YÈ �Ǽ

* 주로 ‘MALDI/MS’ 혹은 ‘MALDI’라고 줄여서 부른다.

[43] 매트릭스 보조 레이저 탈착 이온화 질량분석법

257

256

MAT

RIX

ASSI

STED

LAS

ER D

ESO

RPTI

ON

IO

NIZ

ATIO

N M

ASS

SPEC

TRO

MET

RY, M

ALDI

/MS

[ 43]

매트릭스

보조

레이저

탈착

이온화

질량분석법

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ô�«� +½­¼ �%� ä ÁÈ, AB¥�� µ»� ûg

î� T� �ò îï��. æ� R]¼_(matrix)� Æ�� �Í

�â V± �±� m/z^� d� ��G� ¼) ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

Òm{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Liquid Chromatography

Mass Spectrometry), ­m{�£`ô�« Í\îïË(Gas

Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry), a�� Mv ¥�ß îfË(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosco-

py), Ä¡ îfË(Raman Spectroscopy), W��¥ nÆË(Im-

munological Methods), >Ç µÖË(Staining Techniques), �­ü�Ë(Electrophoresis).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• MALDI/MS ç� G�

• ª�(�ße Â� BÆe, ¶ Â� ��± îï), ��

• µ» �E� (dé ¼äîñ, R]¼_)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

M. ¯Ä_(M. Karas), D. �3¡(D. Bachmann), F. %�Õ«(F.

Hillenkamp)¼ 1985.� * � ‘Influence of the wavelength

in high-irradiance ultraviolet laser desorption mass spec-

trometry of organic molecules’�â MALDI� ��Ù /¬

¼ E��� é�¾ø�. 1988. ¯Ä_Ù %�Õ«¼ * �

‘Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular mass-

#�è ä µg �Ç� é\µ»� îïó ä Á�� á� Á�. � ¸Ë� ü�Í� µ»� îïó Ó ¥±� ¸Ë��.

3. 응용

MALDI/MS� &� dé(û: ]�rtrypsin)¼ �OÍ� ³�

W Í\ s0¼ 500~5,000 Da*� �¹��� ¡ÌÈ � �¹

��� îïW �¹�� Í\ � (peptide mass fingerprint,

PMF)ÄÈ 12� X&� ­P� V¹Ñ�. MALDI/MS� �� �¹��� îïó ä Á­ Ó � �¹��Ù �OÍ îï� �� Æ�<�. dé�  �µ»� ³�µ Ò £¾(marker) �±� #"<  �´ k�þ³�_� >�W u�¡� �O

Í îï ½�� Ï� ä Á�(ô� 12).MALDI/MS� �OÍ' \ÂÄ �¸, �`�, Çé, |

2� ä�, ´��þ� _�P(polyethylene glycol)� É� ±

= ��î¬� îï� k Æ�ó ä Á�. �� ½±�� �

¸ =î © ]Ä�_�@Ä��(triacylglyceride)Ù #_�¤O

P:(phosphatidylcholine) (� ô ���) � ��< ½|2� � ]�|2� ÔÇm ä��� îï� kÇ Æ�ó ä Á�.

MALDI/MS� Ô­>»V Ü»� îïó Ó Æ�¾­Ç ��. dé ¼äîñ Ò MALDI/MS� îïW `�� � � �2

Ñ V¹V� á� ��� ÔÆ� ¹� ÈõÌ� >îó äÇ Á�.

4. 한계

� ¸Ë� ��W �\îï� ó ä T�. MALDI� {�£`

* 소립자 등의 작은 입자의 질량을 나타내는 단위. 돌턴(Dalton)이라고 읽는다.

258

259

[ 43]

매트릭스

보조

레이저

탈착

이온화

질량분석법

[ 43]

매트릭스

보조

레이저

탈착

이온화

질량분석법

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the analysis of protein paint binders’, (Eds. M.P. Co-lombini, F. Modugno), Organic mass spectrometry in art and archaeology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 165-187. (2009)

es exceeding 10000 daltons’ (pp. 2299-2301, 1988)�â Í\

� 100kDa� U�� �OÍ _Í]Î� ÞȾø�.

8. 참고문헌

Granzotto C., J. Arslanoglu, C. Rolando, C. Tokarski, ‘Plant gum identification in historic artworks’, Scientific Re-ports 7: 44538. (2017)

Calvano C.D., I.D. van der Werf, F. Palmisano, L. Sabbatini, ‘Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrom-etry-based techniques’, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, pp. 6957-6981. (2016)

van der Werf I.D., C.D. Calvano, F. Palmisano, L. Sabbatini, ‘A simple protocol for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis oflipids and proteins in single mi-crosamples of paintings’, Analytica Chimica Acta 718, pp. 1-10. (2012)

Fremout W., S. Kuckova, M. Crhova, J. Sanyova, S. Saverwyns, R. Hynek, M. Kodicek, P. Vandenabeele, L. Moens, ‘Classification of protein binders in artist’s paints by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry: an evaluation of principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA)’, Rapid Commu-nications in Mass Spectrometry 25, pp. 1631-1640. (2011)

Kuckova S., R. Hynek, M. Kodicek, ‘M. MALDI-MS applied to

260

261

[ 43]

매트릭스

보조

레이저

탈착

이온화

질량분석법

[ 43]

매트릭스

보조

레이저

탈착

이온화

질량분석법

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ïË �� "ø Æ�W � Ñ ��¾� ×=< �Í� =î

� ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

�­��¥ ¸Ë� t¤¥ ¸Ë�è µ»\Ç Êî^ Á�í ��. ôºV ¢@ú¬ îï� 0� ����Ë� É� ¢\ î

ïË� Õ®�� �Þ� ¥� ¶� µ»�Ç îïó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ��v� B�� � �Í¡ îïó ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

¬�ß-¼µß îfË(Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy), Í\

îïË(Mass Spectrometry), y¬­ ��îfË(Nuclear Mag-

netic Resonance Spectroscopy).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ��?

• �­�� ��

• ³s �[

• �� �[

• Þ� �[

• �� �ñÍ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

Þ¨���â �­��� ��� �6� û� 18@­ ³�

: �� ��£ �� +>�(Chemisches Labor der Königli-

chen Museen zu Berlin, ·� �k� Ä]? +>é(Rath-

1. 분류

�­��¥ îïË� ��v� B�� � î¬� îï� �¶� ¸ËÌ�Û t¤¥ ¸Ë�� î���.

2. 개요

�­��¥ îïË� ��W Èm Â� Òm U�� µ»� îïó ä Á�. á�� #"< Ü»V Ô­>» © ��v� B

�� � ��G� ��ó ä ÁÈ, µ)� Õ�"� ÃÄ �

� �ÍÌ� îñ¾� &=� £Ô�k Æ�ó äÇ Á�. �

­��¥�� Ø=� =îÌ� µ»� #"< �Å �Í� >

î¾� &o¥� �­��¥ ��� V¹��. ¢@ú¬ îï� 0� ����Ë� É� �­�� ¸Ë�� îïó Õ® µg�

â V�ôì(nanogram)� �2� �Ç� µ»� bH� ��.

3. 응용

�­��¥ ¸Ë� ��v� B�� � Ü»� ��� �� ýU� £Ô�V ¢\� >�, �, �ï, ä�, \+ �� îï

� Ô�� ä���. Çé¼ ��¾W �Í� ��=î� M

Ñ ¾�k, �­��¥ ¸Ë� y¬­�� îfË�V Í\î

[44] 전기화학적 분석법*

* 원문의 문맥을 볼 때 이는 한 방법을 말하는 것이 아니라 전기화학을 이용한 여러 방법을 통틀어서 일컫는 말이다.

[ 44]

전기화학적

분석법

263

262

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TRO

CHEM

ICAL

AN

ALYT

ICAL

MET

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DS

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1. 분류

� �0�é îïË� ®ÄÞ-`Ø-�� ��� +�a� ¸Ë

��â, �� ��� +�a� ¸Ë�ÄÈ 12­Ç ��. � ¸

Ë� �Í��¥ &=(¢\�é� "\, �0�é "\g)� �

�ñâ Ô�� Ô�� ¥\}� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� Æ�%

W ��� ¢\ ��}í ­ Ó � t¤¥ ¸Ë�� î��

�.

2. 개요

� �0�é îï� W µ»� #"< =î� �� �Þ ��

� a¼ �Þ� Ï� ä Á�. îï ½�� ¢� ¥%§ ¬»Ù g�� �� ¡Ì�§ ���� ¥\}È f�� ��< 0

ç� ¥\Ú��Û §0�1� ��� Ô�� ä��� Æ�

ó ä Á�.+O(lead white) Ü»� � fï�â a÷� á� �

� ðñ Ï��. � fï� ��ñ +O ��� ¡Ì�Ç � �

0�é gx� {Ñ M� ���. >­= ·��[2PbCO3·P-

b(OH)2]� ��< ô��â Z^ *v¾� �Í��. 250~200

µg �Ç� ¢\� µ»¡ Á�W � �0�é gx� ¥\à ä Á�.

[45] 납 동위원소 분석법gen-Forschungslabor)� ��º �Ä)�. � ¸Ë� n��V >�� ¡Ì�§ á� �û�� °� ³s� �� Æ�¾ø�. ��� �­��¥ îïË�� îïó Ó� Ñ� © V¼ }

� ¶� µ»¼ bH�� ��ø�k, 1989. �5(Scholz)� g�� +>�� ����Ë� �*� ÃÄ �� �¼ U` 1î ñ½¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Doménech-Carbó A., ‘Voltammetric methods applied to iden-tification, speciation, and quantification of analytes from works of art; an overview’, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 14, pp. 363-379. (2010)

Scholz F., L. Nitschke, G. Henrion, ‘A new procedure for fast electrochemical analysis of solid materials’, Naturwis-senscha� 76, pp. 71-72. (1989)

265

264

[ 44]

전기화학적

분석법

LEAD

ISOT

OPE

AN

ALYS

IS

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þ� �ñ ½�<�. Aç� k�þ� +O� ¼Ä� ÷E� V¹��. � �0�é� îïñâ Ï� ½�� 206 Pb/ 204

Pb gx� y���, 207 Pb/ 204 Pbgx� x��� � �á

Ç(scatter plot)� ǵ��. .��(Northern school)Ù ��

�(Southern school)� �� �¼Ì(¨1�Brueghels, ¿Ô_

Rubens, B ��{van Dyck, Francken, B N��van Goyen, ó_Hals, �¨�]Rembrandt,   ô��El Greco, ����

Giordano, ¯®«¡ Kaufmann, £�_�Magnasco, �çRicci, �ÆRosa, ¤ç\�Titian �)� ³´ äO á� ��� îï� A� Á�. +O �� îï ½�� �áÇ� V¹� ½� �¼� �� ©H� �Þ� Ï� ä Áø�. à, �¼Ì� Æ�� +O� ¥«_ �1�â V± �� .1�â V± �� 3 <��� V

�� �� ¥ ä Áø�. �� ×=< 0çÙ µ­¼ ÔÆóäD <� }�â �� U�¥ 0ç¼ JòÑ V¹Ñ�(Keisch &

Callahan 1976). �Å µ»� � �0�é "\g� nÆ��W � gx� �¢ ¡Ì� Y <� © �ë <�� ��� g�ó ä Á�. � µ»� ?� nÆÈ Á�ß� k�þ³�_

� {­� áá ¾�È Á�.

4. 한계

��� #"< +O� GäóäD ��� îï½�� Ï� ä Á�. (�Å ���â ×�<) üG�� #"< +OÜ»� îï

W <��â õ�ú ä Á�. æ� Ü» µ»¼ �ë ���â V± ��ÄÈ �ó ä Á�%W �Í�¥ k�þ¼ L�t¾

�í ��. f� }�â ¬+¥�� "\� M� �Ç ���

é ��¸Ë� �?A ä Á�(Gulson 1986). ³´�â �°�

Þð�(common lead)�� 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb,

208Pb� 4�� �0�é¼ Á�. K� @ ¼� �0�é� ®

ÄÞ yGÌ(238U� 235U)� `Ø yG(232Th)� ¸Æ= ¿

�� �ñ 1î¥�� ¡Ì�§�. ôºV 204Pb� ¸Æ=¿

�� � �­ Ó � µ)� �VÇ ô "\� M� ���. Þð�� ©H� &=� ¸Æ= �� #"¾� Á� ��� �

��. �� � �0�é ©�â �� ®ÄÞ �0�é�1þ ¡

Ì��È V� `Ø �0�é�1þ ¡Ì�§ ���. �©

204Pb¡ µ)� Õ�"� ÃÄ ¿�¾� �Í�1þ ¡Ì��

� ���.�µ �� �� yB�� �ñ ¡Ì�öÈ, 6r=� {

*� �ñ ®�� ¸÷¾ø�¼, �µ �¶?� >=� î�

>Ð ��� Ì���È a�<�. +Íï� ]�A�f(V�

+)� #"< �� �µ U�� �=� �� ô�� Ô�È Á

�. �>� #"< � �0�é� gx� �µ�� ®ÄÞ � `

Ø �0�é� ¸Æ= ¿�� �ñ ��¥�� M�ñ r�. Ã

Äâ f��V 4ï� Á� � �0�é� �=� ô ×= +�

Ù ô�� ×=! `µ� vÕ� �ñ ~ħ�. à, µ) Õ�� ÃÄ ®ÄÞ� `Ø� ±� ��� gx� ~ħ�.

3. 응용

�Í�¥��, �� �0�é� �=� �¶� � Ü ¾� �é

© V��. �0�é� �=� �� ×=µ­, fU(ore de-

posit)� ¡Ì�Í `µ 4ï� #"< U/Pb � Th/Pb gx� ÃÄ ~ħ�(Faure 1986). §0�1 Â� +�a�� =� �

1� ���â Ï��� k�þÙ � f��â Ï��� k�[ 4

5] 납

동위원소

분석법

266

267

[ 45]

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분석법

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erick Soddy)� 1913.� �0�é¼ ¨���È ¼(� @Ð

�k, 1913. �@« ¨ �è(Joseph John Thomson)� g¸Æ

= �é� �0�é¼ �T ¨���� ��� *v��. �

�â «±µ_ ä�å Ø_P(Francis William Aston)� Í\

îï­� ��� �¶� �é� Ü��0�é� �ä *v

��. ¢µ(Keisch) �� �0�é gx� Þ� #� ä���

¼µ�È �º_Ü(clustering)� ���}­ 0ñ 1976.

� ‘� �0�é gx �ä’(Lead Isotope Ratio Index, LIRI) �ñ� Çú��. � �ä� ÕÖ¹ LIRI=35.385+0.4729·( 206

Pb/ 204 Pb)−0.5519·( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb)·( 207 Pb/ 206 Pb)−8.2561·( 208 Pb/ 206 Pb)� ÃÄ 206 Pb/ 204 Pb, 207 Pb/

206 Pb ô�È 208 Pb/ 206 Pb � @ ¼� gx� ðñ ��

ó ä Á�. �gÜ(Fabian)� g�� +>�Ì� �0�é gx ¸Ë� ðñ äO �� �¼� ³´� îï��(Fabian et al.

2010).

8. 참고문헌

Szymanowski D., J.F. Wotzlaw, B.S. Ellis, O. Bachmann, M. Guillong, A. von Quadt, ‘Protracted Near-solidus Storage and Pre-eruptive Rejuvenation of Large Mag-ma Reservoirs,’ Nature Geoscience 10 (10), pp. 777-782. (2017)

Von Quadt A., J. Wotzlaw, Y. Buret, S.J.E. Large, I. Peytcheva, A. Trinquier, ‘High-precision Zircon U/Pb Geochro-nology by ID-TIMS using New 1013 Ohm Resistors,’ Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 31 (3), pp.

µ»� ��¥ �=� �F ���â Æ�� �Í�V ºù �

��â Ôú¾� ¢\ �é� ÃÄ ~ÄÍ ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

O+� �0�é gx� ¥\}� ¸Ë��� �© [Qþ

(multiple collector)¼ q< Ôǽ±(Ä_£ Í\îïË

(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry)Ù Q�±� Í\îïË(Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer)� 3 ¼

�¼ Á�.

6. 사양 및 고려사항

Í\îïË�� îï­� Jâ µ»� �Æe �¬·¢Õ-�

c� î�e X-ß îï­� îï��. µ»� ©\, �£, õ­� î#, >=� ��� Ò µ»� îñ�� (�� 1:1� gx� 7

ï� Ã�� Í� 4㎖� ��). µ»¼ �>¾� �ÇD õ��

(class 100) vÕ� Ô�ñí ��.

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

1896. �� ³{�(Henri Becquerel)� ®+^ ¸Æß� *

v�È, �Ò A1 �Ö¬Ì� f� +Ç� ����. ®Ä

Þ� ¿�Wâ éØ� ×=<�� �� *v� �Â_] º

w#�(Ernest Rutherford)� 1905. ®ÄÞ fï �� "Ô< éض� ��� fï� +�� ��� � ¼Ä�È ½

Z�ø�. 1907. ³2]ã ã]®�(Bertram Boltwood)� ®

ÄÞ ¿�� �G ½��� �� ��� È�� f� #"< ®ÄÂV�] fï� +�� ����. «��¼ é½(Fred-

[ 45]

납 동위원소

분석법

268

269

[ 45]

납 동위원소

분석법

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Gulson B.L., Lead Isotopes in Mineral Exploration. Amster-dam: Elsevier. (1986)

Keisch B., R.C. Callahan, Archaeometry 2, p. 181. (1976)Catanzaro E.J., T.J. Murphy, W.R. Shields, E.L. Garner, J. Res.,

72A 261. (1968)

658-665. (2016)Fabian D., G. Fortunato, ‘Tracing White: A Study of Lead

White Pigments found in Seventeenth-century Paint-ings using High Precision Lead Isotope Abundance Ratios’ in Trade in Artists’ Materials: Markets and Commerce in Europe to 1700 (eds. J. Kirby, S. Nash, J. Cannon), Archetype, pp. 426-443. (2010)

Thirlwall M.F., Chemical Geology 184 (3-4), pp. 255-279. (2002)

Platzner I., S. Ehrlich, L. Halicz, Fresenius’, Journal of Analyt-ical Chemistry 370 (5), pp. 624-628. (2001)

Snoek W., I.R. Plimer, S. Reeves, Journal of Geo-chemical Ex-ploration 66, pp. 421-425. (1999)

Rehkämper M., A.N. Halliday, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 181, pp. 123-133. (1998)

Gerstenberger H., G. Haase, ‘A Highly Effective Emitter Sub-stance for Mass Spectrometric Pb Isotope Ratio De-terminations,’ Chemical Geology 136, pp. 309-312. (1997)

Platzner I.T., K. Habfast, A.J. Waldner, A. Goetz, Modern Iso-tope Ratio Measurement, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. (1997)

Hirata T., Analyst 121 (10), pp. 1407-1411. (1996) Todt W., R.A. Cli�, A. Hanser, A.W. Ho�mann, Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophysical Monograph. (eds. A.R. Basu and S.R. Hart), Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union 95, p. 429. (1996)

Faure G., Principles of Isotope Geology. 2nd edition, New York: Wiley. (1986)

[ 45]

납 동위원소

분석법

270

271

[ 45]

납 동위원소

분석법

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3. 응용

|ÄÁ25 îf �¢�Ë� gòÝ, g��¥ îïË��. µ

»� �� � BÆ ª�� îïó ä Á�. |ÄÁ25 îfË� ��W Ü» �� �Í� >îÈ ��ó ä Á�. æ� �Â

µÕ� ��ÕEÎ �=� ~Äâ �Y�� �Å Õ� >î

�k ��ó ä Á�. |ÄÁ25 �¢o� ðñâ ô� �m  

W� ÿ�� �� �Þ� Ï� ä Á­ Ó � 3�� ¸Ë�� î�<�.

4. 한계

�¬­ °Æß © |ÄÁ25 ü�� �� á�� �ñ ñ

Ñ BÆ<� (¼µfÞ� w ñÑ BÆ<�). �� á� á� ü�� £å ü��� \K�� ÃÄ á Â� �á� ! ä Á

�. £~¼��, |ÄÁ25 °Æß� �� |ä¾­ Ó � � =Í� äî� n÷È �\ó ä Á�� á� ! ä ÁÈ ó

� �m� ð�� q��� �áÇ ! ä Á�. |ÄÁ25� �� ¼µß Â� ¥�ßÞ� g�¡ £�{��Þ�� Y\

â îñÄ� 1mm ¢¡��¡ &ä ¸Ë� ��W îñÄ� �ßó ä Á�.

5. 보완 방법

X-ß ef �¢oË(X-ray Fluorescence Imaging), K-0� �

¢oË(K-edge Imaging), ¸Æf X-ß ef �¢oË(Synchro-

tron X-ray Fluorescence Imaging).

1. 분류

|ÄÁ25ß(terahertz, THz, 1012 Hz, T-ray)� û� Þ�� �

� �¬­ °Æß��â � ¸Ë� gt¤¥� �¢oË�� î�<�.

2. 개요

THz °Æß� £�{��(microwave)Ù ¼µß Æ�� 0ç� �¬­ °Æß��. THz f¬� �c�¼ dÈ (¼µß�V ¥

�ßÞ� �c�¼ d�), X-ß� ~� Ö�� �Í� �±�µ

¢� q­ Ó � ¨�� �� �EÎ ëì�È Æã� ð

ñ�Ç ü�� ¢ç� ���. ‘|ÄÁ25 �(Terahertz gap)’� �Ð�â ¥ ä Á²� �¬ ü�(£�{�� à)� f� ü

� (¼µß à)� ©)� -& Á�. THz °Æß� ³´� ýU

µ¢� �È �µ, ��, H�_ �� ��ó ä Á�. Ü» �

� �Í� X&�(� Â� â�� É�) THz _Í]Î� V¹

}È �� ��ñ �Í� ��ó ä Á�. |ÄÁ25 îfË� � á Â� ß Â� W �0� îïó ä ÁÈ � Õ® |ÄÁ2

5 �¢o�ÄÈ 1Å�.

[46] 테라헤르츠 분광-이미징법

[ 46]

테라헤르츠

분광

-이미징법

273

272

TERA

HER

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ING

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Ascencio-Rojas, A. Zarate, G. Hernandez, R.C. Gon-zalez-Tirado, M. Insaurralde-Caballero, E. Castro- Camus, ‘History of Mexican Easel Paintings from an Altarpiece Revealed by Non-invasive Terahertz Time- Domain Imaging’, Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves 38 (4), pp. 403-412. (2017)

Squires A.D., R.A. Lewis, A.J. Zaczek, T.M. Korter, ‘Distin-guishing Quinacridone Pigments via Terahertz Spec-troscopy: Absorption Experiments and Solid-State Density Functional Theory Simulations’, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 121, pp. 3423-3429. (2017)

Lewis R.A., Terahertz Physics. Cambridge University Press. (2013)

6. 사양 및 고려사항• *§­: �A§�ä, �� §�ä, +� �

�ä ü�

• >=Hé: |ÄÁ25 ��, �À, bþ

• �¢o ª�: BÆ Â� ��

• n÷­: 6�(pyroelectric) n÷­, ä��

(golay) n÷­, ã�¢þ(bolometer), µ) ü� îf­

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

û��� �Å �� g� |ÄÁ25 °Æß� +>��

â ¡ÌÈ �GÈ ��� �� �%Ðø�. 1980.�1þ

1990.�÷� µ) ü� îïË� �*� É� ©H� *v� ���Wâ U� g¼ Þ¡¾øÈ �Ô� +>� g�� �¶� �Ç� Æ�¾­ µ³��.

8. 참고문헌

Dong J., A. Locquet, M. Melis, D.S. Citrin, ‘Global Mapping of Stratigraphy of an Old-Master Painting Using Sparsi-ty-based Terahertz Reflectometry’, Scientific Reports 7 (15098), 12pp. (2017)

Gallerano G.P., K. Fukunaga, M. Picollo, ‘Guest Editorial: Spe-cial Issue on THz Radiation Applied to Cultural Her-itage’, Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves 38, pp. 367-368. (2017)

Gomez-Sepulveda A.M., A.I. Hernandez-Serrano, R. Rad-pour, C.L. Koch-Dandolo, S.C. Rojas-Landeros, L.F.

[ 46]

테라헤르츠

분광

-이미징법

274

275

[ 46]

테라헤르츠

분광

-이미징법

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ó äÇ Á�. H�_ ¼¬�� Á� &�Z¥� �Å ô�� &�Z¥� g�� +½¾ø@ �� âÄ ¡« 3 �� H�

_� ô: ô��� ¥\à äÇ Á�. H�_ ��� @­ ¸Ë

� �Å +>� ��� ñ5� Ç>� Æ�¾È ÁÈ, &^ 19@­Ù 20@­ 6� ¡Ì�§ ³´� +>ó Ó Ô�Ñ Æ�

¾È Á�.

4. 한계

H�_ ��� @­Ë� Y�¥� ��� Æ�� qÈ Þ

ñ���¡ Æ�ó ä Á�. � � �� âÄ �º �� 3¿£

�� ¡Ì ä Á­ Ó � � ¸Ë� H�_Ì� �A� 3¿£

��â V± ���¡ ��ó ä Á� ' � ��â V± ���

� ¥ ä T�. ��� @­Ë�� 3 ô�� îï� ½�¼ A

ç��È � 3 ô�� �A� ³¼� �ñ ¡Ì�ö�È �

�� q��. �A� ��â âÄ� 3 �� 3¿£�� 3 �

� �¼�Ñ �R�� ä Á­ Ó ��. ��� H�_� ¶à W� ïñ§ ô�� � ¸Ë�� îï­¼ �*�. H�_ L

W� �Å H�_� ó� Õ®�Ç ��� 2 ä TÑ <�.

5. 보완 방법

¸Æ=·é +���Ë(Radiocarbon Dating), B Í C-14� �

�� ¸Æ=·é +���Ë(Radiocarbon Dating using Bomb

Peak C-14 analysis).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• Ç]BÕ (Dot radius)

[47] 캔버스 직조실 세기법

1. 분류

H�_ ��� @­Ë� H�_� �� ­P� îï� gt

¤¥ îï¸Ë��.

2. 개요

H�_ ��� @­Ë� H�_� >=� ä� � ä� �� �ÇÙ ¸�� ��� ¸Ë��. É� ��â V± ��� ¡

« H�_Ì� H�_� >=� �� äÙ �� e�¼ Aç

��. ô�� X-ß �¢oË�� îïW �� �ÇÙ ¸�� ¥ ä Á�. ���� ¬� ��ñâ ý�� �� @ø�¡ �J

�� ¬��� �� 2 ä Á� ¥È�ô� �*¾�â w; r

xó ä Á� ½�� ÏÑ ¾ø�.

3. 응용

H�_ ��� @­Ë� �ë ô�� �A� ³¼� ³´��

� ¥\}� ä��� Æ�<�. �c ô� H�_� ��� ä

¼ ÷E¼ ��� ô� H�_� ��� äÙ Aç��W �� 3 H�_� �A�� Æ��@ ��Ä� �� L�t� ��� Æ�ó ä Á�. � ¸Ë� ³¼� �m ³´ © �Æ

� ³´� ¡Ì�§ U�¥� µ­� ¥\}� ä��� Æ�[ 4

7] 캔버스

직조실

세기법

277

276

CAN

VAS

WEA

VE T

HRE

AD C

OUN

TIN

G

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Ng J.S., ‘A Common Platform for Thread Count Automation’, in Master of Engineering Project Report. New York: Cornell University. (2008)

Dagel D., W.A. Sethares, ‘A Method of Thread Enhancement and Thread Counting’, University of Wisconsin Tech-nical Report. (2007)

Lister K.H., C. Peres, I. Fiedler, ‘Tracing an interaction: sup-porting evidence, experimental grounds’, in Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South. London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 354-369. (2001)

Xu B., ‘Identifying Fabric Structures with Fast Fourier Trans-form Techniques’, Textile Research Journal 66. (1996)

Van Schendel, ‘Notes on the support of Rembrandt’s Claudi-us Civilis’, Konsthistorisk Tidskrift 25, pp. 38-42. (1956)

• ��

• ?�� ¥È�ô

• g�%� 3 ô� ¶ ö� +½10 Ƨ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

H�_ ��� @­� 1956. B ��(Van Schendel)�

‘Claudius Civilis’� &�� �Í� H�_¼ Æ�< �� *v

Wâ E� Çú¾ø�. ��� �«]Ù _ úÐ� pÔ +

>�� ñ` ³´� îï� �x�È, ��Û H�_ ��� @­¼ E� Æ�¾ø�. 21@­ 6 B È3 ��£� � ¨è

(Don Johnson)� �E� ¨è(Richard Johnson)� ¬�� H

�_ ��� @­Ë� E��� Æ���.

8. 참고문헌

Johnson C. R., Sethares W. A. (ed), ‘Counting Vermeer: Using Weave Maps to Study Vermeer’s Canvases’, Web-Pub-lication (2017) (http://countingvermeer.rkdmono-graphs.nl/retrieved 19-01-2018)

Van Tilborgh L., T. Meedendorp, E. Hendriks, D.H. Johnson, C.R. Johnson, R.G. Erdmann, ‘Weave matching and dating of Van Gogh’s paintings: an interdisciplinary approach’, The Burlington Magazine 46, pp. 112-122. (2012)

Johnson D.H., C.R. Johnson, Jr., A.G. Klein, W.A. Sethares, H. Lee, E. Hendriks, ‘A thread counting algorithm for art forensics’, DSP Workshop, Marco Island, Florida. (2009)

[ 47]

캔버스

직조실

세기법

278

279

[ 47]

캔버스

직조실

세기법

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3. 응용

¸Æ= ·é +��� ¸Ë� µ»� �°ñâ îï� t¤

¥� ¸Ë��. ¼�­ Í\îï­(Accelerator Mass Spec-

trometry, AMS)� ��W ämg �Ç� Ô­� µ»� îï

ó ä Á�. �J�� ­­� *~� �ñ äåµg �Ç� µ»Ç îïó ä Á�.

H�_, Võ, G� �� C-14 "\� îïW ô�Ì

� ¡Ì�§ µ­� ¥ ä Á�. � ¸Ë� �Ñ 50. Æ�� ¡

Ì�§ 0�´�V B Í(bomb peak) C-14¼ #"< �Í� ¹

�� k Æ�ó ä Á�. æ� ½±�V A1 Ü»� C-14� îïW H�_ �� �Æ���� �1� ¥\}� k Ç�

� ! ä Á�.

4. 한계

¸Æ=·é +���� ��Ç� �­ © C-14� "\� ü�

� �­ Ó � n�Éß� Æ�ñí ��. \� ��Ñ îï

� W 1650.� 1950.EÎ +�� a�� ^� �º � V

¹ú ä Á�. �m� H�_V G��� �µV óï� L�

]¼ ��Á� �\â* �¼ ! ä Á�. ª« Õ®� µ»� ¶� �¼ <�.

5. 보완 방법

+C+��(Dendrochronology)

* 이는 표면에만 칠하는 것들이다.

1. 분류

¸Æ=·é(C-14)� 2� ®�ß(Cosmic ray)� �ñ �­�â ¬+¥�� ×=¾� ·é� �0�é��. ×�C�� C-14 ���� #"¾� Á�è ¬+?�â �­C� ×�C�

C-14 î# gx� 10:12 ��. � ¸Ë� ¢@Ñ t¤¥�È ��¥��.

2. 개요

¸Æ=·é +���Ë� C-14¼ 5,700.� B�­� �È ¸

Æ= îñ¾� =Í� ����. � ¸Ë� 50,000. �}� ×

=< ·é� #"� �Í� ×=+�� ¥\}� k Æ�¾

È Á�. k\Á� ×�m�� ·é¼ #"¾� ÁÈ �­Ù �

�¥�� �vB�� A�V­ Ó � ×�m }1� C-14 Ø

=� �­Ù �AÑ Ô�<�. ôºV ×�� o�Àâ �� �vB�� aÑ ¾W ·é� ¿�¼ ®@ñ�Ñ <�. ¸Æ

= µ?¼ ³�­ µ³� 5,700. Ò�� Ø6 Áø@ ¶� B¡ �Ñ <�. �\Á� �Í� Ø=� ��W µ?¼ � . �Ü ³���� ¥ ä Á�.

[48] 방사성탄소 연대측정법

[ 48]

방사성탄소

연대측정법

281

280

RADI

OCA

RBO

N D

ATIN

G M

ETH

OD

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Synal H.A., M. Stocker, M. Suter, ‘MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system’, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Inter-actions with Materials and Atoms 259 (1), pp. 7-13. (2007)

Gove, H.E., From Hiroshima to the iceman: the development and applications of accelerator mass spectrometry. Florida: CRC Press. (1998)

Libby W.F., E.C. Anderson, J.R. Arnold, ‘Age Determination by Radiocarbon Content World-Wide Assay of Nat-ural Radiocarbon’, Science 109 (2827), pp. 227-228. (1949)

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¼�­ Í\îïË

(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

¸Æ=·é +���Ë� ­� �� 1949. �ð¥� ½^� ¯Ü(decay counting) ¸Ë� Ø�� �g(Libby)Ù ô� �

»Ì� >���. 1977. ¼�­ Í\îï­¼ �*¾È 80.

�� `��� ä�*� ·é+� �� ¸Ë�� îïWâ � ��Ë� @)� �,� �Ñ ¾ø�. ¼�­ Í\îï­¼ ?

�ñâ *��� ÃÄ 21@­ �Ò� Þ� ¥� µ»� w ��

� îï ½�� à ä ÁÑ ¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Hendriks L, I. Hajdas, C. McIntyre, M. Kuffner, N. Scherrer, E. Ferreira, ‘Microscale Radiocarbon Dating of paint-ings’, Applied Physics a-Mater 122 (3). (2016)

Hajdas I., ‘Radiocarbon Treatise on Geochemistry’, Elsevier 14, pp. 37-43. (2014)

Jull A., J. Timothy, G.S. Burr ‘Accelerator Mass Spectrometry’, Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods (2014), pp. 1-6. (2014)

Hajdas I., ‘The Radiocarbon Dating method and its appli-cations in Quaternary studies,’ Quaternary Science Journal-Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 57(1/2), pp. 2-24. (2008)

* 이탈리아 토리노 성당에 보관된 천. 예수의 시신을 덮었던 천이었는지 여부에 대한 공방이 일었는데 방사성동위원소 방법과

현미경적 분석방법으로 분석한 결과 예수의 시신을 덮었던 천이 아닌 것으로 밝혀졌다.

[ 48]

방사성탄소

연대측정법

282

283

[ 48]

방사성탄소

연대측정법

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� �­� Á@ C-14¼ #"¾Ñ ¾�k, 1945. �Ò (ô�È \£Ç 2020.÷�) ר�@ ×�m�� y�Ö �Þ� C-14 "\� �¼ñ Á�. ��< ^� � @?� �¶� 0ç�â ä

�� k�þÙ g�ó ä Á�. �� g�(Þ�)� ðñ ×�m

¼ ×� µ­V Æ8� µ­� ¥\à ä Á�. B ­{ C-14� FǼ �¼� µ­Ù �é� µ­¼ Áø­ Ó � Þ

� ½�� 1945~1959. Æ�� UH­ Þ�� 1965. �Ò� ñ­ Þ��� V¹Ñ�. 21@­ Ì�â� �é@¼ �¡ñ

�­ Ó � 1965.� ��Ç� ±0.5.�ø�¡ 2012~2016.� ��Ç� ±2.�� ��ö�.

3. 응용

B ­{ C-14� ¸Æ=·é� ��� +�a� ¸Ë��¡ µ

»� �°ñ éªñí ­ Ó � t¤¥� ¸Ë��. H�_, G�, Võ, ¶­� �� 0.2mg �Ç¡ Á�W 1945. �Ò� V¹V� rN� 7\}­� Êî�. 1945. �Ò ¡Ì�§ ³´� Õ® ��µ­, (¹�� Õ®) ×/ä�µ­� ��

Ñ ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

B ­{ C-14� ��� ¸Æ=·é +���Ë� (1) 3 �� +� a�^� Ï��È (2) µ)� Õ�Wâ B ­{ C-14¼ áá z�Ì� 21@­� k�@ ×�m�â� ��Ǽ ���

È Á�è, 2020.�� ¬+ ä��� Ç~ñ ÆÄÍ ��Ä� 3 ¼� �?¼ Á�.

1. 분류

B ­{ C-14� ��� ¸Æ=·é +���Ë� ¢\� µ»

� bH� ­ Ó � t¤¥� îï¸Ë�� î�<�.

2. 개요

B ­{ C-14� 1945.~1963. Æ� �§ y�Ö� ðñ �­� ��¥�� ¡Ì�§ ·é� ¸Æ=�0�é��. � µ­� y�Ö `µ ¬+ �­� #"< C-14Þ� 3 � }�

C-14¼ ¡Ì�Àâ ½�� �U ×�G� &� Á� C-14� "\Ç 3 � 6�VÑ ¾ø�. �­ ©� C-14 FÇ� 1945.

1þ 1963.÷� �¼ñâ 1963.� �á� ~�È, �U�

â y�Ö � �� á�� 1î¥ y�Ö á� �/(partial

nuclear test treaty)� m½< �Ò �é­ µ³��. B ­{

C-14¼ �é� ·U� (1) äå .� -& �\� ���·é

(CO2)¼ ��� |ä¾È, (2) �ï+»� Æ�"� ÃÄ C-14¼ T� ���·é¼ �÷¾� 7ï¾� d�¼ °±¥�� V¹Ñ ½��â �� �_(Suess) d�ÄÈ 1Å�.

B ­{ C-14� ¸Æ= ·é +� ���â 1945. y

�Ö �Ò ×=< �Í�� �1� ��� ä�� <�. ù�

� k�@ ×�m� ����� Æ��@ �U� �¹� &�

[49] 봄 피크(Bomb Peak) C-14를 이용한 방사성탄소 연대측정법

285

284

RADI

OCA

RBO

N D

ATIN

G

USIN

G B

OM

B PE

AK C

-14

[ 49]

봄 피크

( Bom

b Pe

ak) C

-14를

이용한

방사성탄소

연대측정법

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bon for the Period 1950-2010’, Radiocarbon 55, pp. 2059-2072. (2013)

Levin I . , B. Kromer, S. Hammer, ‘Atmospheric Delta (CO2)-C-14 Trend in Western European Background Air from 2000 to 2012’, Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology 65. (2013)

Hajdas I., ‘The Radiocarbon Dating Method and its Appli-cations in Quaternary Studies’, Quaternary Science Journal-Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 57 (1/2), pp. 2-24. (2008)

Reimer P.J., T.A. Brown, R.W. Reimer, ‘Discussion: Reporting and Calibration of Post-Bomb C-14 Data’, Radiocar-bon 46, pp. 1299-1304. (2004)

5. 보완 방법

+C+��Ë(Dendrochronology)

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ¼�­ Í\îïË

(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, AMS)

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

B ­{ C-14� ��� ¸Æ=·é +���Ë� 1949. �

g(Libby)Ù ô �»Ì� �*� ¸Æ=·é +���Ë� ­

B��. �­ © C-14 Ø=�� 1957. E� £�¾ø�. � @

? C-14� �­ © Ø�� ��¥�� £�ñ± ½� ù ��

C-14 ��� 0� k�þ<� e=¾øÈ, ÃÄâ � k�þ<

� ±Ä��� ��¾� «�ôì� Ø�� µ»� C-14 F

Ç� ��ó ä Á�.

8. 참고문헌

Hendriks L., I. Hajdas, C. McIntyre, M. Kuffner, N. Scherrer, E. Ferreira, ‘Microscale Radiocarbon Dating of Paint-ings’, Applied Physics A-Materials Science & Process-ing 122 (3), p. 10. (2016)

Caforio L., M. Fedi, P. Mando, F. Minarelli, E. Peccenini, V. Pellicori, F. Petrucci, P. Schwartzbaum, F. Taccetti, ‘Discovering Forgeries of Modern Art by the C-14 Bomb Peak’, European Physical Journal Plus 129, p. 6. (2014)

Hua Q., M. Barbetti, A.Z. Rakowski, ‘Atmospheric Radiocar-

286

287

[ 49]

봄 피크

( Bom

b Pe

ak) C

-14를

이용한

방사성탄소

연대측정법

[ 49]

봄 피크

( Bom

b Pe

ak) C

-14를

이용한

방사성탄소

연대측정법

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� , +Ç÷� ¥\à ä Á�. AB¥�� , Ò 2~8. �Ü ,�� ��­ Ó � ��¼ ô%§ µ­� , Ò 2. Ò��ÄÈ a�ó ä Á�. æ� +C+��� ,�¼ ×�< Ü� ¥\}â ­D� �ë Ü�â �³¾ø��� �� �Þ

Ç ¥\à ä Á�.

4. 한계

V�|¼ �é 50~100� �Ç� ¾�í U££?� âq +½

� A� T�â +C+���� a�� +�¼ r�=� �

Ñ <�. ­D� ���}�V V©� Ô�¾� �� �Ô� ­

D� �\Á� V�|� ä¼ Êî� �� äÇ Á�. w>V +C+��� ª« G�� Võ� ¥�ó ä T�. ��Võ, �

�Võ, #�ºVõ, N3Võ � �1î� Q�®��â ¬� Võ� X&� × &=�V V�|¼ T­ Ó � +C+�

�� ¥�¾� ���. £�9�� +C+��� ­D� ¡Ì�

§ µ­¡ ¥\à ä Á�. ��< ­D� ô�� ôR�V ­D

� �º ñ Þ£�� ô�� ôR� ä Á­ Ó � ô�� ô%

§ µ­� ¥\à ä T�.

5. 보완 방법

¸Æ=·é +���Ë(Radiocarbon Dating), B ­{ C-14� ��� ¸Æ= ·é +���(Radiocarbon Dating Using

Bomb Peak C-14 Analysis).

6. 사양 및 고려사항• ·¢Õ îñÄ

1. 분류

+C+��Ë� Võ� V�|Ù �Æ¥ ¬»� ��� ,�

� V�� ¥\}� ¸Ë��. � ¸Ë� Æ�� ¸Ë� ÃÄ ��¥A ä ÁÈ g��¥A äÇ Á�.

2. 개요

+C+��Ë� ×��� � ü���â ô�� Æ�� �c ,� ��¼ ¡Ì�Í ä Áø@ ¼ �Å µ­� ¥\}� ¸

Ë��. V�|� �c ñ� B� �Ð� Võ¼ ×� �Ç� V¹��. V�|� ª¶� {­� ô ñ� úãÙ ±Ç� ÃÄ ~ÄÀâ × �ð� ×�W V�|� )t� ���È × �ð� V�W V�|� )t� \§�. æ� Võ¼ ¬� �

�� ÃÄâÇ V�|� ª¶� ~ħ�. ,� ­D� Á� V

�|� £_þ +� Ù �� g�� �ë ���â �� ×

�< ���� ¥\à ä Á�. £_þ +� � ,µ­� ¥

È Á� ­D� ��ñâ ¡«�.

3. 응용

+C+��� �� ��� +�� a�� k ���. �

�¼ ô%§ ,�Ù �A� G� ,�� £_þ +� � g�

[50] 연륜연대학법

[ 50]

연륜연대학법

289

288

DEN

DRO

CHRO

NO

LOGY

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Eckstein D., T. Wazny, J. Bauch, P. Klein, ‘New Evidence for the Dendrochronological Dating of Netherlandish Paintings’, Nature 320, pp. 465-466. (1986)

Baillie M., J. Hillam, K.R. Briffa, M.D. Brown, ‘Age-dating (Re-dating) the English Art-Historical Tree-ring Chronologies’, Nature 315 (6017), pp. 317-319. (1985)

Klein P., J. Bauch, ‘Aufbau einer Jahrringchronologie für Bu-chenholz und ihre Anwendung für die Datierung von Gemälden’, Holzforschung 37, pp. 35-39. (1983)

Baillie M., Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology. London: Croom-Helm. (1982)

Bauch J., D. Eckstein, ‘Woodbiological Investigations on Pan-els of Rembrandt Paintings’, Wood Science Technolo-gy 15, pp. 251-263. (1981)

BauchJ.,D.Eckstein,G.Brauner,‘Dendrochronologische Un-tersuchungen an Eichenholztafeln von Rubens- Gemälden’, Jahrbuch Berliner Museen 20, pp. 209- 211. (1978)

Baillie, M., ‘Dendrochronology for the Irish Sea Province’, BAR (British Series) 51, pp. 27-37. (1978)

Baillie M., ‘The Belfast Oak Chronology to AD 1001’, Tree-Ring Bulletin 37, pp. 1-12. (1977)

Baillie M., ‘An Oak Chronology for South-Central Scotland’, Tree-Ring Bulletin 37, pp. 33-44. (1976)

Bauch J., ‘Dendrochronology Applied to the Dating of Dutch, Flemish and German Paintings’, BAR (International Series) 51, pp. 307-313. (1976)

Fletcher J.M., ‘Tree-ring Analysis of Panel Paintings’, BAR (In-

• £_þ +� 

• X-ß �¢�Ù ��Õ

7. 기술의 간략한 역사

+C+��Ë� ­� �ñ ¬m� ���1þ ¨�ñr�. ��

V2Ç � �ç(Leonardo da Vinci)� Võ¼ ¬� vÕ� V�

|� �­� ��ó ä Á�È �¡� � Á�. ¥Q�w ê�: ]Ù�ë(Alexander Catlin Twining)� 1827.� E��� +

C+��� ��� +� � ³=��. 1960.�� +C

+��� ¢� ³´� +>� E� ��¾ø�.

8. 참고문헌

Klein P., ‘Dendrochronological Analysis of Panel Paintings’, The Structural Conservation of Panel Paintings: Pro-ceedings of a Symposium at the J. Paul Getty Museum, 24-28 April 1995, p. 39-54. (1997)

Hillam J., I. Tyers, ‘Reliability and Repeatability in Den- dro-chronological analysis: Tests Using the Fletcher Ar-chive of Panel-Painting Data’, Archaeometry 37 (2), pp. 395-405. (1995)

Klein P., ‘Dendrochronological Studies on Oak Panels of Ro-gier van der Weyden and His Circle’, Le dessin sous-ja-cent dans la peinture Colloque VII, September 1987 Université Louvain-La-Neuve, pp. 25-36. (1989)

Hillam J., R.A. Morgan, I. Tyers, ‘Sapwood Estimates and the Dating of Short Ring Sequences’, BAR (International Series) 333, pp. 165-185. (1987)

[ 50]

연륜연대학법

290

291

[ 50]

연륜연대학법

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£¤\_ ¥¦] �Æ(Dr. Matthias Alfeld)� "12{ ���

�â ��� �1��è Ü]³2� ���Ù "12{ �

��â ùù �Æ�0� ä����. �Æ �� ©� �Æ¥ ô

� ³´ �m� �Æó ä Á� � ��¥ XRF _êc� �*

� �­Ì� "ø �¨�], B È3, ¯Ä��� g�� ô�

¼� 100á� �� ³´� �Æ��. �Æ �� �ä Ò DE-

SY(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron)�â +>� ��è îf �¢o� �M\ îïË� Çú��.

2015.1þ �� é2� ��� CNRS-LAMS� 1�

� ��È Á�è îf �¢o� ðñ È� Ü» Æ�Ë� +>È Á�.

ä§V ¨Äç(Susanna Bracci)� ­�m ����â �� ï

Æ �0� °���. 1988.1þ 1993.÷� IROE-CN-

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� �©�\ �� ¯ÄÄ(Nello Carrara) ����� +>é

(IFAC-CNR, � IROE-CNR)� +>�(3¡)�ø�. 2002.1

þ 2007.÷� CSCOA-CNR(2002. �Ò ICVBC-CNR� �

k)�â +>�(3¡)�� Jõ��è 2007.1þ ·�÷�

저자 소개ternational Series) 51, pp. 300-306. (1976) Fletcher J.M., ‘A Group of Royal English Portraits Painted

soon a�er 1513: a Dendrochronological Study’, Stud-ies in Conservation 21, pp. 171-178. (1976)

Eckstein D., J.A. Brongers, J. Bauch, ‘Tree-ring research in the Netherlands’, Tree-Ring Bulletin 35, pp. 1-13. (1975)

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연륜연대학법

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ORS

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